...The behavioural approach believes all behaviour is learnt through conditioning, there are two types of conditioning. Classical conditioning is learning by association. This can be used to explain abnormal behaviour and used to treat it through systematic desensitisation (Wolpe) which is based on the ideas behind classical conditioning. Classical conditioning can explain abnormal behaviour through the study of ‘Little Albert’ in which experimenters taught Albert to associate a white rat with a loud banging sound that led to Albert developing a rat phobia. They also believe abnormal behaviour can be the result of operant conditioning when you learn by reinforcement/ reward. For example, if a child showed fear of a dog and parent rewarded the child with a treat the child would repeat the same behaviour in order to get rewarded which could then develop into a phobia. Abnormality, according to behaviourists, can also be explained through vicarious conditioning ‘social learning’. This is when people learn by imitating or observing role models. For example, for some young girls their role model may be older female celebrities who are thin and often complimented on their figure. Young girls may aim to lose weight to imitate their role models which could develop into eating disorder. The behavioural approach to abnormality does not place blame on the person with an abnormality which means they are not stigmatised but the ethics of this approach are debatable as it could be placing blame...
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...Outline and evaluate the behavioural approach to abnormality. The behavioural approach to abnormality focuses on observable behaviour not what is in the mind. This approach says that behaviour is learned through a process called conditioning. There are three types of conditioning these are; classical, operant and social learning. The first type of conditioning is classical. Classical conditioning says that behaviours are learnt through a stimulus-response association. This means when someone has an experience (stimulus) and it causes a reaction (response) then that person might associate that stimulus and response every time. For example if someone saw a snake (stimulus) and someone screamed (Response) then a child could associate snakes with screaming and become scared. Classical conditioning is believed to be the cause of phobias. This was shown in the study of Little Albert. The next type of conditioning is operant. Operant conditioning is the child being conditioned by reinforcement and reward/punishment. Operant conditioning is based on two types of reinforcement, positive and negative. Positive reinforcement is behaving in a particular way because it brings a rewarding feeling, whereas negative reinforcement is behaving in a particular way to avoid a punishing feeling. This was looked at by Skinner and was tested in experiments like Skinner’s rats and Pavlov’s dogs. This theory can be also used to explain conditions like OCD. This is because being tidy as...
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...Outline and evaluate the behavioural approach to psychopathology (12 marks) One assumption of the behavioural approach is that only behaviour is important and that this behaviour is learned through experience. The processes of this learning include classical conditioning where associations are made between one thing and the other. Operant conditioning where abnormal behaviour is reinforced or the social learning theory (SLT) where abnormal behaviours are learnt vicariously. For example, a child may observe its mother obsessively cleaning the house and being praised by the father for doing so. This consequence (e.g. praise) may be enough to initiate the same abnormal behaviour (e.g. OCD) in the child. The behaviourist approach assumes that abnormal behaviours that have been learnt can be unlearnt using the same processes (operant conditioning, classical conditioning and SLT). So, undesirable or abnormal behaviour e.g. a phobia, can be replaced with more desirable or normal behavior using therapies such as systematic desensitisation. One strength of the behavioural approach is that therapy can focus directly on the client's maladaptive behaviour. For example, if a patient suffers from arachnophobia then the treatment can be directed solely towards getting rid of the fear of spiders instead of referring to the client's previous or medical history. This shows that changing the behaviour from maladaptive to adaptive is sufficient for a cure. One...
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...Outline and Evaluate the Behavioural Approach to Psychopathology The behaviourist approach assumes that all behaviours are learnt. It suggests that there are three ways in which this learning can happen, these are classical conditioning, operant conditioning and social learning. The first method is classical conditioning this is when behaviour is learnt through association; via a stimulus and a response. This is an explanation for phobias, an abnormal behaviour can be learned by associating an environmental stimulus; a dog, with a biological response; fear and pain when bitten by the dog. Therefore, every time a person previously bitten by a dog sees a dog, they experience the same fear they felt when being bitten. Thus, the person would develop a phobia of dogs. Another example is, the fear of small spaces, this may develop if fear is felt in a situation involving a small space – an elevator for example. Therefore a past distressing event in the elevator may lead to associating fear with small spaces. The second way is operant conditioning, this is when behaviour is learnt through positive reinforcement; rewarded by a pleasant outcome or a negative reinforcement; rewarded by the removal of the unpleasant condition. This can be associated to abnormalities like anorexia for example. If a person is dieting and they then begin to gain compliments from the weight loss, these compliments act as a positive reinforcement and they will carry on behaving the same way. If this were to...
