... COLLEGE OF INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION ASSOCIATE DEGREE PROGRAMME Code: GESS5301 Title: Essential of Psychology Term: Fall 2012 Credits: 3 Pre-requisite: NIL Instructor: Ms. Katherine Leung Office Location: -- Office Tel: -- Email Address: kath0214@hkbu.edu.hk Aims and Objectives This course aims at providing students with a general introduction to the field of psychology. While several orientations to the study of human behavior will be discussed, the primary emphasis will be put on the scientific study of behavior from an empirical perspective. Course Intended Learning Outcomes (CILOs) On completion of this course, students should be able to |CILO 1 |Describe and distinguish between the major psychological theories of behaviour; | |CILO 2 |Define, generate and identify examples of the basic behavioural principles and concepts as well as how to apply them to their own lives; | | |and | |CILO 3 |Critique the major areas typically considered the domain of psychology such as learning, sensation, memory, personality, developmental | | |psychology, and abnormal behaviour from an empirical perspective. ...
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...according to me have made significant contributions to providing insight into dynamics of human behavior are 1. Sigmund Freud- Psychoanalytic theory 2. Carl Gustav Jung- Analytic Psychology 3. Alfred Adler- Individual Psychology 4. William James- The Psychology of Consciousness 5. B.F Skinner- Radical Behaviorism Rationale for the above choices: Sigmund Freud- Psychoanalytic theory: Freud explanation about the Structure of Personality and the psychosexual stages of development are a breakthrough in the history of Psychoanalysis. His contribution led to further Research in this field and many other personality theorists based his study and continued his theory. Even though what Carl Jung has proposed may sound contradictory to what Freud has proposed, each theory has its own significance and clearly explains various aspects of psychology. * Structure of Personality: * Id: Original core out of which the rest of the personality emerges. Stands for untamed passions. * Ego: Stands for reason and good sense * Super Ego: Is like a secret police department, unerringly detecting any trends of forbidden impulses, particularly of an aggressive kind, and punishing the individual inexorably if any are present. * Freud’s theory also clearly explains the concepts like Anxiety, Anna Freud and the Defense Mechanisms, Repression, Denial, Rationalization, Reaction formation, Projection, Isolation, Regression, Sublimation. * ------------------------------------------------- ...
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...Contemporary psychology deals with a vast range of topics; while at the same time looks into human +behavioral patterns and mental processes from the cultural level to the neural level. Psychologists study all matters pertaining to human mental issues that begin right from birth and continue until the death of the person. So, by gaining full understanding of the history of psychology, you will be able to better understand how the individual topics are studied and what has been learned so far. Doubts, Questions at the Beginning Right from the beginning, the study of psychology has been faced with a number of difficult questions. The first question of how is psychology defined established it as a separate science, separate from philosophy and physiology. Other additional questions that psychologists were also faced with throughout the history of the subject were: What issues and topics should the subject of psychology deal with? What methods of research should be used when studying psychology? Should research be used in order to influence education, public policy and other aspects of human behavior? Is psychology a science? Should psychology focus on internal mental processes or on observable behavior? Physiology and Philosophy While psychology did not really emerge as a separate science until the latter half of the 19th century, its initial history can be traced right back to the ancient Greeks. During the 1600's, the famous French philosopher, Rene Descartes, introduced...
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...This chapter is an introduction to the ideas, people, and events that have guided scientific activity in developmental psychology over the past century. Its preparation has been facilitated by several recent publications on the history of developmental psychology. The views of the past held by active researchers are reflected in chapters of the edited volume, A Century of Developmental Psychology (Parke, Ornstein, Rieser, & Zahn-Waxler, 1994). The contributors are, with few exceptions, currently involved in contemporary research. Secondary commentaries can provide useful guides and interpretations, but there is no substitute for consulting original sources. To that end, a reprint series containing historically significant original articles and volumes has been prepared by Wozniak (e.g., 1993, 1997). Other recent volumes include the contributions of professional historians and others who are not enmeshed in current empirical debates of the discipline (e.g., Broughton & Freeman-Moir, 1982; Elder, Modell, & Parke, 1993). In addition, the social relevance and the making of the discipline in American society have been told expertly by Sears (1975) and White (1995). Any single overview—including this one—can tell only part of the story.1 Adopting the convention used in the previous Handbook of Child Psychology, 20 years must lapse before a contribution or event qualifies as historical. Two decades constitute approximately one generation in the life of our science; therefore, 1976...
