...PHI 105 Types of Communication Matrix When communicating your critical thinking about a concept, you choose how to present it to your audience. To explore this further, we will look at three ways to communicate: informative, explanatory, and persuasive statements. A quality persuasive essay includes a mixture of informative, explanatory, and persuasive statements because to persuade someone you must: Inform people about the topic Explain your argument, and Convince your audience of your point of view. Complete the following matrix by: Choosing a concept (different from the topic of your persuasive essay) and writing it first as an informative statement, second as an explanatory statement, and third as a persuasive statement. An example has been provided for you in the Matrix. Provide examples from your persuasive essay of one informative statement, one explanatory statement, and one persuasive statement (all areas in green should be complete before submitting). Concept Informative Explanatory Persuasive Baseball (Example) Baseball is a sport. In baseball, infielders should creep toward the batter during the pitch because it is easier to react when in motion. Quality pitchers are more important than power hitters, because keeping runs off the board could give the pitcher’s team more opportunity win. Sex Trafficking Women, girls and sometimes males are enslaved for sex, in an act that is called Sex trafficking Sex trafficking is an epidemic that affects...
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...FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE Lecture 1: "Public speaking" social intelligence - is the capacity to effectively negotiate complex social relationships and environments. eloquence - fluent or persuasive speaking or writing. dissensus - difference of opinion publicness - Of, concerning, or affecting the community or the people the polis - the active assembly of citizens empowered to discuss and make public policy civic virtue model vs. civil society model public sphere, society vs. community habitus transmission model of communication public sphere model of communication theory & practice Textbook Chapter 1: "Public Speaking & Public Sphere" transmission model, public sphere model, circulation Lecture 2: From Claim to Speech inherency - is a stock issue in policy debate that refers to a barrier that keeps a harm from being solved in the status quo. constraints (lecture 2 & textbook ch. 5) rightness of fit topic vs. claim a rhetorical claim vs. a philosophical claim components of a good claim Lecture 3: Audience Adaptation discursive identity - A state of identity defined by the descriptors used to define an individual social constitution vicious relativism speech event conditioning composite audience scopus - the object of a directed gaze, a 'target stasis theory - is a four-question, pre-writing (invention) process. stasis theory asks writers to investigate and try to determine: The facts (conjecture) The meaning or nature of the...
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...in his mind about the case. Others were also doing the same thing, but did not take in account how to analyze the situation like the old man did. This vote/tally by the whole group is basically a system. They all use this system to see where they all stand on the verdict. The old man decides to state his individuality because these factors: his beliefs, values and morals. This man has a belief that you cannot just send a young man off to possibly die without having talked about it first. He also made this decision based on the context on the situation. He knew some of the people in the room would be too scared to voice their own opinion. Others people’s belief though in the room are not in the right place. Some are more worried about a baseball game or money. Others are basing some things off their background such as the one of the other older gentlemen and his issues with his children. Their background experiences all reflect their actions and attitudes during the whole movie. This was also due to the perception of the situation they were in. Their attitudes and values were also a big influence on them during the movie. The old man that first voted not guilty was definitely a leader. He also had very high self-esteem because he was not afraid to voice his opinion. Many people went through intrapersonal communication during the movie, because of the examples and flaws the old man was sending to them to receive. Throughout the whole movie there is a lot of interaction between...
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...Persuasive Speech “Driving is Dangerous Enough” Drivers around the world have discovered a new way to make our highways unsafe for all. It is as dangerous and as lethal as driving while under the influence of drugs and alcohol. Many of us do this on a daily basis. On your way to class this morning, how many times did you receive a call or make a call on your cell phone? How many times did you receive a text or send a text? Some may say 5, some may say 10 but chances are no one will say 0. Would you try to cook a meal or even play baseball while driving your vehicle? These require our full concentration, in order not to burn what you are cooking or to pitch a strike. Driving is the same. It requires your full concentration. It is a known fact that our brain cannot concentrate on more than a couple of things at once. So then how is it that we believe that we can drive a vehicle and talk on a cell phone or text at the same time? Driving requires awareness, alertness and anticipation. Accidents occur in a split second, in the blink of an eye. It only takes someone’s loss of focus for one second for the most fatal accidents to occur. At the same time, driving can be tedious and repetitive and also tiring. Many of us are used to having our radio or CD’s playing while we drive. My own teenager argued the point of, “what is the difference in listening to my radio or listening to my friend talk on the phone to me?” Even though it is true that a radio can also be...
