...when working with various clients and working in different situations. To focus on creating healthy behaviors, this report on behavioral tools looks at effective methods of implementing change through the following: client centered approaches, grounding techniques, and operant conditioning through positive and negative reinforcements. The report will also assist human service workers identify some situations that the stated approaches may be used for. Client Centered Approach The client centered approach is a behavioral tool that human service professionals use in counseling or psychotherapy. Developed in the 1930s by American psychologist Carl Rogers (Encyclopedia of Mental Disorders, 2012), client centered therapy focuses on human strengths rather than human deficiencies. The client centered approach is non-directive and creates behavioral change by focusing on personal growth and self-actualization. It was Roger’s belief that humans who move toward self-actualization are more inclined to have concern for others and behave in genuine, trustworthy, and constructive ways. Rogers believed the way to accomplish this was to place the client in control. To establish client control, the therapist does not direct the client, does not pass judgments on the client’s feelings, and does not offer suggestions or solutions (CRC Health Group, 2011). The benefits of client centered therapy are positioned on the ability of the therapist to establish and maintain an open and non-judgmental...
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...Paper on the Psychoanalytical, Existential, and Person Centered Therapies BSHS 312 February 6, 2012 Paula Krasselt Comparison and Contrast of the Psychoanalytical, Existential, and Person Centered Therapies Throughout the centuries, different methods and techniques have been developed to help enhance the quality of therapy for people who suffer from different types of behaviors. Many theories about how and what therapy is and most effective techniques have also been sought out and applied. These include psychoanalytical, existential, and person-centered therapies. All have different techniques with yet the same goal is to find a cure and treat the individual’s issue. Through the years clinicians have found one to be more effective than another, and some of the therapies have been modified or enhanced to better treat a client. Psychoanalytical therapy allows patients to cope and understand experiences, whether traumatic or sad. It allows for their experiences to be coped with and to treat the effect of current behavior and feelings due to the experience that the patient has endured. Psychoanalytical therapy looks in-depth at the conscious and unconscious feelings of the patient. Existential therapy is more of a philosophical method of treatment. It allows for the patient to face and accept the inevitable. These patients can be experiencing a difficult way of accepting death or difficult life events. Existential therapy has been studied and evaluated by different philosophers...
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...PERSON-CENTERED THERAPY Most important person and what they believed: Carl Rogers created Person-Centered Therapy in the 1940’s. Rogers humanistic approach was revolutionary in shifting the mainstream ideology of psychoanalytic and behavior counseling modalities to a client-based approach. Although this counseling modality was initially called nondirective counseling and underwent four main development/evolutionary stages, Rogers maintained his belief that it is ultimately up to the client, not the therapist, to become the agent needed for self-change. Rogers was a humanist who believed that people are ultimately trustworthy, they have the potential to understand themselves and resolve their own problems, and much of the clients’ ability to change lies in the relationship found between they client and the counselor. Philosophy: The main philosophy behind Person-Centered Therapy is that the client is capable of becoming fully functioning individual, whom is responsible for creating change to help resolve issues they face in their lives; people can worked toward self-awareness and self-healing, without the direct influence and techniques used by a therapist. Person-Centered Therapy treats every client as a unique individual and has respect for the client’s subjective world. This approach also believes if a person enters into a positive, genuine relationship with a counselor, every person attains a natural potential to actualize and finding meaning in their life. The client-therapist...
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...Evaluate the claim that Person-Centered Therapy offers the therapist all that he/she will need to treat clients Person-centered therapy, which is also known as client-centered, non-directive, or Rogerian therapy, is an approach to counseling and psychotherapy that places much of the responsibility for the treatment process on the client, with the therapist taking a nondirective role. Developed in the 1930s by the American psychologist Carl Rogers, client-centered therapy departed from the typically formal, detached role of the therapist emphasized in psychoanalysis and other forms of treatment. Rogers believed that therapy should take place in a supportive environment created by a close personal relationship between client and therapist. Rogers's introduction of the term "client" rather than "patient" expresses his rejection of the traditionally hierarchical relationship between therapist and client and his view of them as equals. In person-centered therapy, the client determines the general direction of therapy, while the therapist seeks to increase the client's insight and self-understanding through informal clarifying questions. This essay will evaluate this type of therapy to establish if it is the only therapy needed by therapist to treat their clients. Rogers was a humanistic therapist which differed greatly from other approaches at that time which were based on the psychodynamic ideas of Freud, Carl Yung, Alfred Adler and others. Person Centred Therapy is not active, challenging...
