...------------------------------------------------- PANEL OF EXAMINERS APPROVED by the panel of examiners with a grade of ______ JENNIFER P. DEQUITO, MAT-ELA, MED-EY Member ------------------------------------------------- ACCEPTED in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree Bachelor in Elementary Education-Early Childhood Education. LESSENING ATTENTION SEEKING USING DIRECT REINFORCEMENT Bautista, Joann A. Coca, Gerlyn C. Delaster, Katrina T. Familar, Ma. Bernadeth L. Ferolino, Eric Jon P. Ibay, Jay C. Adviser: Dr. Raquel Almasa Abstract Lessening attention seeking has been a worldwide problem not only by the teachers but also by parents and guardians. Reinforcement particularly direct reinforcement has been influencing the students of things that are expected of them inside the classroom. The main purpose of the study was to determine the common indicators of attention seeking that are prevalent inside the classroom, and its level. And also to determine the common direct reinforcement used by the teacher to lessen these behavior. Intervention plan are recommended ny the researchers to help lessen attention seeking behaviors. The researchers used quantitative and qualitative research design and an adapted checklist in gathering information. The number of respondents was comprised of ninety-eight students and three kindergarten teachers from the Buhangin Central Elementary School SpED Center Davao City. The data were analyzed by hand, organized into checklists....
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...for how humans learn behaviors or change behaviors, and went on to infer that patterns of reinforcement shape behavior, which is operant conditioning. Comparing and contrasting positive and negative reinforcement in operant conditioning gives an understanding of how both are a necessity in operant conditioning. Both positive and negative reinforcement are a necessity in operant conditioning; one form of reinforcement is more effective than the other. Several reasons exist to why one form of reinforcement is more effective than the other. A given scenario can show how to apply operant conditioning to shape behavior and how the creation of a reinforcement schedule can apply to a certain selected behavior. B. F. Skinner developed the “term” operant conditioning in 1937 (Staddon& Cerutti, 2003). Skinner's theory of operant conditioning explains how organisms acquire learned behaviors that they exhibit. The main focus of operant conditioning is to use reinforcement as a reward or punishment to increase or decrease the likelihood of behavior (Staddon & Cerutti, 2003). Operant conditioning is a means or method of learning, which occurs through or by reward and punishment for an organism’s behavior (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2013). Basically, a learner receives either reward or punishment for behavior. The learner actively has to participate in and perform a certain type of behavior to receive either a reward or punishment. In operant conditioning, behavior, and the resulting consequences...
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...trying to condition or modify behavior. For instance, operant conditioning, a term coined by B.F Skinner, is one form of conduct conditioning to use when attempting to place modifications on behavior. In addition, operant conditioning a “consequence is made contingent upon a behavior” (Operant Conditioning, 2004, para. 2). There are two routes to go when replacing or conditioning a behavior. The reinforcements can either be positive or negative. A multitude of studies have been conducted to determine whether positive reinforcement or negative reinforcement are more effective. Operant conditioning can be applied in many circumstances to shape behavior. Operant Conditioning The modification of behavior can come about through several methods of conditioning. For example, operant conditioning is one method that uses unassociated stimuli and reinforcements to shape behavior. In addition, Staddon and Cerutti (2003) state, “operant conditioning is the study of reversible behavior maintained by reinforcement schedules” (para. 1). “Perhaps the easiest way to view operant conditioning is to regard it as a set of circumstances under which new responses that are within an organism's volitional repertoire come to be strengthened by contingent reinforcement” (Operant Conditioning, 2009, para. 1). The theory of reinforcement has demonstrated to be a potent mechanism in behavior conditioning (Operant Conditioning, 2009). The strong force of reinforcement is the base of operant conditioning...