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...Joel Carey Persuasive Speech Outline Speech 100 Spring 2007 I. Attention Step: Welcome and thank you for coming. So, how many millionaires do we have in the audience tonight? Well, did you know that according to USA Today the average player salary in the National Basketball Association today is $3.7 million dollars per year? Average! The rookie minimum is over $300,000 and Kevin Garnett the NBA’s highest paid player earned $28 million this season. According to Forbes the average value of a franchise in the National Basketball Association is currently around $240 million, a private business group from Oklahoma recently paid $350 million for our Seattle Supersonics franchise. Thesis: Please keep these figures in mind this evening as I discuss with you why our tax dollars should not go towards funding a new arena for the Seattle Supersonics basketball franchise. Preview: This topic should be of concern to all of you and tonight I will explain why through documented statistical evidence. My research will show why it is unreasonable for a professional sports franchise to ask the taxpayers to pay for their playground through our hard earned tax dollars. II. Need: A. Proponents of sports facilities have tried to justify public spending on these projects with the claim that they enhance redevelopment in urban areas, however very little research exists that actually supports these claims. B. Indiana State Professor Thomas Sawyer reports in his article...
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...puts ideas into complete sentences, connects them, and organizes them into a meaningful sequence. Revising – The stage in the writing process during which the author makes changes in focus, organization, development, style, and mechanics to make the writing more effective. Editing – The last stage in the writing process during which the writer focuses on the details of mechanics and correctness. Discovering Audience – The readers for whom a piece of writing is intended. Many essays are aimed at a general audience, but a writer can focus on a specific group of readers. Topic or Subject - The particular issue or idea that serves as the subject of a paragraph, essay, report, or speech. The primary topic of a paragraph may be expressed in a thesis statement. The main topic of an essay, report, or speech may be expressed in a thesis statement. Purpose – The writer's reasons for writing; what the writer wants to accomplish in an essay. Attitude – The attitude...
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...A BRIEF CONTENTS PART 1 • GETTING STARTED 1. Becoming a Public Speaker 2. From A to Z: Overview of a Speech 3. Managing Speech Anxiety 4. Ethical Public Speaking 5. Listeners and Speakers 1 2 8 1 4 23 30 PART 2 • DEVELOPMENT 6. Analyzing the Audience 7. Selecting a Topic and Purpose 8. Developing Supporting Material 9. Locating Supporting Material 10. Doing Effective Internet Research 1 Citing Sources in Your Speech 1. 36 37 49 57 64 73 83 PART 3 • ORGANIZATION 1 Organizing the Speech 2. 1 Selecting an Organizational Pattern 3. 1 Outlining the Speech 4. 92 93 103 1 10 PART 4 • STARTING, FINISHING, AND STYLING 15. Developing the Introduction and Conclusion 16. Using Language 1 22 1 23 1 31 PART 5 • DELIVERY 1 Choosing a Method of Delivery 7. 18. Controlling the Voice 19. Using the Body 1 39 1 40 1 44 1 48 PART 6 • PRESENTATION AIDS 20. Types of Presentation Aids 21. Designing Presentation Aids 22. A Brief Guide to Microsoft PowerPoint 154 155 161 164 PART 7 • TYPES OF SPEECHES 23. Informative Speaking 24. Persuasive Speaking 25. Speaking on Special Occasions 1 74 1 75 188 21 7 PART 8 • THE CLASSROOM AND BEYOND 230 26. Typical Classroom Presentation Formats 27. Science and Mathematics Courses 28. Technical Courses 29. Social Science Courses 30. Arts and Humanities Courses 31. Education Courses 32. Nursing and Allied Health Courses 33. Business Courses and Business Presentations 34. Presenting in Teams 35. Communicating in Groups 231 236 240 243 246 248 25 1 253 258...