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...HC: Human-Computer Interaction Human–computer interaction (HCI) is concerned with designing the interaction between people and computers and the construction of interfaces to afford this. Interaction between users and computational artefacts occurs at an interface which includes both software and hardware. Interface design impacts the software life-cycle in that it should occur early; the design and implementation of core functionality can influence the user interface – for better or worse. Because it deals with people as well as computers, as a knowledge area HCI draws on a variety of disciplinary traditions including psychology, computer science, product design, anthropology and engineering. HC: Human Computer Interaction (4 Core-Tier1 hours, 4 Core-Tier2 hours) Core-Tier1 hours HCI: Foundations HCI: Designing Interaction HCI: Programming Interactive Systems HCI: User-cantered design & testing HCI: Design for non-Mouse interfaces HCI: Collaboration & communication HCI: Statistical Methods for HCI HCI: Human factors & security HCI: Design-oriented HCI HCI: Mixed, Augmented and Virtual Reality 4 4 Core-Tier2 hours Includes Electives N N HC/Foundations [4 Core-Tier1 hours, 0 Core-Tier2 hours] Motivation: For end-users, the interface is the system. So design in this domain must be interaction-focussed and human-centred. Students need a different repertoire of techniques to address this than is provided elsewhere in the curriculum. Topics: • • • Contexts for HCI (anything...
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...B.A. Program: B.A. Course: Psychology Semester III & IV (As per Credit Based Semester and Grading System with effect from the academic year 2012–2013) 2 Programme – Bachelor of Arts (B. A.) Credit Based Semester and Grading System S.Y.B.A. Psychology Syllabi To be implemented from the Academic year 2012-2013 Semester III Course Course Code Title UAPSY301 Social Psychology: Part I UAPSY302 Developmental Psychology: Part I Units 1. The Field of Social Psychology 2. Social Cognition 3. Social Perception 4. Attitudes 1.Introduction - Beginnings 2.The Start of Life; Birth and the Newborn Infant 3.Physical Development in Infancy 4.Cognitive Development in Infancy Credits 3 Marks 100 ( 60 +40) 100 ( 60 +40) 3 Semester IV Course Course Code Title UAPSY401 Social Psychology Part II Units 1. Stereotyping, Prejudice and Discrimination 2. Social Influence 3. Aggression 4. Groups and Individuals 1. Physical, Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years 2. Cognitive Development in Pre-school years 3. Physical, Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood 4. Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Credits 3 Marks 100 ( 60 +40) UAPSY402 Developmental Psychology: Part II 3 100 ( 60 +40) UAPSY 301 Semester III. Social Psychology: Part I (Credits = 3) 3 lectures per week; 45 lectures per Semester Objectives: 1. To impart knowledge of the basic concepts and modern trends in Social Psychology 2. To foster interest in Social Psychology as a field of study and research...
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...EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: A DEFINITION AND KEY CONCEPTS It seems too simple to say that educational psychology is the psychology of learning and teaching, and yet a majority of educational psychologists spend their time studying ways to describe and improve learning and teaching. After reviewing the historical literature in educational psychology, Glover and Ronning (1987, p. 14) suggested that educational psychology includes topics that span human development, individual differences, measurement, learning, and motivation and is both a data-driven and a theory-driven discipline. Thus, our definition of educational psychology is the application of psychology and psychological methods to the study of development, learning, motivation, instruction, assessment, and related issues that influence the interaction of teaching and learning. This definition is broad because the potential applications of educational psychology to the learning process are immense! Today educational psychology is a vital discipline that is contributing to the education of teachers and learners. For example, Jerome Bruner, an enduring figure in educational psychology, recently noted the need to rethink our ideas of development, teaching, and learning and the interactions among them. Specifically, Bruner (1996) urged educators and psychologists to see children as thinkers, and stated: No less than the adult, the child is thought of as holding more or less coherent "theories" not only about the world but about...