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...Behavioral Theory : Leadership Approach Stephen Vowels LDR/531 January 9, 2012 Tom Griffin, DBA Leadership Approach–Behavior Theory The behavior approach began in the 1950s and focused on the day-to-day actions of the manager, rather than focusing on the leader’s personal characteristics. Over the last 60 years, many studies have researched how effective leaders differ in behavior from ineffective leaders. A questionnaire titled the leader behavior description questionnaire (LBDQ) was developed and measured two basic aspects of leadership: task orientation and relationship orientation. “Early users of the LBDQ believed that the two dimensions were separate and distinct, dividing each into a high and low section which created four quadrants or four leadership styles” (Oyinlade, 2006, Volume 19, Issue 1). According to early users of the LBDQ, an effective leader scored high on both task and relationship orientation. In the industrial era of the 1960s a further development of a similar grid by Blake and Mouton in 1964 measured a person’s leadership style by his or her concern for production (task orientation) on a nine-point scale and concern for people (relationship orientation) on another nine-point scale. This is placed on two axis and split into four quadrants. The belief again was that an effective leader would score high on both production and people concerns. Many variations of this type of measurement tool have the same criticism in that they...
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...CONTRIBUTION OF THE BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES The behavioural science approach is concerned with the social and psychological aspects of human behaviour in organisation. The understanding of human behavior was enhanced by contributions not only from the traditional disciplines of psychology, sociology, and anthropology, but also from social economics, political science, linguistics, and education. The interrelationships of these various disciplines are now referred to collectively as the “behavioral sciences.” The behavioral science approach is oriented toward economic objectives, concerned with the total climate, and consistent with the development of interpersonal competence. It is a humanistic approach. The use of groups and employee participation in the achievement of organizational objectives, including the management of change, is now a formally recognized field of study in universities worldwide. Managers draw upon the results of these studies regularly in managing staffs. It is not just an HRM field of endeavor. Managers worldwide apply the concepts in everyday activities. Many current management ideas and practices can be traced to the behavioral science approach. Some importance elements of behavioral science approach are highlighted below 1. Individuals differ in terms of their attitudes, perception and value systems. Therefore, they react differently to the same situation. 2. People working in an organisation have their needs and goals, which may differ...
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...will describe challenging behaviours, the behaviours associated with pain, and the management strategies employed by nursing staff, using a person-centred approach to care. Finally, ways of improving the care provided will be explored and recommendations made. The rationale for choosing to discuss this issue is that I currently work as a staff nurse on an organic assessment ward, and am frequently involved in caring for people with dementia who present with challenging behaviours that are difficult to manage in the community setting. There are currently 750,000 people with dementia in the UK. As the UK’s population grows, there will be substantial increases, and it is estimated that there will be 940,000 people with dementia by 2021, rising to over 1.7 million by 2051. Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia (Alzheimer’s Society, 2010). Gogia and Rastogi (2009) describe Alzheimer’s disease as a progressive illness, where there is a decline in almost all functions, including memory, movement, language and communication skills, behaviour, judgement and abstract reasoning, and the ability to carry out activities of daily living, although the manifestation of these symptoms varies from person to person. As Pelletier and Landreville (2007) highlight, the majority of people with dementia exhibit behavioural and psychological symptoms, including increased agitation and aggression, which can be distressing for the individual, be difficult for caregivers to manage...
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...Historical perspective 3. Methodological foundations of organizational behavior 4. Personality development and attitudes 5. The cognitive basis of individual behavior 6. Motivation: Theory and selected research 7. Introduction to small group behavior 8. Leadership behavior and effectiveness 9. Intergroup analysis: Co-ordination and conflict 10. The organization and the individual 11. Environments, organizations and behavior 12. Power relations in organizations 13. Performance evaluation and organizational effectiveness 14. Planned change and organizational development This book is about organizational behavior. It is also a text on management. The objective of the book is to present a research based approach to management from an applied behavioral science perspective. I have summarized each chapter of the book, explaining the main points that the authors wish to communicate. © www.hrfolks.com All Rights Reserved Organizational behavior – Defining the field Organizations are collections of interacting and inter related human and non-human resources working toward a common goal or set of goals within the framework of structured relationships. Organizational behavior is concerned with all aspects of how organizations influence the behavior of individuals and how individuals in turn influence organizations. Organizational behavior is an inter-disciplinary field that draws freely from a number of the behavioral...
