...a third of whom live in developing countries.Tobacco is addictive, carcinogenic and deadly. Analysis has shown that a tobacco leaf contains about 1,000 chemical substances. The smoke carries more than 4,000 chemically different compounds, mostly harmful to man. Tobacco is known or probable cause of some 25 different diseases for lung cancer, bronchitis and Emphysema it is a major cause. According to World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that there are 1.1 billion smokers in the world at the beginning of this decade and it is one-third of world’s adult population. Four million people died yearly from tobacco related diseases throughout the world. WHO estimates that the figure will rise to 10million by the year 2030 that’s one death every three seconds. Help is available through treatment methods that involve a combination of behavioral treatment and pharmacotherapy, telephone helplines, national and international tobacco-free days and stop smooking seminars but both smokers and healthcare professionals agree that the challenge of quiting remains formidable. There are variety of ways to quit smoking besides using...
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...in tobacco and absorbed by the body leave a devastating footprint on smokers and non-smokers alike. The financial strain on the healthcare system is self-evident. The research gathered has proven to be inadequate because the sample sizes are small, and the researchers did not properly record statistics to prove effectiveness of the cessation programs. There are three very effective steps for adolescent cessation: screen for tobacco dependency with families, counsel and use behavioral interventions and prescription medications, and finally educate parents about the dangers of second hand smoke. Lack of accessibility to numerous tobacco dependence treatments remains an issue. Furthermore, impact on health from tobacco use has been documented profusely, yet the tobacco industry still continues to lure adolescents and adults with the advertising and promotional markets. One in two smokers will die prematurely of a disease caused by dependence on tobacco. After reading findings by the United States Department of Health and Human Services, it is stated that “youths also are susceptible to tobacco advertising, and those who are exposed to frequent advertisements for tobacco are more likely to smoke than those who are not” (Milton 44). This problem is too significant to ignore. The solutions are not easy to implement. Healthcare professionals, insurance providers, government think tanks, and most importantly smokers themselves must commit to the changes necessary to eradicate this pervasive...
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...Other Comments D. Selected Images 1. ‘‘WARNING: Cigarettes are addictive’’ 2. ‘‘WARNING: Tobacco smoke can harm your children’’ 3. ‘‘WARNING: Cigarettes cause fatal lung disease’’ 4. ‘‘WARNING: Cigarettes cause cancer’’ 5. ‘‘WARNING: Cigarettes cause strokes and heart disease’’ 6. ‘‘WARNING: Smoking during pregnancy can harm your baby’’ 7. ‘‘WARNING: Smoking can kill you’’ 8. ‘‘WARNING: Tobacco smoke causes fatal lung disease in nonsmokers’’ 9. ‘‘WARNING: Quitting smoking now greatly reduces serious risks to your health’’ 10. Image for Advertisements With a Small Surface Area E. Non-Selected Images 1. ‘‘WARNING: Cigarettes are addictive’’ 2. ‘‘WARNING: Tobacco smoke can harm your children’’ 3. ‘‘WARNING: Cigarettes cause fatal lung disease’’ 4. ‘‘WARNING: Cigarettes cause cancer’’ 5. ‘‘WARNING: Cigarettes cause strokes and heart disease’’ 6. ‘‘WARNING: Smoking during pregnancy can harm your baby’’ 7. ‘‘WARNING: Smoking can kill you’’ 8. ‘‘WARNING: Tobacco smoke causes fatal lung disease in nonsmokers’’ 9. ‘‘WARNING: Quitting smoking now greatly reduces serious risks to your health’’ 10. Image for Advertisements With a Small Surface Area IV. Comments Regarding Textual Warning Statements A. Changes to Textual Warning Statements B. Attribution to the Surgeon General C. Foreign Language Translations V. Description of the Final Rule...
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...Behavioral and Social/Cognitive Approaches to Forming Habits Simona Lewis PSY/250 October 22, 2013 Leska Meeler Behavioral and Social/Cognitive Approaches to Forming Habits It is through observational learning that I truly learned a bad habit or behavior, but it was through observation that I learned how to smoke cigarettes. However, observation learning is a “convincing” force; rather it is good or bad behavior or habit which was learned by an individual. In-spite-of, the individual has the right to act-upon certain behavior. There are several theories that can explain the behavior and the habits that I have learned. Analyze on of your habits. The habit that I will be analyzing is “smoking cigarettes.” How did you develop this habit? I developed this smoking habit by watching other people smoking cigarettes, and I thought that it is an expressive and popular habit to be learned. Were there role models for this habit? Yes, there were role models for the habit or behavior that I learned. Which people influenced the adoption of this habit? The people who influenced me for the smoking cigarettes, is my parents, friends, and coworkers. Why do I continue it? I continue this habit (smoking cigarettes) because smoking cigarettes calms my nerves, whenever I am in deep thoughts about something, hanging out with families or friends, and going to nightclubs. Has there been a time when you have attempted...