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...Question 2: Critically discuss the basic principles of CP. Situate your argument by referring to how a specific school can be manipulated to either perpetuate ideologies and ideas or how it can facilitate critical thinking. In discussing the basic principles of Critical Psychology, we need to establish what Critical psychology is – what its basic concerns are, etc. After doing that and reaching an understanding of what critical psychology is, we can look at how specific schools can be manipulated to either perpetuate ideologies and ideas or how it can facilitate critical thinking. Critical psychology is an approach rather than a theory, an orientation towards psychological knowledge and practice – and to relations of power in general. It is an orientation that cuts across the various sub-disciplines in psychology and is made up of diverse theoretical perspectives and forms of practice. An omnipresent theme is critical psychology is that of psychology and power itself. At its most basic it is an investigation of the relationship between power and psychology. It is an awareness that psychology itself is powerful and that it plays a role in maintaining and extending existing relations of power. Critical psychology is concerned with both critiquing oppressive uses of psychology and with enabling potentially transformatory forms of practice that disrupt imbalances of power and which have social equality as their goal. The mainstream practice of psychology has attempted to play down its...
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...Special Topics Assignment 1 – Analysis of Ad Campaign The Invenergy Campaign ads series convey important messages with basic design layout from my perspective. The photos, fonts, and colors failed to provide an effective example of alignment and proximity. However, it’s more likely hard to reveal the concept of the messages when you look at them for first time. Based on last discussion at the class, the relationships of elements of design to each other and to the total composition play an important role. They help to arrange and enhance the delivery of messages in effective compositions. For instance, Stronger Jessup ad failed to illustrate the relationship between the visual symbol and the text. They have not applied the alignment element, which needs a visual connection. As a result, ignoring any principle will make the design of the advertisement poor. Designing of visual documents and understanding of color importance helps when incorporating it into any design. The reason for the impact is that the colors have deep subliminal meanings that have massive impact on human attention. Choices regarding color should be matched with purpose of messages that try to deliver. Ads should have the colors in them perfectly matching. It is clearly shown in the advertisements. Whenever they run out of color meanings, they use blue and yellow. Color psychology dictates that the appropriate color enhance the environment. Green, generally, is a decent color for the environment. Lackawanna...
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...therefore all actions, back to two instincts; they are Eros (“sexual instinct” or “libido”) and the “destructive” (aggressive) instinct”. They work together and against each other and have a hand in everything we do. The primary example of this is, sex itself, where of course libido is present, and varying degrees of aggressiveness (or lack of) can lead someone to either be bashful and impotent or a sex murderer and anything in between. Economic Freud’s theory of the instincts is further realized in the “economic” level of his theory. This attempt, in some fashion, to abstractly quantify the power of instincts through the concept of “psychic energy”. This is described through a system in which this energy is invested towards instinctual goals through catharsis, toward maximizing the pleasure for the individual. This, however, is balanced by the concept of anti-catharsises, in which the energy is invested as a force against the instinct, via defense in the ego. Developmental Oral phase begins at birth. Sadistic-Anal Phase is characterized by satisfaction being sought in aggression and in excretory function. Phallic Phase, male genitals take center stage. Followed by “Oedipal Stage” and begins touching his genitals and fantasizes about his mother, until he realizes females do not have a penis and that then causes sexual urges to lie dormant. In Freud’s view, girls, recognizing their lack of a penis and...
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...Psychology Perspective Darla Houston AIU Online Abstract In this paper I will be discussing the similarities and differences between the three different Psychology Perspectives or specific theories of early Psychology. One theory used will be Structuralism. Another theory used in this paper will be the Functionalism. And lastly the Evolutionary theory will be used. This paper will explain three to four differences between each of the three theories listed and reviewed facts and see how one of these theories is superior to the others or that all three are comparable or equal. The thesis for this essay is “No matter how careful evolution, structuralism, and functionalism are examined, there is no evidence that these will not change in the future” Psychology Perspectives Structuralism, Functionalism, and Evolutionary theories each have similarities and differences among them. Both Structuralism and functionalism reflect the fact that consciousness is the subject matter, but both differ in how each should be studied. Evolutionary theory has potential to integrate conceptual approaches to study behavioral development for human adaption in both humans and animals which Structuralism and Functionalism stem form. Structuralism has many mental processes that are broken down into basic components. Functionalism forms a reaction to Structuralism which focuses on the purpose of both consciousness and behavior and emphasizes individual differences. Influenced by Darwin’s...
