...discipline. Conscious experience and building blocks, trained many early psychologists 2. Identify the following, and the one or two main names (if applicable): Structuralists, Functionalists, Gestalt Psychology, Behaviorism Psychoanalysis, Humanistic Psychology, Cognitive Psychology b. Structuralists: Titchener- Wundt’s student. Wanted to examine the structure of mind and organization of basic elements of sensations, feelings, and images. “Structure of the mind” Example: I see a square as composed of four separate lines. Introspection: observing ones own conscious reactions. c. Functionalism- William James- first American psychologist. “Mental associations allow us to benefit from previous experience.” Deals with function, what does consciousness does to us, what is the purpose etc. d. Gestalt psychology- Max Wertheimer. Objects are well-organized structures, whole objects instead of parts. Ex. A square is a Square e. Behaviorism psychoanalysis – Sigmund Freud. Founded psychoanalysis in early 1900s, focused on unconscious thoughts in determining behavior. Psychoanalysis- feelings come from a hidden place in your mind called unconscious. f. Behaviorism- John Watson, B.F. Skinner. We can predict behaviors using behaviorism. Found that you can get animals to do things if you feed them. Skinner was Watsons student. g. Humanistic psychology- Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow. Assumes people have positive values, free will, and deep inner...
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...Exam One Study Guide I. Types of Psychologists a. Clinical Psychologists: i. help people with psychological disorders adjust to the demands of life ii. Evaluate problems such as anxiety and depression through interviews and psychological tests iii. Help clients resolve problems and change self-defeating behavior b. Counseling Psychologists: iv. Use interviews and tests to define their clients’ problems v. Clients typically have adjustment problems but not serious psychological disorders c. School Psychologists: vi. Employed by school systems to identify and assists students who have problems that interfere with learning vii. Help schools make decisions about the placement of students in special classes d. Educational Psychologists: viii. Attempt to facilitate with learning, but focus more on course planning and instructional methods for a school system rather than on individual children ix. Research issues such as how learning is affected by psychological factors such as motivation and intelligence, sociocultural factors such as poverty and acculturation, and teachers e. Developmental Psychologists: x. Study the changes-physical, cognitive, social, and emotional- that occur throughout the lifespan xi. Attempt to sort out the influences of heredity and the environment on development f. Personality Psychologists: ...
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... 1. 2. Founding of psychology 3. Major theories and accomplishments of: a. Wilhelm Wundt b. G. Stanley Hall c. Edward Tichener d. William James 4. Functionalism 5. Structuralism 6. Darwin’s impact on psychology 7. Introspection 8. Consciousness 9. Sigmund Freud 10. Psychoanalysis 11. John Watson 12. B.F. Skinner 13. Behaviorism 14. Biological Approach 15. Nature v. Nurture 16. Humanist Approach 17. Abraham Maslow 18. Cognitive Approach 19. Evolutionary Psychology 20. Martin Seligman 21. Positive Psychology 22. Clinical v Applied Psychology 23. Goals of scientific psychology 24. Steps of the scientific method 25. Hypotheses v. Theories 26. Independent Variables v. Dependent Variables 27. Confounding Variables 28. Extraneous Variables 29. Operational Definition 30. Psychological Tests 31. Definition of & Pros/Cons of: e. Surveys/Questionnaires f. Naturalistic Observation g. Experiments h. Case Studies i. Correlational Studies 32. Experimental Group v. Control Group 33. Random Sampling 34. Bias in Experiments 35. Double-Blind Research 36. Ethics – what do you need to be aware of in conducting a study? SUPA HUMAN BEHAVIOR TEST #1 History of Psychology and Research Methods Essay Quiz Potential Topics FOUR of these will be on the Quiz – you will have to write...
