...to the conception of complex phenomena in terms of basic parts or elements. This conception of science was leading to many important discoveries with important applications in areas such as the biological sciences in the late 1800s. It was at this time that, what most psychologists acknowledge as, the first "school of psychology" began. In 1879 Wilhelm Wundt began the first psychological laboratory in Leipzig, Germany. The school of psychology that Wundt began and championed all his life is referred to as "structuralism". For this reason, Wundt is often referred to as the father of structuralism. Structuralism can be defined as psychology as the study of the elements of consciousness. The idea is that conscious experience can be broken down into basic conscious elements, much as a physical phenomenon can be viewed as consisting of chemical structures, that can in turn be broken down into basic elements. In fact, much of the research conducted in Wundt's laboratory consisted of cataloging these basic conscious elements. In order to reduce a normal conscious experience into basic elements, structuralism relied on a method called introspection. For example, one of Wundt's research assistants might describe an object such as an apple in terms of the basic perceptions it invoked (e.g., "cold", "crisp", and "sweet"). An important principal of introspection is that any given conscious experience must be described in it's most basic terms, so that a researcher could not describe some...
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...Linking Assessment and Instruction for Students with Disabilities Final Exam Study Guide Information of each of these topics can be found in the notes, textbook, class handouts, and presentation handouts Introduction to Assessment and the Law – Chapter 1 Define and identify examples of formative and summative assessment * Formative assessment * On going evaluation * Less formal * Used to adjust and monitor progress * Summative assessment * Evaluation at the end of a unit/ year * More formal * Assess student competency with a unit Identify and apply the 6 principles of IDEA * Procedural Due Process * Zero Reject * To include all students * Nondiscriminatory * To determine whether a student has a disability * The nature of special education and related services * Appropriate Education * To provide benefit and progress toward outcomes by following the IDEA process * Least restrictive environment * To ensure IEP outcomes by ensuring access to general education curriculum, extracurricular, and other activities * Parent and Student Participation Identify the impact of ESEA/NCLB on schools * Accountablility fro results * School safety * Parental choice * Teacher quality * Scientific based methods of teaching evidence based practices * Local flexibility * Standards-based education * Current * performance ...
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...Basic concepts in nursing science School of Nursing Medical University March, 2005 Introduction 1. Definition of nursing science 2. Four basic concepts that affect and determine the nursing practice (1) Human being (2) Environment (3) Health (4) Nursing Human being 1. The human being is a uniform whole （entirety） (1) Concept of a whole (2) The uniform whole of human being 1) Physiological 2) Psychological 3) Social 4) Spiritual 5) Cultural 3. The human being is an open system (open whole) (1) Close system (2) Open system 4. The scope of human being in nursing (1) Individual (2) Family (3) Community (4) Society Basic goal of human being: To maintain the balance of organism 1) Balance among subsystems of an organism 2) Balance between organism and its environment (internal environment and external environment) 2. Basic need of human being (1) Definition of basic need 1) Need 2) Basic need of human being (2) Types of basic need 1) Physiological need 2) Social need 3) Affective need 4) Cognitive need 5) Spiritual need (3) Characteristics of basic need 1) Approximately same basic need 2) The importance of each need for each person is different 3) All the basic needs are interconnected and interactive (4) Factors that affect meeting needs ...
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...Introduction to Psychology Chapter 1 The Origins of Psychology A. What is Psychology? * Psychology is the science of human and animal behavior; the study of the organism in all of its variety and complexity as it response to the flux and flow of the physical and social events that make up the environment. * Psychology is more than common sense * Why is psychology scientific? * Because it is based on empiricism * The notion that all knowledge can be acquired through observation, not on reasoning, tradition or common sense * Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behavior * Mind * The contents of subjective experience * Sensations, thoughts, and emotions * Behavior * Observable actions * Thought and feelings * Activities of cells B. Roots of Modern Psychology * In the late 1800's both physiologists and philosophers were investigating the mind * Philosophy - "why" * Physiology - "how" * Philosophy - ideas of about the acquisition of knowledge * Physiology - progress in understanding the nervous system, senses, etc. * Both came together to create the idea of applying the methods of science to the study of human behavior C. The First Schools: Psychology Emerges as a Science * Wilhelm Wundt * Established psychology as an independent science * First psychology lab, in Germany (1879) * Defined psychology...
