...Latvia: Navigating the Strait of Messina | | Introduction This report indicates the history of Latvia country and the transition period of independency and the shifting to market economy. The country growth was very fast until 2008. In December 2008, facing the possibility of financial collapse and a currency crisis, they asked for a rescue and they received a $10.5 billion package funded by the International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank, EU, and several countries in the region. After that, it talks about the possibility that could help Latvia to restore a sustainable growth. Which are either Devalue the national currency or maintain the peg and attempt an “internal devaluation”. Executive Summary 1. To study economic adjustment under a fixed exchange rate system 1. Explore the meaning of a "sudden stop" in capital flows and causes of Latvia's economic boom and busts. 2. Assess the tradeoffs involved in internal and external devaluation in the Eurozone. 3. Consider historical, political, economic, and other factors that influenced Latvia's policy decisions and their outcomes. 4. Predict the long-term impact of Latvia's policy decisions during the crisis. Contents Introduction 1 Executive Summary 2 Analysis 4 Analysis 1) Historical, political, economic, and other factors that influenced Latvia's policy decisions and their outcomes (Learning objective# 5) | 2) Problems and the crisis and its causes...
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...political risk and economic development. The chapter examines the experiences of Latin American countries and Eastern European countries and addresses the question of what it takes to promote economic growth. A good discussion of property rights and their effects on economic growth can be based on the end-of-chapter problems. This discussion serves to introduce the topic of country risk analysis–the assessment of the potential risks and rewards associated with making investments and doing business in a country. This is a vital task for multinational firms and international banks, who must constantly assess the business environments of the countries they are already operating in as well as the ones they are considering investing in. Similarly, private and public investors alike are interested in determining...
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...field of venture financing 23 2.2. Current situation and peculiarities of the development of venture capital industry in Russia 28 2.3 The role of state in the system of Russian venture financing 34 Chapter 3: Analysis of venture financing company and recommendations for it development on the example of JSC "Solar-Optic" 45 3.1. Analysis of key financial and economic indicators of JSC "Solar-Optic Ltd" 45 3.2. Analysis of the process of financing of Innovation Company of JSC "Solar-Optic” 55 3.3. Analysis of the sources of funding and recommendations for attraction of potential investor 62 Conclusion 71 Used Material 76 Appendixes 80 Introduction Diversification of the economy, and shift from primary industries to high-tech industry, is not only one of the major challenges facing the Russian economy at that moment, but also largely depends on the pace of development of technology-based entrepreneurship. World experience shows that small and medium-sized innovative companies as economic actors most motivated and flexible in achieving output of scientific and technical products to the market and play an important role in the development of new promising niches. However, high-tech companies in the early phase of its development in the majority cases are not attractive to foreign and Russian investors. Not receiving financial support, they stagnate or close its infancy. Choice of financial instruments and to attract the required...
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...Chapter 1 The Indian Context and Enabling Environment Mark A. Dutz and Carl Dahlman This book focuses on how to foster increased innovative activities in India to meet the twin challenges of sustained growth and pro-poor development. India is an extreme “dual” economy.1 At one extreme, it is the world’s fourth-largest economy in purchasing power parity (PPP) terms, it is a nuclear and space power, and it is increasingly becoming a top global innovation player in certain key economic sectors––such as biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, automotive components, information technology (IT), software, and IT-enabled services (ITES). At the opposite extreme, India largely remains a subsistence economy. With an average per capita income of $720 in 2005, India is still a low-income and mainly rural, agrarian economy. About a quarter of its population lives below the national poverty line, with significant spatial variance across and within states.2 Roughly 70 percent of its population is rural, and 60 percent of the workforce is engaged in agriculture. Illiteracy rates are 46 percent for women and 25 percent for men.3 Given this dual economy, it is natural to ask what can be done both to strengthen the likelihood of sustained high growth rates and to address the unmet needs of the informal sector and the poor. To sustain growth and reduce poverty, India must leverage and improve its innovation potential. Innovation can be a critical driver of increased productivity and competitiveness...
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...Economy Profile: Russian Federation © 2012 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington, DC 20433 Telephone 202-473-1000 Internet www.worldbank.org All rights reserved. 1 2 3 4 08 07 06 05 A copublication of The World Bank and the International Finance Corporation. This volume is a product of the staff of the World Bank Group. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. Rights and Permissions The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly. For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; telephone 978-750-8400; fax 978-750-4470; Internet www.copyright.com. All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax 202-522-2422; e-mail pubrights@worldbank.org. Copies of Doing Business...