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...first theories that one is introduced to during their psychology learning years. So, what exactly is this theory? While learning about operant conditioning we must pay attention to two necessities, positive and negative reinforcements. These two play a key role in operant conditioning and behaviors. But which reinforcement method works better? Positive or negative? There are a few aspects to look into when determining which method works the best. Once operant conditioning, positive reinforcement, and negative reinforcement are learned, then it becomes easy for an individual to take the information and shape a behavior. Along with shaping behaviors, the creation of a reinforcement schedule can also be applied to the selected behavior. The Theory of Operant Conditioning Operant Conditioning was created by behaviorist BF Skinner. Operant conditioning occurs through rewards and punishments for behaviors. This creates a link between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior. Skinner had believed that it was not really necessary to look at internal thoughts and motivation in order to explain behavior. Instead we should look only at the external observable causes of human behavior (Cherry, 2005). When we have actions that are followed by reinforcement, they will be strengthened and then more likely to occur again in the future. However, actions that result in punishments or non-desirable consequences will be the opposite. These actions will be weakened and less likely...
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...learning process that involves behavior to be controlled by negative or positive consequences and happens with rewards or punishments. With operant conditioning we see how certain consequences have a relationship with our behaviors. B.F. Skinner believed that we should not look at the way we think or the things that motivate us to understand behavior, he believed that we had to look and pay attention to those external things that we were able to observe to understand behavior. In operant conditioning there is positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement. A positive reinforcement happens when a behavior is strengthened because of a positive condition. A negative reinforcement happens with a behavior is strengthened because of something stopping to avoid a negative condition. Positive and Negative Reinforcement Positive reinforcement is reinforcing a certain stimulus so that a behavior has a higher chance of being repeated again in the future. When a positive outcome happens after a certain behavior the behavior is more than likely going to happen again in the future; this is also if there is a reward after the behavior it strengthens the behavior and makes and gives it a chance of happening again. When we think about positive reinforcement we can think about something good being added to a behavior. An example of positive reinforcement is when you do something good and someone compliments you and say “good job. An example of positive reinforcement with a reward is you doing...
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...learning in which an animal learns (or, is conditioned) from its behaviors as it acts (operates) on the environment. In operant conditioning, the likelihood of a behavior is increased or decreased by the consequences that follow. That is, a behavior will happen either more often or less often, depending on its results. When an animal performs a particular behavior that produces a favorable consequence, the animal is likely to repeat that behavior. 2. Animals learn by the principles of operant conditioning every day. For example, woodpeckers find insects to eat by pecking holes in trees with their beaks. One day, a woodpecker finds a particular tree that offers an especially abundant supply of the bird's favorite bugs. The woodpecker is likely to return to that tree again and again. 3. Humans learn by the same principles. For example, consider the behavior of a child doing chores. Suppose a child voluntarily performs a chore, like cleaning the garage or washing the car. If the behavior is reinforced by positive attention such as praise, money, or some other reward, the child is likely to do additional chores on his own. If no positive attention were to follow, repeating that behavior would be less likely. 4. Animal trainers apply the principles of operant conditioning. If an animal performs a behavior that the trainer wants to see performed again, the trainer will administer a favorable consequence. POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT 1. Let's explore those favorable consequences a little further...
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...experimenting with pigeons and rats was able to identify a series of important fundamental ides of learning. This theory is called Operant Conditioning, which is also recognized as Instrumental Conditioning or even Skinnerian conditioning. The theory of operant conditioning Operant conditioning is a learning method that occurs through the presentation of rewards and punishments as ways to produce the wanted behavior. Skinner explained that the fundamental motivations for a determined behavior did not derivate from an internal source, such as thoughts or feelings, but from an external source, like the preceding circumstances or the posterior consequences to the behavior. Skinner once said that “we are what we have been reinforced for being”, and this affirmation is a perfect explanation of his theory, as the American psychologist believed that behaviors are consequences to the response emanated from that behavior in the first place (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2009). The theory of operant conditioning has its name because, as Skinner explained, the term “operant” refers to an "active behavior that operates upon the environment to generate consequences" (1953). Compare and contrast...