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...Department has implemented a comprehensive tobacco control plan since 2002, and there was a 27% decline in adult smoking prevalence in NYC from 2002 to 2008. There are conflicting reports in the literature on whether residual smoker populations have a larger or smaller share of “hardcore” smokers. Changes in daily consumption and daily and nondaily smoking prevalence, common components used to define hardcore smokers, were evaluated in the context of the smoking prevalence decline. Using the NYC Community Health Survey, an annual random digit dial, cross-sectional survey that samples approximately 10,000 adults, the prevalence of current heavy daily, light daily, and nondaily smokers among NYC adults was compared between 2002 and 2008. A five-level categorical cigarettes per day (CPD) variable was also used to compare the population of smokers between the 2 years. From 2002 to 2008, significant declines were seen in the prevalence of daily smoking, heavy daily smoking, and nondaily smoking. Among daily smokers, there is also evidence of population declines in all but the lowest smoking category (one to five CPD). The mean CPD among daily smokers declined significantly, from 14.6 to 12.5. After an overall decline in smoking since 2002, the remaining smokers may be less nicotine dependent, based on changes in daily consumption and daily and nondaily smoking prevalence. These findings suggest the need...
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...to ETS on the job. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency concluded in January 1993 that each year ETS kills an estimated 3,000 adult nonsmokers from lung cancer and that the workplace is a significant source of ETS. In a recent study, nonsmoking employees exposed to ETS at work but not at home had significantly higher levels of a nicotine metabolite in their blood than did nonsmoking workers with no work or home exposure to ETS. Levels of exposure to ETS are lowest in smokefree workplaces. Even before these recent studies were available, the U.S. Surgeon General had determined in 1986 that ETS is a cause of disease, including lung cancer, in otherwise healthy nonsmokers. The Surgeon General also reported that the simple separation of smokers and nonsmokers within the same airspace may reduce, but does not eliminate, the exposure of nonsmokers to ETS. In 1991, the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommended that “all available preventive measures should be used to minimize occupational exposure to ETS.” Health issues provide ample justification for restricting ETS exposure at the worksite. But there are other good business reasons. Instituting smokefree work environments can reduce costs for cleaning and...
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...Keep simple and polite! Good morning teachers and friends, I, Ahmad Khairi Hafiz as the President of the Environment Club would like to talk about”How to Protect the Environment” First of all, each one of us can start by not littering. We should throw our rubbish into the rubbish bin instead of anywhere we like. Once I went strolling at a park nearby my house but was dissapointed at the sight of rubbish.I saw many empty cans and plastic wrappers lying around.They do not only spoil the beautiful park but they are the best breeding place for aedes mosquitoes. Another way of protecting our environment is by keeping our rivers clean. We can play our role by not throwing rubbish into the rivers. Meanwhile the factories can stop dumping their toxic waste into them. Plastic wrappers which made up 80 percent of the rubbish can endanger the fish and other aquatic lives while toxic waste can kill them. We, human will consequently suffer as we rely on the rivers for food and water. Moreover, farmers should avoid open burning in their farming practice because it polutes the air.Open burning can lead to haze which contains poisonous gases such as carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide. These gases can cause many serious diseases. Children who breathe the polluted air may suffer from asthma and some people may even suffer from rashes and eye-diseases. Finally, we can practice the 3R; Reuse, Reduce and Recycle. Every household should aim at reducing the amount of rubbish thrown.To...
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...Health Promotion (Author’s Name) (Institutional Affiliation) Explain the effects of socioeconomic influences on health. Key factors such as the heredity, age and sex have a significant impact on health. The decision on choices that we also make count, but in most case this decisions are influenced by our surroundings, culture and other factors usually referred as determinant of health. Socioeconomic factors such as the education, income and social interconnection have a direct impact on health. These factors can strongly interact to have a significant effect on health both positively or negatively. The chances are, improvement in any of these three factors would lead to improvement in the health status as well as the behavior of the individuals or the group (Wheaton, 2000). Those with low income, for instance, often have inadequate access to housing, nutrition, food, poor working conditions and so on this may have a negative impact on their social life leading to life stress. As the time goes by this life stress may result in diseases such as high blood measure or complication in the immune and circulatory. On the other hand, those who are financially stable are in most instances likely to face those disease threats that do not rely on material needs. The only needs maybe only need maybe home or job commitments of which they have control over. Socioeconomic factors may also lead to psychological...