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...Berend (2000) – From Plan to Market, From Regime Change to Sustained Growth in Central and Eastern Europe * After the state socalism collapsed in Central and Eastern Europe in the early 1990s, the Washington consensus of 1989 (a broadly accepted set of criteria for a reform program) was adopted as a blueprint for the process of transformation. * Central elements: * Macro-economic stabilization (for countries with significant inflation and indebtedness) * New institutions * Legislation * Price and trade liberalisation * Radical privatization * Most of the “transformatology“ literature is based on the assumption that the elimination of deformed non-market economies, a restoration of market, and private ownership, paired with a laissez-faire free market system would automatically solve all major economic/social problems of the transforming countries. * The economic crisis within the Central and Eastern Europe area started much earlier – in the mid-late 1970s when growth slowed significantly and the terms of trade for the state socialist countries began to deteriorate (1973 first oil shock 20% decline, for some even 26-32%) Schumpeter’s theory of “structural crisis”: advancements in technology lead to decline of the old leading sectors and export branches based on old technology, generating wide-ranging slow-down and decline and causing an economic crisis even in rich, advanced countries. However, although rising new technology led...
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...The Financial Crises in Russia and East Asia: How the World Bank can Help. 1 - Overview of Asian financial crisis On July 2, 1997, the Government of Thailand abandoned its efforts to maintain a fixed- exchange rate – the Baht had been pegged to a basket of currencies dominated by the U.S. dollar – and allowed the Baht to float. This Baht quickly depreciated, falling 18% on the first day alone. The collapse of the Thai Baht was followed by speculative attacks on other countries’ currencies (including the Indonesian Rupiah, the Malaysia Ringitt, the Philippine Peso, and the Korean Won) and to a further round of forced devaluations. The collapse of fixed exchange rates was accompanied by a series of more general financial sector crises in several of these countries. Although the precise details vary, the immediate cause appears to be a mismatch between assets and liabilities in the corporate and banking sectors (in both currency and term length) and a sharp decline in asset values. These immediate problems were exacerbated by general financial sector weakness due to inadequate supervision and rampant insider lending. In many ways the crises in Asia were somewhat different than previously observed exchange rate crises. Corsetti, Pesenti and Roubini (1998) note that several of the usual indicators of a pending financial crisis – slow growth, large fiscal deficits, high rates of inflation and low savings and investment rates – were not observed in these...
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...STATEMENT OF PURPOSE I could not escape the influence of my surroundings as it gradually dawned on me that I was destined to be part of the business and economics world. Seeing my father as a successful business owner with real estate portfolios had a decisive impact on my life. He introduced me to a world of finance, accounting and banks through his business and helped me to develop constructively. I realized that understanding the interplay of business and related aspects of economics can be critical. Russia experienced a financial crisis in the year 1998, where there was a total collapse of the banking system declaring bankruptcy, devaluation of the currency. Businesses of many families suffered, including mine. As a result there was a strong necessity for a stable economic market. The common theory of how the legal framework exacerbate the crisis and why financial regulations which failed to execute did not put the right checks and balances failed to convince me. Behind these events lay a principle that, in turn, fueled and increased my interest in economics and reinforced my conviction to pursue a degree in management. During my undergraduate program I gained significant understanding of micro and macroeconomics, global financial systems and market structures. I became proficient in credit management, banking systems, monetary and economic policies. My ongoing interest further led me to work on several projects such as analyzing the relationship between market structures...
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...the world market | | Elisa Valenti | Matricola 711323 | | INDEX The protagonists of the world market | 2 | A particular source of power: rating agencies and country rating | 2 | Conflict of interest? | 4 | Other issues of concern * Barriers to entry and lack of competition * Transparency | 555 | The importance of reputation | 6 | What went wrong? | 7 | The need for regulation | 7 | Can we trust the rating agencies? * The Enron Case Study * The Parmalat Case Study | 889 | Are rating agencies guilty? | 12 | The sinister power of rating agencies | 13 | A world without rating agencies | 14 | Conclusions | 15 | References | 16 | The protagonists of the world market A rating agency is a private firm which publicly evaluates a company capacity to repay the debt issued. This capacity is classified using a scale that goes from a maximum of AAA and a minimum of DDD. Obviously the evaluation received influences the interests that a company has to pay to receive credit. Today the rating market is controlled by three giants, the so called “three sisters”: Moody’s Investor Service, Standard & Poor’s and Fitch . Till the 70s rating agencies were not making high profits, but today they are extremely relevant such that in 1996 the New York Times was writing that there were just two powers in the world, the United States and Moody’s and often it was not clear which one was more powerful. How could the relevance of rating agencies grow...
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...we can conclude that the problem of employment and unemployment rate today is a very important issue, as Russia is at the forefront of unemployment among European countries. The purpose of this course work - study and analysis of the problem of unemployment and ways to overcome it, Russia Analysis of labor markets and the Krasnodar Territory. For its consideration of this problem you need to solve a number of problems: • disclose the concept of the labor market, employment and unemployment; • analyze the work of the public employment service; • reveal the main problems of the Russian labor market; • conduct studies major opportunities to ensure employment in the country and in the region. Chapter 1. Theory of employment and unemployment. 1.1. Concepts and forms of employment By the employed population (according to the law of the Russian Federation "On employment in the Russian Federation" dated April 19, 1991 N 1032-1 Article...