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... describes a definition of psychology as, “The dynamic organization organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determines the individual’s characteristic behavior and thought”. (Gazzaniga and Heatherton, 2016) Through the human being’s lifecycle, they go through numerous stages of development which they accumulate through various experiences and life choices. Amongst the number of stages, a person experiences, is a very important element which conditions based on that specific person’s characteristics. This stage is the personality development stage. The personality element consists of many of the characteristics to include the person’s thoughts, their behavioral processes, and last their emotional responses to certain things that happen to them. Psychologists have ventured into this subject of study to identify the person as a whole by taking them in and understanding various possibilities as an individual. A couple of key findings in research have identified particular and unusual characteristics such as self-esteem or shyness which ultimately influence their life choices and overall shape their behavior through personality development. Through each characteristic, you will find what is known as a personality trait or pattern of thought, emotion, and behavior which is relatively consistent over a particular timeframe and through various situations. Gordon Allport discussed personality as an coherent whole and that through proper goal seeking...
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...Reading Assignment/Activity 1 Course Introduction; Policies and Procedures syllabus, rules, policies 2 Background of psychology; basic terms give out textbooks 3 Psychology: from Hippocrates to Wundt p. 1-8 workbook (wb) p. 2-4 4 Perspectives and the Big Issues p. 9-14 wb 4-6 5 Skepticism, Common Sense, and Hindsight p. 14-24 vocab quiz; wb 6-9 6 Research Basics: Observations and Surveys p. 24-30 7 Research Basics: Correlation and Causation p. 30-34 vocab drill 8 Research Basics: The Experimental Method p. 37-40 vocab quiz; wb 19-21 9 Ethical standards and practices in Psychology p. 49-53 experiment analysis project 10 Film: Discovering Psychology Part 2 film; worksheets on experiments 11 Test on background and scientific methods Test Unit Objectives: · Define psychology and trace its historical development. · Compare and contrast the psychological perspectives(behavior, cognitive, humanistic, neuroscience, psychoanalytic, behavior genetics). · Identify basic and applied research subfields of psychology. · Identify basic elements of an experiment (variables, groups, sampling, population, etc.). · Compare and contrast research methods (case, survey, naturalistic observation). · Explain...
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...CONSUMER BUYING BEHAVIOR TOWARDS MOBILE PHONE BUYING AMONG UMP ABSTRACT Consumer buying behavior refers to the buying behavior of the individuals and households who buy goods and services for personal consumption. Factors affecting how customers make decisions are extremely complex. There are many factors that can affect this process as a person works through the purchase decision. According to the black box model of consumer behavior, there are two main stimuli that is related to buyers response towards buying a certain product, in this research; mobile phone. But, which one can be much more influencing than the other in terms of buying decisions. But, which one can be much more influencing than the other in terms of buying decisions. Based on the black box model of consumer behavior, this research’s objectives are to find out the relationship between environmental factors with buyers decision making process. This study also intends to compare the two elements in environmental factors in terms influencing buying decisions to find out which stimuli is the main stimuli that mostly influence consumers mobile phone buying decisions. A survey questionnaire were conducted among 100 randomly chosen UMP students. INTRODUCTION According to Kotler and Armstrong (2001), consumer buying behavior refers to the buying behavior of the individuals and households who buy goods and services for personal consumption. Consumers around the world are different in various factors...