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...Chapter 01: What Is Organizational Behaviour? Chapter 01 Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which of the following statements about organizational behaviour (OB) is false? a. OB is relevant only in employment situations. b. OB can shed light on the interactions among family members. c. OB can be used in community settings like children’s daycare centres. d. OB can be applied to any organization in order to make it run more effectively. e. OB focuses on 3 levels of behaviour that can occur in any organization. Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 4,5 Question ID: 01-1-01 Skill: Recall Topic: Defining Organizational Behaviour Objective: 1 Answer : a.OB is relevant only in employment situations. 2. Which of the following situations would likely receive the least benefit from studying Organizational Behaviour(OB) techniques? a. voluntary community groups b. large family situations and interactions c. post-secondary education student study groups d. religious organizations e. pre-teen paper routes Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 4,5 Question ID: 01-1-02 Skill: Recall Topic: Defining Organizational Behaviour Objective: 1 Answer : e.pre-teen paper routes 3. A field of study that investigates the impact of individuals, groups, and structure on behaviour within organizations is known as a. psychology. b. sociology. c. social psychology. d. anthropology. e. organizational behaviour. Difficulty: 1...
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...psychology in research and statistics. The evolution of Industrial/Organizational Psychology According to Spector (2008), the evolution of I/O psychology begins in the twentieth century, which started in the late 1800s. The two psychologists responsible for I/O psychology is Hugo Munsterberg and Walter Dill Scott both of these men were both professors and scientist and the two men began applying psychology theories to organizations. Franks Winslow Taylor an engineer was a major influence in I/O field he studied how to motivate employees to get productivity in the workplace. The theory “Scientific Management” became Taylor’s approach that suggests four principles when dealing with employees. The first principle is...
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...PSY 428 COMPLETE CLASS To Purchase this tutorial visit following link http://wiseamerican.us/product/psy-428-complete-class/ Contact us at: SUPPORT@WISEAMERICAN.US PSY 428 COMPLETE CLASS PSY-428 WEEK 2 DQ 1.doc PSY-428 ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY PAPER.doc PSY-428 PRODUCTIVE AND COUNTER PRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR.doc PSY-428 WEEK 1 DQ 1.doc PSY-428 WEEK 1 DQ 2.doc PSY-428 WEEK 2 DQ 2.doc PSY-428 WEEK 3 INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT.doc PSY-428 WEEK 3 TEAM ASSIGNMENT.doc PSY-428 WEEK 4 DQ 1.doc PSY-428 WEEK 4 DQ 2.doc PSY-428 WEEK 5 ASSIGNMENT.doc PSY-428 WEEK 5 DQ 1.doc PSY-428 WEEK 5 DQ 2.doc PSY-428-Week-5-Learning-Team-Assignment-Environmental-Proposal-and-Presentation-PLEASE-ADD-OWN-IMAGES.pptx PSY 428 COMPLETE CLASS PSY-428 WEEK 2 DQ 1.doc PSY-428 ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY PAPER.doc PSY-428 PRODUCTIVE AND COUNTER PRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR.doc PSY-428 WEEK 1 DQ 1.doc PSY-428 WEEK 1 DQ 2.doc PSY-428 WEEK 2 DQ 2.doc PSY-428 WEEK 3 INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT.doc PSY-428 WEEK 3 TEAM ASSIGNMENT.doc PSY-428 WEEK 4 DQ 1.doc PSY-428 WEEK 4 DQ 2.doc PSY-428 WEEK 5 ASSIGNMENT.doc PSY-428 WEEK 5 DQ 1.doc PSY-428 WEEK 5 DQ 2.doc PSY-428-Week-5-Learning-Team-Assignment-Environmental-Proposal-and-Presentation-PLEASE-ADD-OWN-IMAGES.pptx PSY 428 COMPLETE CLASS PSY-428 WEEK 2 DQ 1.doc PSY-428 ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY PAPER.doc PSY-428 PRODUCTIVE AND COUNTER PRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR.doc PSY-428 WEEK 1 DQ 1.doc PSY-428 WEEK 1 DQ 2.doc PSY-428 WEEK 2 DQ 2.doc PSY-428 WEEK 3 INDIVIDUAL...
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...The historical debate regarding nature and nurture has been going on for years and is still unresolved. Many theorists believe what we have inherited and our genes, makes us the way we are and how we develop. Other theorists believe it is the way we are brought up and our experiences, that make us the way we are and how we develop. Physical The way we look can be argued to be mainly due to nature. The genes we inherit from our parents make the basis of we look. For example, people often say ‘Don’t you look like your father/mother?’ Genetic inheritance can determine our eye colour, whether we have straight or curly hair or how tall we will be. We can also inherit certain disease which can seriously impact on our health. However, we can make decisions on how we look and change our appearance. There are many different cosmetic procedures available to alter our appearance. How we live our life and the choices we make can also have an impact on how we look. For example, eating junk food and not exercising can lead to obesity. The environment we are brought up in and the experiences we have, can influence our health which contributes to physical development. An example of how nature and nurture affect our physical development is; we may carry genes that increase our risk of developing type 2 diabetes, but if we eat a healthy diet and get sufficient exercise, we may not develop the disease. The genes for characteristics we inherit are called genotypes. The actual express of these...