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...Psychotherapies Analysis Donnette Morris BEH/225 03/25/2016 Graciela Pulliam In this paper I will summarize three psychotherapies the main tenants of each therapy, their effectiveness in treating psychological disorders and their strengths. The psychotherapies that will be discussed in this essay are client centered therapy, cognitive therapy and behavioral therapy. Psychotherapies are classified as either insight, action or both which describes ultimate goal of the therapy. Insight refers to the therapies goal to bring clients to a deeper understanding of their thoughts, emotions, and behavior (Coon & Mitterer, 2009). Action refers to therapies designed to bring about direct changes in troublesome thoughts, habits, feelings, or behavior, without seeking insight into their origins or meanings (Coon & Mitterer, 2009). Psychotherapies can be classified as directive, non-directive or both referring to the role of the therapist. Directive refers to the therapist providing strong guidance and advice. Non-directive refers to the therapist merely assisting clients, who are responsible for solving their own problems. Psychotherapy may involve individual counseling, group or both (Coon & Mitterer, 2009). Client centered therapy is considered part of the humanistic school of therapy. Client centered therapy is classified as nondirective based on the insights from conscious thoughts and feelings. It can involve individuals or groups. Carl Rogers believed that...
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...CBT assumes that thoughts cause behaviors and that thoughts determine the way individuals perceive, interpret, and assign meaning to the environment. Using CBT, maladaptive behaviors can be altered and changed by the modification of thought processes. Thus, enabling an adolescent to develop self-regulation and coping skills, by the identification of stimulus cues of substance use. 4) Brief Intervention and Motivational Interviewing - uses a person-centered, nonconfrontational approach, that enables an adolescent to explore the different patterns of his/her substance use. The adolescent examines the pros and cons of substance use and creates goals for a healthier lifestyle, through direction and feedback of the therapist. 5) Contingency Management Reinforcement – rewards healthy changes in behavior, which is based on operant behaviors/conditioning model that assumes that an adolescents drug use will subside when incentives are offered. 6) Twelve-step programs – a self-help approach the is centered around individuals supporting one another’s sobriety, through the encouragement of mental and spiritual health, via twelve...
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...Personal Model of Helping Randi DeSmit BSHS312 April 22, 2011 Dr. Princess Clarke Strengths and Limitations in Theories My personal model of helping includes basic ideas from Adlerian, existential, and person-centered theories and includes emphasis from behaviorism, gestalt, rational - emotive, and reality theories. I have formed my viewpoint from the vast frame up of techniques also methods I have chosen since one impression or single chosen emphasis does not number all aspects I believe to be addressed in order to be a sufficient helper. I will explain why I formed my viewpoint from each of the theories I have selected, identify strengths further limitations, and again discuss multicultural issues. The first theory I am going to cover in my diagram of helping is the Adlerian theory. I am not to say that I would put an emphasis on social interests but feel that having an understanding of others outside oneself is a weighty angle of developing wisdom about interconnectedness within one's environment. I also believe family order needs to be considered, because at times, roles are assigned also “reinforced by societal norms “(Cicirelli, 1994). Family constellation needs to personify considered, seeing the conditions within a family unit can affect behavior development and personality (Merriam - Webster, Incorporated, 2010). Forgiving a client’s former influences often helps notice details that are not completely apparent during treatment. In that example,...
