...BAUDRILLARD Baudrillard(1929-2005), was a French sociologist ,philosopher ,political commentator ,and photographer .His work is associated with postmodernism and post structuralism .His main interests were in mass media and post modernity .A sharp critic of contemporary society, culture and thought. He was born in cathedral town of Reims, France .According to Gane (1993) he told interviewers that his grandparents and his parents became civil servants. Baudrillard also claims that he was the first member of his family to pursue an advanced education and that this led to rapture with his parents and cultural milieu. His notable ideas were on hyper reality, sign value and simulacra. Baudriallard’ s published work emerged as part of a generation of French thinkers including Gilles Deleuze,Jean- Francois Lyotard ,Foucault ,Derrida and Lacon who all shared an interest in semiotics and he is often seen as a part of post structuralist philosophical school .In common with many post structuralists ,his arguments consistently draw upon the notion that signification and meanings are both only understandable in terms of how particular words or signs interrelate .Baudrillard thought ,as do many post structuralists that meaning ,is brought about through systems of signs working together .In contrast to post structuralists such as Foucault, for whom the formation of knowledge emerge only as the result of power, Baudrillard developed theories...
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...What is a simulacrum (the singular form of simulacra)? Please explain the examples Baudrillard musters to support his "explanation" of simulacra. What factors or forces have made our age (the postmodern era) an age of simulacra? What benefits and risks does this postmodern, hyperreal age present? When Baudrillard refers to “simulacra,” Baudrillard is talking about simulating, as stated in the text, simulation threatens the difference between “true” and “false,” between “real” and “imaginary”. The examples Baudrillard uses to explain this word is when the text relates to being ill. “A person can go to bed and make believe he is ill. But someone who simulates an illness produces in himself some of the symptoms.” A big source Baudrillard relates to is religion. The belief in a God is considered simulacra, there are many beliefs of different gods and different way of presenting the different gods but which ones are true and which are false. There is not any true way of proving which Gods are true, therefore it becomes a simulacrum. This also plays a role in today’s day in age; there are still many different religions and beliefs that are still believed in. Watergate is a key example when looking at simulaca, as a few people made something look real but at the same time was also fake. and stated in the text, to simulate is to feign to have what one hasn’t. One Implies a presence, the other an absence. But the matter is more complicated, since to simulate is not simply...
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...Baudrillard’s Theory of Hyper-reality One of the leading figures in postmodernism is Jean Baudrillard. Baudrillard began his analysis with Marxism and modernity, and developed what he considered a more radical approach – a society of simulations, implosions and hyper-reality, where it is difficult to distinguish image from reality and where signs and simulations have become society. Baudrillard considers society to have entered a new era. Society is no longer based upon the production of material goods, but upon the selling of signs and images, its culture is of “Simulacrum”. He also suggests that these signs and images have little or no relationship to reality. He sees the postmodern society consisting of an exchange of images that he refers to as “simulacra”. These simulacrums are images of things that do not, or never have existed. In his essay “Precession of Simulacra” Baudrillard states that what has happened in postmodern culture is that society has become so reliant on signs, models, images and maps that people have lost all contact with the real world that before preceded the map. Reality itself has begun merely to imitate the model and images, which now precedes and determines the real world: "The territory no longer precedes the map, nor does it survive it. It is nevertheless the map that precedes the territory—precession of simulacra—that engenders the territory" (Baudrillard 1). Furthermore according to him, when it comes to postmodern simulation and simulacra...