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...CONSUMER BUYING BEHAVIOR TOWARDS MOBILE PHONE BUYING AMONG UMP STUDENTS : MARKETING VERSUS ENVIRONMENTAL STIMULI. ABSTRACT Consumer buying behavior refers to the buying behavior of the individuals and households who buy goods and services for personal consumption. Factors affecting how customers make decisions are extremely complex. There are many factors that can affect this process as a person works through the purchase decision. According to the black box model of consumer behavior, there are two main stimuli that is related to buyers response towards buying a certain product, in this research; mobile phone. But, which one can be much more influencing than the other in terms of buying decisions. But, which one can be much more influencing than the other in terms of buying decisions. Based on the black box model of consumer behavior, this research’s objectives are to find out the relationship between environmental factors with buyers decision making process. This study also intends to compare the two elements in environmental factors in terms influencing buying decisions to find out which stimuli is the main stimuli that mostly influence consumers mobile phone buying decisions. A survey questionnaire were conducted among 100 randomly chosen UMP students. INTRODUCTION According to Kotler and Armstrong (2001), consumer buying behavior refers to the buying behavior of the individuals and households who buy goods and services for personal consumption. Consumers...
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...Placing the importance of God in his model, Dr. Crabb is a firm believer that God has granted the church to be its instrument in providing support to people who are experiencing pain and tribulations. In this paper, we particularly compare and contrast Dr. Crabb’s ideas with that of scientific studies assigned for the class. More specifically, we point intersecting points there are in the areas of Christian Counseling and developing a counseling program that could be aligned with the church and religious experience. This paper also includes discussion on the similarities and differences there are on the basic concepts and strategies of Dr. Crabb and other authors from the secular counseling community. In conclusion, we note how Dr. Crabb’s Effective Biblical Counseling contains important points that are similar to the scientific studies relative to the importance of religious elements in mental health therapy as well as training counselors in order to provide effective counseling. However, Dr. Crabb’s views still differ from the secular counseling’s approach and strategic implementation. In order to present an organized context, we divide the paper in two four. Part 1 will discuss the goal of Christian counseling, while part 2 and 3 highlights the concepts and strategies of Dr. Crabb and other authors. Part 4 will discuss how these authors...
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...four periods: Ancient Greek period, per-modern period, modern period and current status 1. Greek period: Greek philosophers had contributed much for the development of psychology. Some of the key contributors were Socrates was interested in studying the reincarnation of soul. Soul or mind was considered as the representation of individuals. Plato, a bright student of Socrates expanded Socrates concepts in philosophy about life and soul. It was Aristotle who wrote first book in psychology called Para Psyche; about the mind or soul. In the book, he introduced the basic ideas in psychology today, like law of association. However, the notion of psychology was primarily related to study of soul or mind at that stage. Later on it was found that physical existence of soul was doubtful. Also, there was controversy in defining soul and mind among the philosopher. The contributors of the period never focused on the behavior of individual. That is why the attention was diverted from the study of soul or mind 2. Pre-modern period it was during 1800's that psychology was established as an independent discipline. It was the work of Wilhelm Wundt and William James that contributed much in the field of psychology. Wilhelm Wundt established first psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany and studied different conscious experiences in t the laboratory. Wundt defined psychology as a science of consciousness or conscious experience. He...
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...Behaviors Select Window | Behaviors to open the Behaviors panel Select the Submit button on the form and then click the Add Behavior button in the Behaviors panel. A list of options that can be modified will appear. Select Validate Form (see figure below). The validate form dialog box should appear. In the fields box, select the information in the form that is required and select the Required check box. Click OK to close the Validate Form box and to implement the behaviors. Save the changes. Dragging AP Elements Display a template file Click on the blank page to deselect the AP elements. In the tag selector, click the <body> tag. Click Add Behaviors in the behaviors panel and select Drag AP Element. The Drag Ap Element dialog box will appear (see figure below). Select the Basic tag and from the drop down list Select the desired div. Click OK Select File | Save All to save the changes. Using Assets and the Dreamweaver Library Window | Assets. From the Main menu select The Assets panel should appear in the files panel. Select the Images group from the Assets panel. Click the desired photo to select it. Click and drag this file into the desired editable region and add alternate text. Select the Library group in the Assets panel. Then select the paragraph in the editable region and drag it into the bottom section of the Assets panel. An icon and Text box should appear. Name the icon and press Enter to update Library. Save...