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...Organization Development Organization Development (OD)is a process by which behavioral science knowledge and practices are used to help organizations achieve greater effectiveness, including improved quality of work life and increased productivity (Cummings, & Huse, 1989). In the 1950s and 1960s a new, integrated approach originated known as Organization Development (OD): the systematic application of behavioral science knowledge at various levels (group, intergroup, and total organization) to bring about planned change (Newstrom & Davis, 1993) Organizational development As defined by Richard Beckhard, "Organizational development" (OD) is a planned, top-down, organization-wide effort to increase the organization's effectiveness and health. OD is achieved through interventions in the organization's "processes," using behavioural science knowledge. According to Warren Bennis, OD is a complex strategy intended to change the beliefs, attitudes, values, and structure of organizations so that they can better adapt to new technologies, markets, and challenges. Warner Burke emphasizes that OD is not just "anything done to better an organization"; it is a particular kind of change process designed to bring about a particular kind of end result. OD involves organizational reflection, system improvement, planning, and self-analysis. Change Agent A change agent in the sense used here is not a technical expert skilled in such functional areas as accounting, production, or finance...
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...ORGANIZATION DEVELOPMENT (IB H406) Masters Program in International Business Badruka Institute of Foreign Trade, Hyderabad COMPETENCIES OF AN O/D FACILITATOR ‐‐‐‐‐ ‐‐‐‐‐ ‐‐‐‐ ‐‐‐‐‐ FOLLOWING ARE THE ESSENTIAL COMPETENCIES FOR AN O/D FACILITATOR (WORLEY): SELF‐MASTERY. BEING COMFORTABLE WITH AMBIGUITY. MANAGING TRANSITIONS AND INSTITUTIONALIZATION. PARTICIPATIVE, CREATE GOOD IMPLEMENTATION PLAN. PARTICIPATIVE, CREATE GOOD IMPLEMENTATION PLAN. MANAGING SEPARATION. MANAGING CLIENT OWNERSHIP OF CHANGE. SETTING CONDITIONS OF POSITIVE CHANGE. USING DATA TO ADJUST CHANGE. ABILITY TO WORK WITH LARGE SYSTEMS. STAYING CURRENT WITH TECHNOLOGY. ABILITY TO EVALUATE CHANGE. ABILITY TO EVALUATE CHANGE ABILITY TO CLARIFY DATA NEEDS. UNDERSTAND RESEARCH METHODS. BEING AVAILABLE TO LISTEN TO MULTIPLE STAKEHOLDERS. BUILDING REALISTIC RELATIONSHIPS. ABILITY TO WORK WITH AND MANAGE DIVERSITY. ABILITY TO CLARIFY ROLES. COMPETENCIES OF AN O/D FACILITATOR ‐‐‐‐‐ ‐‐‐‐‐ ‐‐‐‐ ‐‐‐‐‐ FOLLOWING ARE THE ESSENTIAL COMPETENCIES FOR AN O/D FACILITATOR – CONTD… ABILITY TO WORK WITH POWER. ABILITY TO KEEP AN OPEN MIND. ABILITY TO SEE WHOLE PICTURE. ABILITY TO INTEGRATE THEORY AND PRACTICE. ABILITY TO FOCUS ON RELEVANCE AND FLEXIBILITY. CLARIFYING OUTCOMES. IMPLIED IN THE ABOVE LIST ARE: SELF AWARENESS. CONSULTING PROCESS MANAGEMENT COMPETENCIES. ABILITY TO DIAGNOSE AND UNDERSTAND THE SYSTEM, DESIGN AND EXECUTE INTERVENTIONS, AND WORK WITH LARGE SYSTEMS...
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...ASSIGNMENT:1 QUESTION :What are the main foundations of Organization Development? What are the stages of OD as suggested by Kurt Lewin and subsequently modified by Lippitt, Watson &Westley? ANSWER: 1) FOUNDATION OF OD (a) The field of OD rests on a foundation of values and assumptions about people and organizations. These beliefs help to define what OD is and guide its implementation. (b) Values have always been an integral part of OD package. OD values and assumption developed from research and theory, by behavioral scientist and from the experiences and observations of practicing managers. OD values tend to be humanistic, optimistic and democratic. (d) The knowledge base of OD is extensive and is constantly being upgraded. The most important concept on which OD is constructed is as follows: i) Model & theories of planned change : Organization development is directed at bringing about planned change to increase an organization's effectiveness, generally initiated and implemented by managers, often with the help of an OD practitioner either from inside or outside of the organization. Organizations can use planned change to solve problems, to learn from experience, to reframe shared perceptions, to adapt to external environmental changes, to improve performance, and to influence future changes. The theories describe the different stages through which planned change may be effected in organizations and explain the process of applying OD methods to...
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