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...visual sense and diegesis into a context of postmodern philosophy; drawing inferences and theoretical connections between the film and the work of Jean Baudrillard, Walter Benjamin and the neo-Marxists of the Frankfurt School, most notably Adorno and Horkheimer in Dialectic of Enlightenment (1979). The importance of postmodern philosophy and cyber culture to the visual sense of The Matrix is declared from its very opening titles. Random strings of green neon data are scrolled against a black background imbuing the viewer with a sense of the virtual and the cybernetic and this is concretised and given definite focus later on as Neo (Keanu Reeves) hides the two thousand dollars given to him by Anthony in a copy of Simulacra and Simulation by Baudrillard. This reference however is more than a mere visual joke it is a signifier for a number of the film’s sub-textual tropes and motifs. For Baudrillard, the notion of the simulacra was central to an understanding of the modern capitalist society. In his essay “The Precession of the Simulacra” (2004) he offers up four vital concepts, all of which appear, in one form or another in The Matrix: the simulation, the simulacra, the Real and the hyper-real. The simulation covers the gaps in the Real, the actual; as Baudrillard says “To simulate is to feign to have what one doesn’t have” (Baudrillard, 2004: 3). The simulation takes on the image of the Real in order to...
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...Camille Paglia once said “Capitalism is an art form, an Apollonian fabrication to rival nature...” (1) Her striking words befit Valentino’s 1995 vogue advertisement perfectly. It seems no two words (capitalism and apollonian) could combine together better to describe this image. The model is statuesque, poised, and serene. The advertisement captivates its audience by inviting it to buy into the idea of the Valentino woman and everything this role entails. If we desire to become this woman what is our role in society and how does a medium such as a magazine manage to create this appealing world? In today’s capitalist society it seems everything is trying to sell you a hyper reality, a brief moment in which you can become something else or live vicariously through somebody else. And yet while we want it we don’t think about how it is created. The advertisement is no fluke; millions of dollars are spent to achieve the perfect model, clothing, light, even the placement of the logo. Finally by analyzing this image it is not only the composition of the advertisement, but the impact it has on its readers. It is this incredible insight into the societal roles, class, and insecurities that sell this brand to the everyday consumer; and in return this brand sells the audience an identity. Media has become a vital tool for companies because of its incredible ability to persuade its audience. The various components of the advertisement play on what Aristotle coined as the three main tools...
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...derivation. In the avalanche of articles and books that have made use of the term since the late 1950s, postmodernism has been applied at different levels of conceptual abstraction to a range of objects and phenomena in what we did call reality (Bertens,1995 p3). Postmodernism is also related to Modernism which refers to a certain period in Western culture, which covered the later Nineteenth and early Twentieth centuries. However, others dated the movement in the 1960s after the War, notably to Marshall McLuhan's coining of the phrase: “ The medium is the message” (1964). By this, I believe McLuhan means that the manner in which the message is mediated becomes more important than the meaning of the message itself. However, according to Jean Baudrillard, McLuhan himself, did UP 502522 not see that beyond the neutralization of all content, one could still...
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...Consumerism is sometimes used in reference to the anthropological and biological phenomena of people purchasing goods and consuming materials in excess of their basic needs, which would make it recognizable in any society including ancient civilizations (e.g. Ancient Egypt, Babylon and Ancient Rome). However, the concept of consumerism is typically used to refer to the historically specific set of relations of production and exchange that emerge from the particular social, political, cultural and technological context of late 19th and early 20th century capitalism with more visible roots in the social transformations of 16th, 17th and 18th century Europe. The consumer society emerged in the late seventeenth century and intensified throughout the eighteenth century. While some[who?] claim that change was propelled by the growing middle-class who embraced new ideas about luxury consumption and the growing importance of fashion as an arbiter for purchasing rather than necessity, many critics[who?] argue that consumerism was a political and economic necessity for the reproduction of capitalist competition for markets and profits, while others point to the increasing political strength of international working class organizations during a rapid increase in technological productivity and decline in necessary scarcity as a catalyst to develop a consumer culture based on therapeutic entertainments, home ownership and debt. The more positive, middle-class view argues that this revolution...