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...Foundation of Psychology Psychology is the study of human behavior and mind. According to Psychology: The Study of Mental Processes and Behavior defined psychology as the scientific investigation of mental processes (thinking, remembering, feeling, etc.) and behavior. Psychology alone has more than one basic foundation. Psychology can be as broad as biology and as detailed as philosophy, because it includes humans who are very complex in nature. Psychology involves more than how people act; it includes their thought process, emotions, memories, and analysis of events. When psychology was first introduced people weren’t sure if it was a science separated from biology and philosophy. The major school of thought in psychology exemplifies the major theories within psychology. Over the years there are many schools of thoughts in psychology that has developed, that are in addition to the main eight which are structuralism, functionalism, rationalism, behaviorism, psychoanalysis, humanistic psychology, Gestalt psychology, and Cognitive Psychology. . The first school of thought, structuralism was endorsed by Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Bradford Titchner between 1890-1920 in Germany and the US. This school of thought analyzes the mental processes and broke in down into the most basic component. Techniques such as introspection was use to examine how the human mind processed information. Due to the concept of structuralism, John Dewey was credited as the founder of functionalism...
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...Foundations of Psychology Celestina Maurer Psy/300 Thursday, October 04, 2012 Elaine Parks Foundations of Psychology The first boundary of psychology is biology. The domain of biology is biopsychology which is the field that examines the physical basis of psychological phenomena such as motivation, emotion, and stress, also called behavioral neuroscience. During the nineteenth century, physicians began monitoring patients with severe head injuries, which lead to the clarification of the brain and behavior being connected. Scientists realized that psychological functions do not happen in a single part of the brain. The second boundary of psychology is culture. According to Mead and Benedict, “individual psychology is shaped by cultural values, ideals, and ways of thinking.” Culture demands a society to work long hours and spend less time in the day with loved ones. Punctuality is necessary in everyday life and is considered an aspect of character or personality. Some cultures did not recognize punctuality as an extension of personality. Within psychology, a group of researchers developed cross-cultural psychology. Cross-cultural psychology is the field that attempts to test psychological hypotheses in different cultures. Psychology branched from philosophy. Philosophers had many unanswered questions relating to the nature of thought, feeling, and behavior. In the late nineteenth century, they realized that they can answer these questions...
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...stores, and retrieves information. The main focus will be on Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, however, it will include theorists such as Wilhelm Wundt, William James, Edward Tolman and Frederic Bartlett. It will start off with the definition of cognitive theory and move on to the history of psychological theorists, ending with the conclusion. Keywords: Defining Cognitive Theory Cognitive theory is an approach to psychology that attempts to explain human behavior by understanding the thought processes (Fritscher, 2014). The main facet of cognitive theory involves the communications between mental components and the information that is processed through this intricate system. As individuals learn, they vigorously generate cognitive arraignments which determine their perceptions of environment and self. Concepts of Cognitive Theorists Cognitive theorists think that learning consists of the incorporation of events into an operating storage system contained within the organizational structures called schemata. This concept of schemata was introduced by Frederic C. Bartlett in the early 1930’s. We will discuss more about Frederic C. Bartlett later. Readers use schemata to make sense of events and descriptions by providing default background information for comprehension, as it is rare and often unnecessary for texts to contain all the detail required for them to be fully understood. Usually, many or even most of the details are omitted, and readers’ schemata...
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...Continual employee training and learning is critical to the ability of organizations to adapt to an ever changing national and international business environment. What motivates employees to learn? Abraham Maslow has had a significant impact on motivation theory, humanistic psychology, and subsequently, adult learning in the workplace. This paper will discuss the development of Maslow's humanistic views and trace their impact on past trends in business training as well as the implications for current challenges that managers face in motivating employee learning in the workplace. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] Continual employee training and learning is critical to the ability of organizations to adapt to an ever changing national and international business environment. What motivates employees to learn? Abraham Maslow has had a significant impact on motivation theory, humanistic psychology, and subsequently, adult learning in the workplace. This paper will discuss the development of Maslow's humanistic views and trace their impact on past trends in business training as well as the implications for current challenges that managers face in motivating employee learning in the workplace. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] You have requested "on-the-fly" machine translation of selected content from our databases. This functionality is provided solely for your convenience and is in no way intended to replace human translation. Show full disclaimer Neither ProQuest nor its licensors make any representations...
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