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...The Weak of the BRIC: Currency Depreciation in Russia and Brazil ◎D0131160 Irina Chen ◎D0131187 Gloria Chang ◎D0173297 Sunny Chiu ◎D0173270 Doris Chen ◎D0173670 Athena Du Contents Abstract ..................................................................................... 2 Brazil ......................................................................................... 3 Why Brazil become the BRIC ................................................... 3 What was behind Brazil’s Depreciation? ................................. 8 Russia ...................................................................................... 13 Why Russia become the BRIC?.............................................. 13 What was behind the Ruble depreciation? ........................... 19 Comparison and Similarities between Russia and Brazil ....... 24 In the Future ........................................................................... 25 The Future of Brazil ............................................................... 25 The future of Russia .............................................................. 25 Conclusion ............................................................................... 26 Contributor ............................................................................. 27 Reference ................................................................................ 27 1 Abstract The BRIC is the acronym of four nations, including Brazil, Russia, India and China...
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...Russian Patriotic Hacking During Operation Allied Force Introduction. With the increasing number of cyberattacks, many security professionals are greatly troubled by the real threat to the information technology infrastructure in the United States. While safeguarding information has been a major issue for the private and public sectors since the beginning of the computer era, the increased level of concern over the most recent attacks has resulted in devoting more resources to combat this threat. This paper analyzes numerous cyberattacks by Russian computer enthusiast group Chaos Hackers Crew and other hacktivists during Operation Allied Force in 1999, that included taking down and defacing various NATO and US Government websites, several successful virus propagation attempts on military servers and countless spamming storms. This particular case raises curious questions about the legal definition of term cyberconflict itself, magnitude of the damage from a potential cyberattack on U.S. Government by terrorists and the level of preparedness of key military and intelligence units for the cyberwar. The cyberterrorism threat is real, however it’s essential to recognize that preserving the state of continuous distress over computer vulnerabilities can be profitable. Based on this research, cultural differences play a huge role in the world of computer hackers who decide what entity to attack and how, also the scale of a cyberattack doesn’t matter as economic damage can be devastating...
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...A REPORT ON THE BRICS COUNTRIES ECONOMIC POLICIES Submitted to Submitted by Prof. Padmakali Banerjee BA ECONOMICS HONS (4th sem) Contents 1. Introduction to BRICs 2. Brazil 3. Russia 4. India 5. China BRICS • In economics, BRIC is a grouping acronym that refers to the countries of Brazil, Russia, India and China which are all deemed to be at a similar stage of newly advanced economic development. • The acronym was coined by Jim O'Neill in a 2001 paper entitled "Building Better Global Economic BRICs" • It is typically rendered as "the BRICs" or "the BRIC countries" or "the BRIC economies" or alternatively as the "Big Four". • It has been replaced by BRICS since the 2010 inclusion of South Africa in the bloc. • In 2010, however, while the four BRIC countries accounted for over a quarter of the world's land area and more than 40% of the world's population. • Projections on the future power of the BRIC economies vary widely. Some sources suggest that they might overtake the G7 economies by 2027. • According to a paper published in 2005, Mexico and South Korea were the only other countries comparable to the BRICs, but their economies were excluded initially because they were considered already more developed, as they were already members of the OECD. Current leader Brazil - Dilma Rousseff, President China - Xi Jinping, President India...
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...Transition The First Ten Years Analysis and Lessons for Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union Transition The First Ten Years Analysis and Lessons for Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union THE WORLD BANK Washington, D.C. © 2002 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 All rights reserved. 1 2 3 4 5 05 04 03 02 The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed here are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Board of Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank cannot guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply on the part of the World Bank any judgment of the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is copyrighted. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or inclusion in any information storage and retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the World Bank. The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission promptly. For permission to photocopy or reprint, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc, 222 Rosewood...
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...Commanding Heights - Part 1 - 2 Hours The Battle of Ideas Isiah Bullock Note: The City of London is the place in London where the stock market functions. The phrase “the City of London” or just “the City” very often means the stock market. 1. The question is: which would control the commanding heights of the world’s economies: governments or markets. 2. In the 1940's, the two most important economists of the age are: John Maynard Keynes and Friedrich von Hayek. 3. WWI ended the first global conflict and it would be 21 years before it returned. 4. Friedrich Von Hayek served in the Austrian artillery during WWI, and he sensed the problems of political organization. 5. In 1917, the Russian revolution was based on the economic theories of Karl and Lenin sought to smash capitalism. 6. Keynes was a delegate to the Versailles peace negotiations and when he saw the level of crippling social, political, and economic reparations demanded by the victors he resigned and predicted the final war would destroy the civilization and progress of their generation. 7. After the study of economics, Hayek described himself as a socialist but as a ____________________________. 8. Much of Vienna’s intellectual life took place outside the university, in the coffee houses across the Ringstrasse. 9. Hayek joined the circle of a passionate libertarian Ludwig von Mises,who thought that markets should be free from government meddling. And the distinguishing hallmark...
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