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...AU ID 3049260 PSYC 290 Journal Article Critique 1 I. Research Question or Problem The question is clearly stated. The purpose of Robbins’ et al study was to focus on trends in the prominence of four influential and widely recognized schools within psychology: psychoanalysis, behaviorism, cognitive psychology and neuroscience (Robbins, 1999, pp. 1172). II. Introduction The introduction gives us an overview of three indexes of prominence the authors used to compare and determine which of the four schools are currently prominent and what specific trends can be identified over the past several decades (Robbins, 1999, pp. 118). III. Methods Four articles were chosen as flagship publications. The psychINFO data base was used to measure the proportion of articles relevant to each school that appeared in the flagship publications. Keyword searches were used to retrieve all articles containing a specified word stems to identify articles within a behaviorist school (as cited by Robbins, 1999, pp. 118). IV. Results The results are clearly stated. Data was gathered and graphs were used to plot the percentage of articles associated with the keywords that represent each school (Robbins, 1999, pp. 121-126). V. Discussion/Conclusions The conclusion was discussed (Robbins, 1999, pp. 127-128). Suggestions for practical implications were noted. There were no recommendations for further research; however they did propose that deliberations regarding these trends be informed...
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...Cognitive psychology Psy/360 April 13, 2012 Cognitive psychology Cognitive psychology is the area of psychology that evaluates the "mental processes including how people think, perceive, and even learn. (Van Wagner, 2009)." Cognitive Psychology is a psychological perspective that addresses mental processes such as thinking, problem solving, perceiving, remembering, believing, and speaking, and seeks to identify behavior by characteristics other than its obvious properties” ("Cognitive psychology," 2009). Cognitive psychology is often compared to behaviorism because of the sharp contrast of the perspectives (Willingham, 2007) Cognitive psychology is used the most when someone is evaluating patients for different types of mental disorders and diseases. The principles that have evolved from the founding of cognitive psychology from the early times starting from the Greek philosophers to modern day psychologist it has greatly affect how people around the world think about the psychological processes of the human mind. Greek philosophers were the first people to start looking into the human mind and how it works. Plato and some of the other early Greek philosophers started creating the foundation for what would be known as today as cognitive psychology (Anderson, 2005). Plato's principles of rationalism described how reality should be viewed, stating that "reality resides not in the concrete objects we perceive but in the abstract forms that these objects represent...
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...Cognitive psychology today has a huge influential role in determining how people think and how we learn. Cognitive psychology has been in existence since about the 1600’s. There are many interesting milestones in the development of cognitive psychology throughout the years. In the following paper I will discuss some of these milestones as well as discuss the importance of behavioral observation in cognitive psychology. According to Kendra Cherry (2012) “Cognitive psychology is the branch of psychology that studies mental processes including how people think, perceive, remember and learn”. Cognitive psychology dwells heavily in how people acquire, process and store information. This branch of psychology has several forms of treatment, which help to improve memory, decision making accuracy as well as enhancing learning (Cherry, 2012). Plato and other early Greek philosophers were created the foundation for what would be known as cognitive psychology (Anderson, 2005). Plato's principles of rationalism described how reality should be viewed. Plato states that reality is not in the concrete objects we perceive but in abstract forms that the objects represent (University of Arizona, 2008). Plato also believed that logical analysis is how knowledge is found. Aristotle had the same thought process with his belief that reality lies only in the concrete world of objects that our body can sense (University of Arizona, 2008)." Aristotle also believed that knowledge could be obtained...
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...Psychology Not to be confused with Phycology, Physiology, or 1 Etymology Psychiatry. Further information: Outline of psychology and Index The word psychology literally means, “study of the soul" of psychology articles (ψυχή psukhē, “breath, spirit, soul” and -λογία -logia, “study of” or “research”).[10] The Latin word psycholoPsychology is an academic and applied discipline that gia was first used by the Croatian humanist and Latinist involves the scientific study of mental functions and Marko Marulić in his book, Psichiologia de ratione anbehaviors.[1][2] Psychology has the immediate goal of imae humanae in the late 15th century or early 16th understanding individuals and groups by both establish- century.[11] The earliest known reference to the word ing general principles and researching specific cases,[3][4] psychology in English was by Steven Blankaart in 1694 and by many accounts it ultimately aims to benefit in The Physical Dictionary which refers to “Anatomy, society.[5][6] In this field, a professional practitioner or which treats the Body, and Psychology, which treats of researcher is called a psychologist and can be classified the Soul.”[12] as a social, behavioral, or cognitive scientist. Psychologists attempt to understand the role of mental functions in individual and social behavior, while also exploring the physiological and biological processes that underlie cognitive functions and behaviors. 2 History Psychologists explore concepts such as perception...