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...and Supports The Impact of Positive Reinforcement Sara Nino Dallas Baptist University Abstract I chose to research the Positive Behavioral Intervention and Supports approach to positive reinforcement. I wanted to find out if this approach taught temporary or long-term (positive) behavioral changes. I researched this approach and compared it to the Responsive Classroom approach. In order to determine its effectiveness, I looked at referral data at Nimitz High School provided around this time this last year, and compared it to its current numbers. While it showed beneficial changes last year, I found an increase in behavioral problems this year. I also attempted to look at the reasoning behind the increase in referral numbers. Keywords: P.B.I.S., Responsive Classroom, positive, behavior, reinforcement, Skinner’s theory Positive Behavioral Intervention and Supports (P.B.I.S.) is framework utilized within the school system in order to create a positive atmosphere. It is an approach which is implemented through reinforcement of student’s positive behavior. This approach is similar to one known known as the Responsive Classroom approach. The expectation of positive behavior reinforcement is to reduce discipline problems and increase student productivity and learning. These types of reinforcement fall in line with Skinner’s Theory. P.B.I.S. follows a three-tiered framework in order to prevent and correct problem behaviors. * Primary Prevention Strategies...
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...psychology should be to find ways to make education enjoyable and effective for all students. His learning theory relied on the assumption that the best way to modify behavior was to modify the environment. Skinner was a proponent for many instructional strategies that modern day “progressive” educational reformers advocate for: scaffold instruction, small units, repetition and review of instructions, and immediate feedback. Skinner did not approve of the use of punishments in school, or as a behavioral modification technique in general, and based these opinions on his own empirical research that found punishments to be ineffective (Lieberman, 2000). Skinner himself advocated for the frequent use of reinforcement (i.e. rewards) to modify and influence student behavior. Skinner’s primary contribution to behavioral management philosophy has been from his research on operant conditioning and reinforcement schedules. An operant is a behavior that acts on the surrounding environment to produce a consequence. As a result of the consequence, the operant’s likelihood of reoccurring is affected. The operant is said to be reinforced if the consequence increases the likelihood of the behavior's occurrence. For example, an example of an operant in a typical classroom is staying in one’s seat. A teacher may seek to reinforce this behavior by offering a reward...
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...conditioning to modify his staff's behavior? Cliff realized that to increase productivity and morale he needed to use more positive reinforcement. The previous manager was very hard on his staff, this simple change would make the staff to respond positively towards Cliff, therefore productivity would increased. 2.Why did cliffs predecessor's strategy of punishing undesirable behavior not work very well? Cliff’s predecessor strategy of punishing undesirable behavior did not work very well because putting someone down over and over again does not boost confidence. They probably want to do better,but it is harder to want to get the job done because they are so used to the demeaning behavior and not knowing how the boss will react to a job well done. They probably think he will find something wrong anyways. That’s why positive reinforcement works better in most situations Even if punishment and reinforcement strategies were equally effective at controlling behavior, why would reinforcement remain preferable? It didn’t work because it was not what he was used to doing or what he was known for; he was more at ease with reinforcements over punishment because there were positive connotations to this method. Reinforcement works best because it bring about the positive and show how and why it is rewarded, while punishment only focuses on the negative and therefore results in demoralization. 3. How did cliff make use of partial reinforcement schedules? Partial or intermittent...
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...Define positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment, and extinction, and distinguish between continuous and intermittent schedules of reinforcement. Then give a practical example of one." In Positive Reinforcement a particular behavior is strengthened by the consequence of experiencing a positive condition. For example: My dog will get a treat when he sits on my command. Positive Reinforcement means that the subject is likely to repeat the behavior, or response, because stimulus (e.g. reward) is received directly after response. Negative reinforcement encourages employees to perform better so they can have an unpleasant condition removed from their work environment. Example, Constantly being reminded to be more productive, often seen as nagging or badgering by employees, is a negative reinforcement technique. It may be used intentionally or unintentionally, but it creates a negative condition in which the employees are subjected to an unpleasant situation. When they reach the productivity level desired, the nagging stops, which reinforces the desired behavior. While this type of negative reinforcement may get your employees to improve, it does not encourage them to strive beyond the minimum levels required to make the negative situation stop. A schedule of reinforcement is a rule that establishes the probability that a specific occurrence of a behavior will produce reinforcement. Two schedules of reinforcement—continuous reinforcement and extinction—provide...