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...as behaviorism, focusing on the observation of people's behaviors. * Humanistic psychology, led by Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow, countered behaviorism during this period by focusing on the personal growth and well-being of people. * In the 1960's, psychology shifted back towards a focus on how the brain approaches information. Recently, cognitive neuroscience studies how brain activity causes mental activity. * To combine the study of both the internal mental activities and observable human behaviors, psychology became the science of behavior and mental processes. TERMS * ------------------------------------------------- cognitive neuroscience An academic field concerned with the scientific study of biological substrates underlying cognition, with a specific focus on the neural substrates of mental processes. It addresses the questions of how psychological/cognitive functions are produced by the brain. Cognitive neuroscience is a branch of both psychology and neuroscience, overlapping with disciplines such as physiological psychology, cognitive psychology and neuropsychology. Cognitive neuroscience relies upon theories in cognitive science coupled with evidence from neuropsychology, and computational modelling. * ------------------------------------------------- behaviorism An approach to psychology focusing on behavior, denying any independent significance for the mind, and assuming that behavior is determined by theenvironment. * ------------------------------------------------- ...
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...individuals. These methods are: psychoanalytic, humanist, behavioral, and cognitive (jointly called cognitive-behavioral therapy, or CBT). I further explore existential psychotherapy, as it is the method I found most appealing in my research. I included quotations from several journal articles, and from our textbook, “Discovering Psychology, Fifth Edition”. Approaches to Psychotherapy and Existential Theory Psychotherapy is an official term that normally goes by different names: counseling, treatment, psychiatric therapy, even head shrinking. They all mean the same thing, and have a common goal. Psychotherapy seeks, through the use of trained professionals, to help individuals improve their mental health using a variety of different approaches. A much more comprehensive definition can be found in the textbook Discovering Psychology, Fifth Edition, which states that psychotherapy is: “The treatment of emotional, behavioral, and interpersonal problems through the use of psychological techniques designed to encourage understanding of problems and modify troubling feelings, behaviors, or relationships” (Hockenbury, 2011). The etymological meaning, is derived from the Greek words “ψυχή (psycho)”, meaning “breath” or “life”, and “θεραπεία (therapy)”, meaning “service” or “healing”. This is the definition I prefer, as it sums up in few words what the practice of...
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... 3, 1958 The Place of Values in Counseling and Psychotherapy1 C. H. Patterson University of Illinois fact, ethics might be considered as an expression of a group's values, an attempt to represent or express them in a systematized form. This is no doubt why Sutich (28) became involved in values in his discussion of ethics. Bixler and Seeman (3) state that "ethics are principles of action based on a commonly accepted system of values," thus relating professional ethics to social values. The APA code of ethics (1, p. 49) states that a cardinal obligation of the psychologist "is to respect the integrity and protect the welfare of the person with whom he is working." This is clearly an expression of the value of the individual in our society, as is recognized in Principle 1.13: "The psychologist should express in his professional behavior a firm commitment to those values which lie at the foundation of a democratic society, such as freedom of speech, freedom of research, and respect for the integrity of the individual" (1, p. 10). Philosophy of Counseling. From ethics and values to philosophy is only a short step. A philosophy is an integration of values, usually resulting in statements of postulates and assumptions, or principles. It is only natural, and to be expected, that philosophies of counseling and psychotherapy should reflect the philosophies How Values Affect Counseling of the societies in which these activities and Psychotherapy operate. The prevailing philosophy...
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...basic connection with Freud and agree that we do have instincts that are innate to every human (Corey, 2013), in essence we are all animals (Freud, 1961) of sorts. Adler was correct when he expounded on Freud’s work and introduced the idea that we are not solely shaped by our childhood experiences. Frankl, May, and Yalom have led me to the idea that there is no step by step instructional book on how to counsel clients. My experience in the military working with a multitude of different people of various religions, ethnicities, and languages has led to my acknowledgement that we are all different and are motivated and driven by many different things. Each person is different; this is what makes us special. No single solution is perfect for any two people, and there are always different variables involved with each person. Also incorporated into my view of human nature is Perls’s concept that places emphasis on what is being experienced in the here and now as being of great importance and that “the power is in the present” (Polster & Polster, 1973). At the same time it is important to recognize that what we have experienced in the past has had a direct and profound impact on us as well. View of Human Nature My personal view of human nature is a conglomeration of the views of theorists and multiple theories. I combine parts of Freud’s and...