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...‘ THE BUSINESS OF MASS MEDIA Advertising and Commercial Culture 345 Early Developments in American Advertising 351 The Shape of U.S. Advertising Today 359 Persuasive Techniques in Contemporary Advertising 366 Commercial Speech and Regulating Advertising 374 Advertising, Politics, and Democracy Back in 1993, the trade magazine Adweek wrote about “The Ultimate Network”— something called the Internet: “Advertisers and agencies take note: It has the potential to become the next great mass/personal medium.”1 The prediction was correct, if not understated. The Internet has become a huge medium for advertisers, targeting audiences more precisely than any medium before it. Yet, none of the venerable ad agencies at that time could have guessed that an Internet start-up—Google— would become bigger than the leading multinational advertising holding companies like Omnicom, WPP, Interpublic, and Publicis. Nearly 99 percent of Google’s $16.6 billion revenue in 2007 came from advertising. THE BUSINESS OF MASS MEDIA B 343 ‘ ADVERTISING However, Google is different from the Madison Avenue agencies. It doesn’t design witty, slick ad campaigns. Instead, it facilitates the dull but effective text-based sponsored links that appear in Google searches or on affiliated sites. “We are in the really boring part of the business…the boring big business,” Google’s CEO Eric Schmidt says.2 What Google’s ads lack in creativity, they make up in precision. Google’s AdWords advertising...
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...a story. The story concerned a small group of undervalued professional baseball players and executives, many of whom had been rejected as unfit for the big leagues, who had turned themselves into one of the most successful franchises in Major League Baseball. But the idea for the book came well before I had good reason to write it—before I had a story to fall in love with. It began, really, with an innocent question: how did one of the poorest teams in baseball, the Oakland Athletics, win so many games? For more than a decade the people who run professional baseball have argued that the game was ceasing to be an athletic competition and becoming a financial one. The gap between rich and poor in baseball was far greater than in any other professional sport, and widening rapidly. At the opening of the 2002 season, the richest team, the New York Yankees, had a payroll of $126 million while the two poorest teams, the Oakland A's and the Tampa Bay Devil Rays, had payrolls of less than a third of that, about $40 million. A decade before, the highest payroll team, the New York Mets, had spent about $44 million on baseball players and the lowest payroll team, the Cleveland Indians, a bit more than $8 million. The raw disparities meant that only the rich teams could afford the best players. A poor team could afford only the maimed and the inept, and was almost certain to fail. Or so argued the people who ran baseball. And I was inclined to...
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...Chapter 1: AWA Introduction | To download section click button or click on “File Save as..” in the upper left-corner of your browser | | The Analytical Writing Assessment (AWA) consists of two 30-minute sections, the Analysis of Issue essay and the Analysis of Argument essay. You will receive a grade from 1 to 6, which will be sent with your GRE scores.The good news is that the AWA can be beaten.The essay topics are available for you to review beforehand. The structures for the AWA answers are simple and may be learned. In addition, while much GRE preparation may appear "useless" and without any merit beyond test day, the skills, reasoning tools, and techniques you learn for the AWA may be applied to any essay or persuasive writing. These skills will help you throughout business school and beyond. 800score has graded thousands of essays from GRE candidates and we have an unparalleled knowledge of where students go wrong. Here are some tips before we get started: * Grammar and spelling is, by-and-large, less important than structure and content. Focus on structure and your argument formation. * Take plenty of timed practice tests on a computer. Our sample essays on the site are designed for you to take timed practice essays and be evaluated. * Do not procrastinate AWA preparation. Students tend to put off the AWA until it is too late and then they cannot adequately prepare. | Chapter 2 - Section 1: Analysis of Issue | The Analysis of Issue...
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...involves forced simulated drowning. Less remarkable, perhaps, but possibly more relevant for most of us, we’ve heard the term “downsized” used when someone is fired or laid off. “Ethnic cleansing” covers everything from deportation to genocide. What we have to say may be important, but the words we choose to say it with can be equally important. The examples just given are cases of a certain type of linguistic coercion—an attempt to get us to adopt a particular attitude toward a subject that, if described differently, would seem less attractive to us. Words have tremendous persuasive power, or what we have called their rhetorical force or emotive meaning—their power to express and elicit images, feelings, and emotional associations. In the next few chapters, we examine some of the most common rhetorical techniques used to affect people’s attitudes, opinions, and behavior. Rhetoric refers to the study of persuasive writing. As we use the term, it denotes a broad category of linguistic techniques people use Moore−Parker: Critical Thinking, Ninth Edition 5. Persuasion Through Rhetoric: Common Devices and...