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...VA 0500 DESIGN CHANGE AND CONFLICT W11026064 - Samuel Rubin Figure 1. Screenshot of the clip http://www.markallencam.com/AndyEatingaBurger.jpg Figure 1. Screenshot of the clip http://www.markallencam.com/AndyEatingaBurger.jpg The very first subject that intrigues us is a scene from a documentary “66 Scenes of America” to which Andy Warhol is seen eating a hamburger. Why does it captivate our imagination and sparked interest? Maybe because it was layered, to ordinary viewer it might have looked like a simple scene of a man slowly eating a hamburger, but deep down there’s message that the director want to get across that can be analyzed through various theorem taught in the class. The group chose “Post-Modernism”, “Barthes’s semiotics” and “Baudrillard’s Simulacra and Simulation” theorem to analyze the subject in matter. Perhaps we chose these 3 are because the content of the clip is laden with subdued symbols and signs and the relationship between objects in the clip. The segregation of art, between high and low. A model where cultural, political and social progress defines art. A movement that flourished from post world war development and growth in society. The entire characteristic above signifies Modernism, and Postmodernism is standing opposed of that. Postmodernism rises from time of peace, it does not dictate rules or narratives, instead it focuses on contradiction, reality and disorder. Postmodernism mixes the high and low art from the Modernist period as a...
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...Introduction Objective: This paper has the purpose to study economies of scale and economies of scope in business using Chang Cooperation which is naturally a monopoly which can produce at a lower cost than others’ firms. They are using the economies of scale in decreasing the cost of production such as plastics, bottles, and fixed cost by produce large amount of outputs to decrease the total cost. However, Chang has now entered the long-run which make the average cost of production declines throughout the entire market. As a result, Chang Corporation can supply the entire market demand at a lower cost than the others’ firm. In the economies of scope, Chang produces various kinds of products such as Chang Classic, Chang Draught, and Chang Light. This make Chang Corporation reduce average and marginal costs in long-run, due to the production of similar or related goods or services where the output or provision of an item such as beer reduces the cost of item like water which has the same intermediate goods, bottle. Benefits: This study shows various benefits of being large firm behavior of taking advantages. Including, economies of scale benefit, which firm earn absolute cost advantages due to producing large amount of outputs. Vice versa, there are also some external factors in affecting the economies of scale such as a better transportation network, resulting in a subsequent decrease in cost for a company working within that industry, external economies of scale are said...
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...“Postmodernism is a way of thinking that is reflected both in the ways texts are composed and in their exploration of challenging ideas.” Everything that is around us makes up our world and our life. It is reality, until someone asks, “Are we the players or the puppets of our lives? Or are we both?” and it is such questioning of assumed certainty that characterizes postmodernism. The Matrix is a film directed by the Wachowski Brothers in 1999 portraying the rebellion of a group of people against an artificial reality that has imprisoned their mind while A Beautiful Mind directed by Ron Howard is a 2001 film that describes a man’s journey to accept the real world and ignore the imaginary one he created in his mind. Despite their contrasting nature, both texts are able to reflect postmodernist understanding through their composition and their exploration of the challenging idea of relative truth. Through this, it demonstrates that postmodernism is a way of thinking portrayed in the forms, features and structures of texts. The life that we live today is what we consider to be reality, but this is a relative truth for what proof is there that our world is real or fake? Such a concept is emphasized upon by the Wachowskis in the Matrix in which it presents a portrayal of the possibility of our world being in fact, a simulation. During the film, references are made to external sources such as Jean Baudrillard’s book of Simulcra and Simulation and Morpheus, the Greek God of Dreams in...