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...CAT 1990 Actual Paper Section – 1 Questions 1 to 5 : Each of the following questions has one or more blank spaces indicating where a word / words has been left out. Following each sentence, four words or sets of words lettered a to d have been given. You have to select the appropriate word or set of words to make the sentence most meaningful. 1. The __________, those cellular bodies which contain the __________ particles, the genes, provide us with basic facts of genetic transmission. (a) protoplasm, microscopic (b) globules, fat (c) cytoplasm, minute (d) chromosomes, hereditary 2. The insurance claim was __________ by the relevant documents (a) sustained (b) backed out (c) backed up (d) proved 3. I should not have __________ to talk in such a __________ strain especially when I had not studied the man to whom I was talking. (a) daring, commanding (b) try, bold (c) ventured, peremptory (d) emboldened, reckless 4. High prices are often the __________ of __________ of goods (a) accompaniment, dearth (b) concomitant, scarcity (c) cause, destitution (d) result, glut 5. The recent disturbances in the country will __________ and peace will be restored. (a) blow past (b) blow over (c) pass through (d) come to pass Questions 6 to 10: Choose from among the given alternatives the one which will be a suitable substitute for the underlined expression in each of the following. 6. The marriage of the princess with the commoner...
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...This essay has 2462 words ‘Behaviourists explain maladaptive behaviour in terms of the learning principles that sustain and maintain it. Discuss this statement and show how a behaviourists approach to therapy is in stark contrast to a psychoanalytic one’ Behaviorism was originally founded by John B. Watson who believed that behavior had the means to be measured, trained and changed (1913) The Behavioural theory is firstly based on experiment and secondly by describing how human behaviour is learnt through principles and rules. Maladaptive behaviour is when an individual is unable to adjust to situations; psychologists use this term to describe patterns of emotional disturbance. Both behavioural and psychoanalytic psychologists use this in different ways. The behavioural theory is based on two main factors being biological drives such as primitive needs and sex drive and what is learnt. The three main principles in the behavioural theory are Stimuli, response and conditioning. Behaviour is believed to be a conditioned response to an environmental stimulus. Individuals are obliged to react to stimuli using their senses such as seeing and hearing. There are short lived unlearned behaviours such as suckling and unlearned grasping. Responses are overt and implicit, learned or unlearned. Response can be foreseen if stimuli are available and stimuli can be predicted from the response. Unlearned responses are automatic such as breathing heavily and perspiring when running. Unlearned...
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...The Influence of Maslow's Humanistic Views on an Employee's Motivation to Learn Wilson, Ian; Madsen, Susan R. Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship13.2 (Apr 2008): 46-62. Turn on hit highlighting for speaking browsers Hide highlighting Abstract (summary) Continual employee training and learning is critical to the ability of organizations to adapt to an ever changing national and international business environment. What motivates employees to learn? Abraham Maslow has had a significant impact on motivation theory, humanistic psychology, and subsequently, adult learning in the workplace. This paper will discuss the development of Maslow's humanistic views and trace their impact on past trends in business training as well as the implications for current challenges that managers face in motivating employee learning in the workplace. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] Full Text Headnote Executive Summary Continual employee training and learning is critical to the ability of organizations to adapt to an ever changing national and international business environment. What motivates employees to learn? Abraham Maslow has had a significant impact on motivation theory, humanistic psychology, and subsequently, adult learning in the workplace. This paper will discuss the development of Maslow's humanistic views and trace their impact on past trends in business training as well as the implications for current challenges that managers face in motivating employee learning in the workplace...
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...to the fact that people can be simply mentally ill and not simply criminals. In early society times, people simply did not take mental illness into account. It was thought that people, regardless of their mental state, should be accountable for their actions. Yet, in today’s society, this is not the case. Due to research and a better developed country, citizens are given an opportunity to show that their mental state was not steady when they committed a crime. So, what is it then, which motivated a person to kill or maim another? How can a person kill someone else, or a numerous amount of people, with no remorse? These questions and several others are ones that through time psychologists have attempted to answer within the ideas of behaviorism. Yet, how does this affect the legal system? How has this affected the legal system? It is as simple as Psychology. The following paper will address the different areas of the Psychological and Psychiatric Foundations of Criminal Behavior. Within this paper, every aspect from theories to...