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...through 1979 who begin smoking in adolescence, is 33 years for men and 37 years for women. Based on a median initiation age of 16 to 17 years, the predicted duration of smoking is 16 and 20 years for 50% of the males and females respectively. Prevention of the onset of adolescent smoking is thus an essential component of efforts to reduce the overall prevalence of smoking and its attendant morbidity and mortality. Although there are educational programmes available with demonstrated effectiveness in reducing the prevalence of adolescent smoking over the short term, the longer term evaluations are not as encouraging. The differences in smoking levels between treated and control groups appear to dissipate over time, and disappear completely after six years. Further evaluations of these educational efforts are warranted, with consideration given to methodological problems inherent in such studies (such as potential bias resulting from losses to follow up, and possible effects of interventions other than the one being evaluated). There is, however, also a need to continue to examine research on the etiology of smoking in young people. Research and theory must be directed toward understanding why some individuals smoke and others do not. Some of the research in adolescent smoking is grounded in theory, whereas...
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...the ECLAT 12-month study, which is double-blind, controlled, randomized clinical study to evaluate smoking reduction, smoking abstinence and adverse events in smokers (Caponettto etal, 2013). The study demonstrated e-cigarettes hold some validity in ‘reducing number of cigarette smoked, and can lead to enduring tobacco abstinence…” E Cigarettes are operated by batteries that heats up the liquid solution of which some contains zero nicotine, propylene glycol, and other chemicals. When consumers puff on the element this triggers the vapor to be heated giving off a mist (vapor) which consumers inhale and exhale like traditional cigarettes. E Cigarettes are made to look and feel like their real counterpart and ‘simulate the visual, sensory, and behavioral aspects of smoking traditional cigarettes (Caponnetto etal, 2013). Without the combustion or burning of the tobacco leaves, e cigarettes have been proven through some studies to have positive effects on consumers as well as aiding in smoking cessation (Scott, 2013). Here is a diagram that shows the anatomy of e cigarettes from www.ecigaretteslist.com. Market Analysis Company When a close friend (smoked for 25 years) who was able to quit smoking with the aid of e cigarettes back in 2010, IVape is launched to with the mission to help those smokers who are struggling to quit and have unsuccessfully tried other FDA approved products including the patch and chewing gum....
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...Term Paper For B.B.A(Hon's) Second Year Course Netrakona Govt. College Department of Management Topics : Taxes on Tobacco in Bangladesh Date : Letter of Transmittal Date: 25/04/2014 A.K.M. Khairul Hasan Lecturer Department of Management Netrakona Govt. College Netrakona Subject: Submission of Term paper on Taxes on Tobacco in Bangladesh" Sir, This is my pleasure to submit this term paper on "Taxes on Tobacco in Bangladesh" under the Supervisor. A.K.M Khairul Hasan. I have done my level best to completed Term paper in time. The whole experience of this Term paper enables me to get an insight in to the real life situation. I have really enjoyed working in this field this Term paper prepared by me as a fundamental issue. I hope This Term paper will enable to find out real scenario of on existing Tues or tobacco in Bangladesh. I would like to thank you for your supportive suggestion and helping me to carry on this study. With out your direct helps this term paper would not be prepared by me. Abdul Aziz Roll No: 9822765 Registration No: 1800488 Session: 2010-2011 B.B.A (Hons.) Second year Class Roll: 227 Netrakona Govt. College Netrakona. Author's Declaration of Originality I hereby certify, that I am the sole author of this Term paper on "Taxes on Tobacco in -Bangladesh". it is prepared for a partial fulfillment of BBA degree. To the best of my knowledge my Term paper does not infringe upon anyone's copyright nor violate any proprietary rights. Any...
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...Does social marketing have a future? Social marketing has grown significantly recent years with increasing interest in the field. However, social marketing hasn’t reached it’s full potential yet, with no clear understanding of the field and what its role should be compared to other approaches to social change. As the growth of technology and the birth of Internet, social marketing has never been more relevant and highlighted in the field of marketing that it has today. This essay will evaluate past and current thinking on social marketing based on a range of academic and practitioner sources. Social marketing have often confused people to its definition. It has sometimes been regularly confused with societal marketing (Andreasen, 1995) whereas others have proposed it to be social responsibility campaigns when supported by commercial operatives, were it adds assets to the public in well-being efforts (Hastings and Angus, 2011). Yet, it’s original definition stated that; social marketing is the control, implementation and design of programs estimated to effect the appropriateness of social notions and concerning thoughts of product preparation, communication, price, marketing research and distribution (Kotler and Zaltman, 1971). Social marketing was formerly stimulated in an article written by the sociologist G. D. Wiebe in 1952 (Andreasen, 2002). Wiebe was anxious that marketing wasn’t related to troubles such as were friendship could be sold as rewarded goods (Corner...