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...The field of psychology has different types of methods that are used in order to control, change, or alter behavior. There is no one specific method is that universally agreed upon or is better than another. Rather, the method used depends upon the intended outcome, and the reason for some type of conditioning or punishment. Operant conditioning is one type of method used by psychologist. In addition, there is positive punishment, negative punishment, positive reinforcement, and negative reinforcement. Operant conditioning is a method of learning that occurs through a system of rewards and punishments for a behavior. With this type of conditioning, there is an association between the behavior and the consequence for the behavior. This was created by B.F. Skinner, who was a behaviorist and believed that a person’s internal thoughts and motivations can be used to explain a person’s behavior. Reinforcement is a key concept in operant conditioning. Specifically, the two types of reinforcers are positive, in which favorable events or outcomes are given after a behavior, and negative reinforcers which involve the removal of an unfavorable event or outcome after a behavior. An example of operant conditioning is when a child complete their school work and is rewarded by the teacher and receives either praise or some type of physical reward, such as candy. The one ethical concern that may arise from this method is that a child who knows that they will not be able to finish their school...
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...Palwasha khan Positive Reinforcement A particular type of behavior that refers as strengthening of one’s behavior by rewarding or encouraging for some act is called as positive reinforcement. When a favorable outcome or event or reward occurs after an action; it empowers the person for maintaining or shaping the behavior further (Cherry, 2011). The purpose of praise is to reinforce and increase positive behavior. For example, a teacher praised a student for getting ‘A’ grade or a worker got bonus for good performance in the company. Negative Reinforcement A particular type of behavior that refers to the development of a behavior as an outcome of avoiding a certain action is called as negative enforcement (Cherry, 20110. For example, a person feels uncomfortable while driving at night. Then, he tries to manage all his work before evening. By the time, behavior of doing work earlier develops and need of doing at night remains no longer. Positive Punishment According to B.F. skinner, positive punishment refers to event or act which occurs and reduces the unwanted behavior. It involves an unfavorable outcome as a result of following an undesirable behavior. It involves the addition of something. (Gershoff, 2002). For example, a person late to work one morning, he drives over the speed limit through a school zone. As a result, he gets pulled over by a police officer and receives a ticket. Negative Punishment According to B.F. Skinner, negative punishment refers to event...
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...Palwasha khan Positive Reinforcement A particular type of behavior that refers as strengthening of one’s behavior by rewarding or encouraging for some act is called as positive reinforcement. When a favorable outcome or event or reward occurs after an action; it empowers the person for maintaining or shaping the behavior further (Cherry, 2011). The purpose of praise is to reinforce and increase positive behavior. For example, a teacher praised a student for getting ‘A’ grade or a worker got bonus for good performance in the company. Negative Reinforcement A particular type of behavior that refers to the development of a behavior as an outcome of avoiding a certain action is called as negative enforcement (Cherry, 20110. For example, a person feels uncomfortable while driving at night. Then, he tries to manage all his work before evening. By the time, behavior of doing work earlier develops and need of doing at night remains no longer. Positive Punishment According to B.F. skinner, positive punishment refers to event or act which occurs and reduces the unwanted behavior. It involves an unfavorable outcome as a result of following an undesirable behavior. It involves the addition of something. (Gershoff, 2002). For example, a person late to work one morning, he drives over the speed limit through a school zone. As a result, he gets pulled over by a police officer and receives a ticket. Negative Punishment According to B.F. Skinner, negative punishment refers to event...
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...child rearing Many parents have their own ways of rearing the children they bring into this world. And many will argue whether one’s way of rearing a child is valid or not when compared to another’s method of child upbringing. One of the biggest challenges of being a parent is the upbringing methods of a child. Child rearing methods have changed somewhat in the past several decades. Some will agree that it has since become more challenging as time goes on for every new generation. But what could be the cause of this change, and why would people agree that it has become more difficult to rear a child in this world now, than if it had been 50 years ago? The answer can be summed up in one word: technology. Times are changing they are. And as time goes by, new technologies are introduced into the world. Because of the advances in technologies, the world has become a more demanding and fast-paced place to live in. Economies have since been impacted through out these technological advances… And one can only presume that such technologies are what move our economies. For the most part, depending on what part of the world you live in, has an affect on how parents enforce their child rearing methods. To pin-point a more common ground on this subject, I will focus on child rearing in the United States. And what a better place to focus in on than the U.S. The U.S. is probably the most technologically advanced country in the world. But more...
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