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...[Author’s Name] [Instructor’s Name] [Course Title] Date Georges Bataille George Bataille is a French librarian and writer whose essays, novels, and poetry expressed his fascination with eroticism, mysticism, and the irrational. He viewed excess as a way to gain personal sovereignty. After training as an archivist at the school of paleography known as the Ecole des Chartes (School of Charters) in Paris, he worked as a librarian and medieval specialist at the Bibliotheque National in Paris until 1942. In 1951 he became keeper of the Orleans library. He also edited scholarly journals and in 1946 founded an influential literary review, Critique, which he edited until his death. George Bataille’s “Theory of Religion” is an attempt to sum up religion in as succinct a manner as possible. To be all things to all religions, the book is very vague and difficult to understand. Bataille created a chart or table to explain what he was doing and to give body to the work. ALAS! The chart is not in the book, lost to time. Thus, as it exists, Bataille’s book is a glimpse into the inner workings of a genius mind. It is a colorful attempt to understand “religion,” whatever that is. Further, it is an off-the beaten path romp through the daisies of the study of religion, sweet flowers that often remain unromped. Theory of Religion brings to philosophy what Bataille’s earlier book, The Accursed Share, brought to anthropology and history; namely, an analysis based on notions of...
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...This article was downloaded by: [Aberystwyth University] On: 12 October 2013, At: 02:24 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Journal of Marketing Management Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rjmm20 The Sociology of Consumption: The Hidden Facet of Marketing Hélène Cherrier & Jeff B. Murray Published online: 01 Feb 2010. To cite this article: Hélène Cherrier & Jeff B. Murray (2004) The Sociology of Consumption: The Hidden Facet of Marketing, Journal of Marketing Management, 20:5-6, 509-525, DOI: 10.1362/0267257041323954 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1362/0267257041323954 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable...
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...Jean Baudrillard claims that the system put into place in the west is that the cause for this manner of warfare. He quotes a proverb saying “Even God cannot declare war on Himself.” Nevertheless, the west, by positioning itself in the position of God, has imposed this war, and so brought it on itself. To cite Baudrillard, “By seizing all the cards for itself, the west forced the other to alter the principles.” The west asserted ethical, cultural and economic necessity. Viciousness was then left as the sole route for the others to follow. This conflict goes on the far side evolution, and faith. The War on Terror is, rather, according to Baudrillard a delusion that crafts the misrepresentation of a solution based on force. Wars like the Gulf...
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...Krystal Watkins ENGL 3153 A Brief Analysis of “Tell Tale Heart” Because of its textbook definition, the term postmodernism is often ambiguous and difficult to define. Through the examination of the theories of both Jacques Derrida and Jean Baudrillard, a working definition can be formed. Derrida provides a change in perspective as far as what reality truly is. According to Baudrillard, society has become reliant on the symbols, models, and maps that the physical has lost its place and there is no longer an honest reality. However, if Derrida is the source of information for defining postmodernism, the focus is not on the models or symbols, but on the literal meaning. Derrida’s take on post modernism is to deconstruct and de-familiarize in order to find the literal meaning, as well as an underlying message in the text. From the two theories, postmodernism can be defined as a philosophical theory or movement whose purpose is to question the implications and to determine a true reality. When applying these theories to a text, Edgar Allan Poe’s “The Tell-Tale Heart” is a worthy text to work with. Both the theories of Baudrillard and Derrida can be successfully applied in different ways. Derrida’s idea of the center can be relevant to this story. The center, according to Derrida, controls structure and that without a center, structure in unthinkable. Derrida also makes it a point to note that the center is both inside and outside of a structure; it must be a part of the structure...
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...postmodern society, knowledge is just a series of different ‘language games’ or ways of seeing the world. However postmodern society is preferable to modern society where meta-narratives claimed a monopoly of truth and sometimes sought to impose it by force, as in the Soviet Union. Postmodernity allows marginalised groups to be heard. Lyotard argues that old theories can no longer explain this society due to the fact that our postmodern society is characterised by these competing views of truth. Yet, Lyotard’s theory is self-defeating. He suggests that all theories are without truth, portraying that his theory is another that should not be believed. Baudrillard, in agreement with Lyotard, believes that society has entered a new postmodern age and new theories are needed to understand the postmodern world we now live in. Baudrillard argues that our postmodern society is no longer based on the production of material goods, but rather the buying and selling of knowledge in the forms of symbols and signs. He says that the mass media is so far into our lives that it begins to shape the way we live. Our...
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