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...CHAP TER Introducing Psychology Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behavior. The word “psychology” comes from the Greek words “psyche,” meaning life, and “logos,” meaning explanation. Psychology is a popular major for students, a popular topic in the public media, and a part of our everyday lives. Television shows such as Dr. Phil feature psychologists who provide personal advice to those with personal or family difficulties. Crime dramas such as CSI, Lie to Me, and others feature the work of forensic psychologists who use psychological principles to help solve crimes. And many people have direct knowledge about psychology because they have visited psychologists, for instance, school counselors, family therapists, and religious, marriage, or bereavement counselors. Because we are frequently exposed to the work of psychologists in our everyday lives, we all have an idea about what psychology is and what psychologists do. In many ways I am sure that your conceptions are correct. Psychologists do work in forensic fields, and they do provide counseling and therapy for people in distress. But there are hundreds of thousands of psychologists in the world, and most of them work in other places, doing work that you are probably not aware of. Most psychologists work in research laboratories, hospitals, and other field settings where they study the behavior of humans and animals. For instance, my colleagues in the Psychology Department at the University of Maryland study such...
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...Sources, such as the American Psychological Association, credit Plato, with founding the first formal institution of education, “After returning to Athens, Plato set up his own school, which was called the Academy. Philosophy and other subjects were taught there, and the Academy continued to produce scholars for many centuries after Plato died.” (Downey, 2006, para. 6). Aristotle, according to legend, was the teacher of Alexander the Great. The most notable theory from this time the Socratic Method, which consists of posing probing questions to students rather than espousing a hierarchy of knowledge. Brief History of its Founding Modern theories such as behaviorism, founded in the early twentieth century, are associated with theorists including Watson, Skinner, Pavlov and Thorndike. Watson known as the father of behaviorism proposed an alternative to the views of Wilhelm Wundt the founder of the discipline of psychology in1879. (Moore, 2011, p. 1). According to Moore, “Wundt assumed that the study of consciousness or subjective mental life was the appropriate subject matter for psychology.” (Moore, 2011, p. 1, para.1). Watson proposed that study and analysis should focus on observable behavior and that concerns with consciousness only hampered the process. (Driscoll, 2005, p. 31)...
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...INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY Definition Psychology is an academic and applied discipline that involves the scientific study of mental functions and behaviors. Psychology has the immediate goal of understanding individuals and groups by both establishing general principles and researching specific cases, and by many accounts it ultimately aims to benefit society. In this field, a professional practitioner or researcher is called a psychologist and can be classified as a social, behavioral, or cognitive scientist. Psychologists attempt to understand the role of mental functions in individual and social behavior, while also exploring the physiological and neurobiological processes that underlie certain cognitive functions and behaviors. Psychologists explore concepts such as perception, cognition, attention, emotion, phenomenology, motivation, brain functioning, personality, behavior, and interpersonal relationships. While psychological knowledge is often applied to the assessment and treatment of mental health problems, it is also directed towards understanding and solving problems in many different spheres of human activity. The majority of psychologists are involved in some kind of therapeutic role, practicing in clinical, counseling, or school settings. Many do scientific research on a wide range of topics related to mental processes and behavior, and typically work in university psychology departments or teach in other academic settings (e.g., medical schools, hospitals)....
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...PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE This course aims at preparing students for a professional journey in the growing field of psychology by creating interest and developing an understanding of basic concepts of the discipline. Its major concerns include fostering capability to meet the challenges of self-discovery and effective participation in responding to the needs of society. With a vision to create a balance between society and the individual, the course intends to enable students in developing abilities needed for meeting the challenges and needs of the real world effectively. Along with it, students would also be encouraged to build a relationship with oneself, requisite for self discovery. To this end, the course emphasizes on building the conceptual foundations and acquiring psychological skills through classroom teaching/learning consisting of reflective as well as creative engagement in exercises, projects and hands on experiences. The teaching-learning of the programme would be organized through lectures, group discussions, experiential exercises, group projects, presentations, workshops and seminars. Students would be encouraged to connect to real life issues and participate in the programs and practices in the different social context. To this end practicum is incorporated as an important component in most of the papers with hands on training in the use of various research methods such as: laboratory experiments, field experiments, observation, testing, survey, interview, case...
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