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...Smoke-Free Ontario Strategy Evaluation Report Ontario Tobacco Research Unit November 2012 Smoke-Free Ontario Strategy Evaluation Report Suggested Citation: Ontario Tobacco Research Unit. Smoke-Free Ontario Strategy Evaluation Report. Toronto: Ontario Tobacco Research Unit, Special Report, November 2012. Ontario Tobacco Research Unit ii Smoke-Free Ontario Strategy Evaluation Report Acknowledgements Many people were involved in the preparation of this report. Key authors are Robert Schwartz, Shawn O’Connor, Alexey Babayan, Maritt Kirst, and Jolene Dubray. Marilyn Pope, David Ip, Pamela Kaufman, and Marian Smith provided editorial comments on an earlier draft and Sonja Johnston provided production assistance. The interpretation and opinions expressed in this report are the responsibility of the Principal Investigators of the Ontario Tobacco Research Unit (OTRU): Susan Bondy, University of Toronto K. Stephen Brown, University of Waterloo Joanna Cohen, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, University of Toronto Roberta Ferrence, University of Toronto, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health John M. Garcia, University of Waterloo Paul McDonald, University of Waterloo Robert Schwartz, University of Toronto, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Peter Selby, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto Ontario Tobacco Research Unit iii Smoke-Free Ontario Strategy Evaluation Report Table of Contents Acknowledgements...
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...extent its cessation causes severe trauma” ("addiciton," n.d). So can a phobia be classical condition or an addiction be operant conditioned into existence? Some scientists believe that it can, but then the question is what is operant and classical conditioning? Also what is extinction mean and how is it achieved in both conditions? These are the topics I will be answer and I will also be giving examples to each phobia and addiction that can happen through classical and operant conditioning. Classical Conditioning “Classical conditioning is when an environmental stimulus leads to a learned response through pairing of an unconditioned stimulus” (Kowalski & Westen, 2009). For example Ivan Pavlov experiment with dogs. He did a study based on dogs and conditioning them to salivate by hearing a bell or a fork being pinged. Basically he would give dogs food after the bell rang. So after a couple tries he would then noticed that the dogs would salivate even without food present if they heard the bell. Another example of classical conditioning was John Watson and Rosalie Rayner experiment in 1920. Their experiment consisted of a little Albert who was a baby and a well lite photo darkroom. Though the experiment was unethical Watson and his colleague wanted to test to see if they could get a well-adjusted, happy baby to fear something through conditioning them. So Watson had a white rat, a rabbit, a fur coat, a dog, and a...
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...Unit July 2011 Table of Contents Mortality Consumption Prevalence of Tobacco Use and Cessation Tobacco Advertising and Promotion State Laws and Secondhand Smoke International Smoking Prevalence List of Tables Table 1: Smoking-Attributable Deaths Among Adults, 2000-2004 and Projected Smoking-Attributable Deaths Among Youth, 2003-2004 Table 2: Cigarette Consumption, United States, 1900-2007 Table 3: Number of Adults Who Were Current Smokers by Sex, Race, and Age, Selected Years, 1965-2009 Table 4: Percent of Adults Who Were Current Smokers by Sex, Race, and Age, Selected Years, 1965-2009 Table 5: Age-Adjusted Prevalence (%) of Current Cigarette Smoking by Persons 25 and Older by Sex, Race and Education, Selected Years, 1974-2009 Table 6: Percent of Adults Who Smoke by the Number of Cigarettes Smoked Daily and the Percent Who Smoked >24 Cigarettes Daily by Sex, Race, Hispanic Origin, Age and Education, Selected Years, 1974-2009 Table 7: Percent of Young Adults (Ages 18-24) Who Were Current, Former or Never Smokers by Sex, Race and Education, 1965-2009 Table 8: Current Cigarette Smoking Prevalence (%) Among Adults by State, Selected Years, 1984-2009 Table 9: Percent of Adults Who Use Other Tobacco Products by Age and Sex, 2002-2009 Table 10: Percent of All Middle and High School Students Who Were Current Users of Tobacco Products by Sex and Race/Ethnicity, 2000-2009 Table 11: Percent of High School Students Who Reported Current Cigarette Smoking By Sex...
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