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...used only with the permission of the textbook company. The Therapeutic Relationship • The therapeutic relationship is an important component of effective counseling • The therapist as a person is a key part of the effectiveness of therapeutic treatments • Research shows that both the therapy relationship and the therapy used contribute to treatment outcome Theories of Counseling • Gerald Corey’s Perspective of Theories of Counseling: • No single model can explain all the facets of human experience o Eleven approaches to counseling and psychotherapy are discussed • Your textbook book assumes: o Students can begin to acquire a counseling style tailored to their own personality ▪ The process will take years ▪ Different theories are not “right” or “wrong” ▪ The Effective Counselor from the perspective of Gerald Corey • The most important instrument you have is YOU ▪ Your living example of who you are and how you struggle to live up to your potential is powerful • Be authentic ▪ The stereotyped, professional role can be shed ▪ If you hide behind your role the client will also hide • Be a therapeutic person and be clear about who you are ▪ Be willing to grow, to risk, to care, and to be involved Counseling for the Counselor...
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...Their ideas would help gain insight into a child's inner emotional world through play. Expanding on child psychotherapies, Virginia Axline (1989 as cited in Rye, 2010) emerged child-centered therapy as a new modality. Play therapy was formulated from eight principles in which Axline drew on the work of Carl Rogers’s (1951 as cited in Rye, 2010) client-centered therapy. Modern child centered play therapy has it owns theoretical framework and research base evidence but uses other relevant fields as a guide. For example, attachment theory provides the understanding of the child’s current difficulties but also the presenting problems. Bowlby (1982 as cited in Rye, 2010) was first to develop this approach and since then other continued to build on his work and developed their own ideas and techniques, figuring out the ways attachment theory influences or foster relationships amongst individuals. Based upon the cognitive triangle, trauma focus- cognitive behavioral therapy (TF-CBT) an employed a framework that builds an understanding of the relationship between a person’s thoughts, feelings and behaviors (Child Welfare Information Getaway, 2012). In order to identify negative thought patterns and behavior cycles, therapist guides the client while gaining positive coping skills and helping clients learn new ways of replacing maladaptive thoughts,...
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...psychologically channelized by the ways in which he/she anticipates events. People as scientists. * What are the 11 corollaries? * Construction – a person anticipates events by construing their replications * Individuality – persons differ from each other in their construction of events * Organization – each person characteristically creates, for his or her convenience in anticipation of events, a construction system with a defined ordinal relationship. * Dichotomy – a person’s construction system is composed of a finite number of dichotomous constructs. * Choice – a person chooses for oneself that alternative in a dichotomized construct that promises the most growth for him or her. * Range – a construct is convenient for the anticipation of a finite number of events * Experience – a person’s construction system caries as he or she successfully construes the replication of events. * Modulation – the variation of a person’s construction system is limited by the permeability of the constructs within that range of convenience the variants lie. Some constructs are easily changed while others are not. * Fragmentation – a person may employ a variety of construction subsystems, which may be incompatible with each other. * Commonality – to the extent that one person employs a construction of experience, which is similar to that employed by another, his/her psychological processes are similar to that...
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...conditions, including Alzheimer's disease, stroke and many other rarer conditions. Dementia is not a disease itself but rather a group of symptoms that may accompany certain diseases or conditions. At this time, dementia is irreversible when caused by disease or injury but may be reversible when caused by drugs, alcohol, hormone or vitamin imbalances, or depression. The symptoms of dementia include loss of memory, confusion, and problems with speech and understanding. There is also the loss of intellectual functions (such as thinking, remembering, and reasoning) of sufficient severity to interfere with a person’s daily functioning. Symptoms may also include changes in personality, mood, and behavior. Dementia is also progressive, which means the symptoms will gradually get worse. Each person is unique and will experience dementia in their own way, including how fast their dementia progresses. According to Lichtenberg, et al. (2003) the symptoms of dementia include: • Loss of memory - for example, forgetting the way home from shops, or being unable to remember names and places. • Mood changes - particularly as parts of the brain that control emotion are affected by disease. People with dementia may also feel sad, frightened, or angry about what is...
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