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...CHAP TER Separating Ideas and Shaping Content Writing Paragraphs 1. PURPOSE, AUDIENCE, TONE, AND CONTENT L E A R N I N G 1. 2. 3. 4. 6 O B J E C T I V E S Identify the differences between summary, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation paragraphs Identify the content in writing paragraphs Demonstrate how audience and tone influence content Apply purpose, audience, tone, and content to a specific assignment Imagine reading a poorly written review of a movie that you would like to see this weekend. You cannot follow the characters, action, or conflict because the author of the review rambles on and on. Without clear paragraphs, this review will likely lose your interest, and you may skip the movie altogether! When you are the writer, it is helpful to position yourself as a reader. Ask yourself whether you can focus easily on each point you make. Effective writers use a single paragraph for each new idea they introduce. Paragraphs separate ideas into logical, manageable, and distinct units. Each paragraph focuses on only one main idea and presents coherent sentences to support that single point. Because all the sentences in one paragraph support the same point, a paragraph may stand on its own. Each paragraph is shaped by Purpose: the reason why the writer composes the paragraph. < Tone: the attitude the writer conveys about the paragraph’s subject. < Audience: the individual or group whom the writer intends to address. < Content: the written material in the paragraph...
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...LAWYERING SKILLS Professor Rogelio Lasso Summer 2012 Handout 5 THE BASIC OFFICE MEMORANDUM I. INTRODUCTION We have discussed how to analyze and apply legal authority. We have also discussed how to write a case brief, which law students usually write for their own use. Most legal writing, however, is done to communicate with others. As a law student (and new lawyer), you will receive legal problems and will be asked to analyze the problem and write up the results of that analysis. The typical vehicle that lawyers use to do this is the legal memorandum. When you write a memorandum, you will make use of the several analytical skills you have been developing. This handout explains the form and content of a legal memorandum. II. PURPOSE OF A MEMORANDUM A legal memorandum is a document written to convey information within a law firm or other organization. It is a written analysis of a legal problem. The memorandum is usually prepared by a junior attorney or by a law clerk for a more senior attorney early in the firm's handling of a legal dispute. The writer analyzes the legal rules that govern the issues raised by that problem and applies those rules to the facts of the case. These memoranda prepare attorneys to advise clients how to proceed, if at all, with prospective business dealings or litigation. The memo must be complete and objective including both the rules and facts that help the client and those that do not. In concludes with a considered opinion of...
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...In real and continuous time where there are no shifts in chronology (no breaks in play). - Unity of place: Action occurs in only one single location (the jury room). • Allows the audience to feel very close to characters, their relationships and the conflict and challenges with which they are faced in deciding the defendant’s fate. • Intensifies sense of realism and is particularly effective because of the claustrophobic nature of the setting. Language • Rose’s characters use naturalistic, everyday language appropriate to the times and for the audience. • Heightened poetic or symbolic language is rarely used, instead speaking in concrete terms about the details at hand. • They are generally differentiated by the content of their speech rather than style. For example, 8th sometimes pauses while he speaks, demonstrating his calm, reasoned nature as well as the fact that he is uncertain about the case. Conversely, 3rd’s speeches are often punctuated with exclamation marks and he frequently interrupts other characters, demonstrating his...
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...HOW TO WRITE GREAT ESSAYS HOW TO WRITE GREAT ESSAYS Lauren Starkey ® NEW YORK Copyright © 2004 LearningExpress All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. Published in the United States by Learning Express, LLC, New York. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Starkey, Lauren B., 1962– How to write great essays / Lauren Starkey. —1st ed. p. cm. ISBN 1-57685-521-X 1. English language—Rhetoric—Problems, exercises, etc. 2. Essay—Authorship—Problems, exercises, etc. 3. Report writing—Problems, exercises, etc. I. Title. PE1471.S83 2004 808'.042—dc22 2004003384 Printed in the United States of America 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 First Edition ISBN 1-57685-521-X For more information or to place an order, contact LearningExpress at: 55 Broadway 8th Floor New York, NY 10006 Or visit us at: www.learnatest.com Contents Introduction 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 vii Organization 1 Clarity 11 Word Choice 21 Mechanics 39 Revising, Editing, and Proofreading 55 Untimed Essay Writing Strategies 67 Timed Essay Writing Strategies 85 Sample Essay Prompts and Essays 97 Resources 111 CONTENTS HOW TO WRITE GREAT ESSAYS v Introduction n your preparations for college, you may find yourself facing a handful of high-stakes essays. Your college application requires at least one, and the SAT requires another. Depending upon the high...
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