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...Impact of mistrust on the global economy Name: Baihan Jiang Student Number: 40051637 Date: April 26, 2013 Alone with the continuous development on the global economy in some developing countries, the country has the ability to form the overall vigor but it fails to have the corresponding improvement in the social life. As an important part in the society, the social trust has had a crisis. To solve this problem, the basic way is to use a more fair system arrangement and social guarantee to reduce and eliminate the behavior of its own security and interest security. Social trust and social credit as an important social capital and social resources focus on it for the role of social intercourse activities. Realistic experience shows people that mutual trust plays a significant role in the communication of social exchange activities. The society is a community of people and its existence need certain trust. This can be investigated from two dimensions; the first one is the transverse dimension of the plane dimension. Society is made up by numbers of people, if the society is lack of trust of the confidence is too low, it will be very difficult to communicate among people. Generally, there is a certain amount of trust existing in any society; the difference is the extent of the trust and level. The second one is the vertical of longitudinal dimension. Because of the social division of labor, there is a certain class or grade difference between different people. Society...
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...Foundations of Psychology The essence of psychology is the scientific study of the human mind, behavior, and mental processes. Psychology seeks to understand through research and application, the behaviors and emotions of human beings. Through this paper, the writer will examine the foundations of the study of psychology, the major schools of thought, and will identify the fundamental biological links to behavior. As a subject of study, psychology was established by Wilhelm Wundt, who in the late 1800s “founded the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany” (Kowalski & Westen, 2009, p.8). Wundt paved the path for psychology to emerge from what had been simply philosophical debate into scientific investigation. His main method of investigation was introspection, he trained observers to relay information of their mental reactions when presented with several objects, by recording this information, he was able to conclude that “the basic elements of consciousness are sensations (…) and feelings” (Kowalski, et al., 2009, p. 9), although he believed that experimentation was important to understand the basic elements, he knew that it was not the only way to understand psychology. Structuralism One of Wundt’s students, Edward Titchener, did believe that experimentation was not only useful, but that it was the only method of scientific investigation appropriate for psychology. Titchener established what became known as the structuralism school of thought; structuralism catalogued...
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...functions and behaviors. Psychology has the immediate goal of understanding individuals and groups by both establishing general principles and researching specific cases, and by many accounts it ultimately aims to benefit society. In this field, a professional practitioner or researcher is called a psychologist, and can be classified as a social, behavioral, or cognitive scientist. Psychologists attempt to understand the role of mental functions in individual and social behavior, while also exploring the physiological and neurobiological processes that underlie certain cognitive functions and behaviors. Structuralism was the first school of psychology and focused on breaking down mental processes into the most basic components. Researchers tried to understand the basic elements of consciousness using a method known as introspection. Wilhelm Wundt, founder of the first psychology lab, was an advocate of this position and is often considered the founder of structuralism, despite the fact that it was his student, Edward B. Titchener who first coined the term to describe this school of thought. Functionalism formed as a reaction to the structuralism and was heavily influenced by the work of William James and the evolutionary theory of Charles Darwin. Functionalists sought to explain the mental processes in a more systematic and accurate manner. Rather than focusing on the elements of consciousness, functionalists focused on the purpose of consciousness and behavior. Functionalism...
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...how effective communication incorporates the basic elements of communication, how these elements differ from the basic rules of health care communication, provider and patient communication and cultural influences on communication. Effective communication and the Basic Elements of Communication The basic elements of effective communication include many active processes. The first process is active listening. Active listening means to listen with the intention of understanding. When communicating effectively there is a sender and receiver. The sender originates a communication message. The sender will encode messages to support or emphasize emotions regarding the message. The sender will encode messages to support or emphasize emotions regarding the message. The receiver must assign meaning to and understand the communication message. The second component of effective communication is the message. “The message is the idea, thought or feeling to be communicated.” (Cheeseboro, 2010) The method used to relay the message from the sender to the receiver is the channel. For example, an oral exchange uses airwaves as a channel to transport the message. Lastly, there is feedback. Feedback is the receiver’s response to the message. Their response will confirm if the message was heard and understood. Effective communication employs all of these basic elements of communication to successfully translate thoughts and ideas. Basic Rules of Health Care...
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