...Hepatitis B Candace Tiley GCU RN-BSN Concepts in Community and Public Health NRS-427V Colleen Darrow September 12, 2013 Hepatitis B TRANSMISSION: Hepatitis B is a communicable disease that affects the liver via the hepatitis virus (HBV). Hepatitis B is the most common liver infection in the world. The virus is transmitted via blood and infected bodily fluids. This can occur through activities that involve percutaneous punctures through the skin, or mucosal contact with infectious blood or body fluids. Examples of ways that an individual could contract Hepatitis B might include: Sex with an infected partner; Birth to an infected mother; Coming in contact with the blood or sores of someone infected with Hepatitis B; (exposure to infected blood via a blood transfusion) Needle sticks with a dirty or contaminated needle or sharp instrument; Sharing items with an infected person such as toothbrushes or razors; RISK FACTORS: -Transfusion of unscreened blood; -Sexual promiscuity; - Sharing of or re-using of syringes between injection drug users; -Tattooing; -Working or residing in a health-care facility; -Living in a correctional facility; -Renal dialysis -long-term household or intimate non-sexual contact with and HBs Ab-positive individual. HBV is not spread through food or water, sharing common objects such as kitchen utensils, via hugging or kissing, casual contact or by being exposed to someone with HBV who may cough or sneeze. This virus can...
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...Jennifer Krahenbuhl English 102 Patricia McKeown September 1st 2014 Pros and Cons to Vaccinations in Children Almost everyone has heard of the benefits and dangers of childhood vaccines. Parents are especially eager to do what is best for their child to protect him or her. Some people have different opinions on what the best specifically entails when it comes to childhood vaccines. Vaccinations are a controversial discussion as parents question whether it should be mandatory or optional when they feel the cons outweigh the pros. The government says it is the right thing to do for parents and their families to remain safe from illnesses and diseases. However, there have been opinions of opposition voiced by parents and health advocates about whether or not it is worth the risk of being sick once vaccinated and whether these vaccinations actually work. The argument on both sides range from First Amendment right issues all the way to disabling health concerns. This essay will serve to examine and elaborate both the positive and negative perspectives on vaccinations in infants and children and why certain parents hesitate in vaccinating their children. The center of disease and control prevention(CDCP) claim there are five important vaccinations every child should receive. The chicken pox vaccine, measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) Vaccine, the Hepatitis vaccine, the haemophilus influenza type B(HIB) Vaccine, and pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. The chicken pox vaccine is probably the...
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...Hepatitis B Candace Tiley GCU RN-BSN Concepts in Community and Public Health NRS-427V Colleen Darrow September 12, 2013 Hepatitis B TRANSMISSION: Hepatitis B is a communicable disease that affects the liver via the hepatitis virus (HBV). Hepatitis B is the most common liver infection in the world. The virus is transmitted via blood and infected bodily fluids. This can occur through activities that involve percutaneous punctures through the skin, or mucosal contact with infectious blood or body fluids. Examples of ways that an individual could contract Hepatitis B might include: Sex with an infected partner; Birth to an infected mother; Coming in contact with the blood or sores of someone infected with Hepatitis B; (exposure to infected blood via a blood transfusion) Needle sticks with a dirty or contaminated needle or sharp instrument; Sharing items with an infected person such as toothbrushes or razors; RISK FACTORS: -Transfusion of unscreened blood; -Sexual promiscuity; - Sharing of or re-using of syringes between injection drug users; -Tattooing; -Working or residing in a health-care facility; -Living in a correctional facility; -Renal dialysis -long-term household or intimate non-sexual contact with and HBs Ab-positive individual. HBV is not spread through food or water, sharing common objects such as kitchen utensils, via hugging or kissing, casual contact or by being exposed to someone with HBV who may cough or sneeze. This virus can...
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...Epidemiology: Hepatitis B T Ob Grand Canyon University: NRS-427v January 19th, 2014 There are a large number of scientific discoveries that have come about serendipitously. Dr. Baruch Blumberg may say that this was the case when he discovered the Hepatitis B Virus. Dr. Blumberg and his colleagues discovered the Hepatitis B virus in 1967, developed the blood test that is used to diagnose the virus and in 1969, invented the first Hepatitis B vaccine. In 1976, Dr. Blumberg was honored with the Nobel Prize in Medicine for his discovery (HepB Foundation, 2013) Hepatitis B is caused by the Hepatitis B virus (HBV). A blood test called Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) is used to find the presence of the virus in the blood. When serum comes back with a positive HBsAg result it is indicative of active HBV infection that can be passed on to others (Mast & Weinbaum, 2009). Determining immunity to HBV can be done by the Hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) blood test. Having antibodies can mean prior HBV infection from which the person has recovered or that the person has received the vaccine. A positive anti-HBs test also means that the person is protected by the vaccine or their natural immunity and cannot become infected or infect others. Determining whether a person has had or currently has an active HBV infection can be done by the Hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) blood test. A positive anti-HBc test indicates the person can have a chronic infection and is also infectious...
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...In recent years, a wave of anti-vaccination beliefs has been sweeping the nation. However, vaccines “protect us from diseases that used to routinely kill hundreds of thousands of children in the United States and still kill hundreds of thousands globally” (University of Pennsylvania, 2012). Even with this knowledge, many parents have refused to vaccinate their children over fears of side effects, but this has created a significant health risk for the greater public and those more at risk, such as children too young for vaccines and the elderly. Much of the anti-vaccination sentiment is based on misinformation and uninformed positions. Vaccines have benefited humanity greatly and the only thing to outperform the benefits of vaccines to public health is clean water (Andre, Booy, Bock, Clemens, Datta & John et al., 2008). Vaccinations are an essential part of disease prevention as when children are not vaccinated, they can spread diseases to others and face serious health risks of their own from vaccine-preventable diseases. Vaccines rely on a herd, meaning that they are only very effective if nearly everyone receives them. This helps to eradicate the diseases from the bulk of the population, making it very unlikely that at-risk and unvaccinated individuals would be exposed to the diseases. As a result, the more unvaccinated people there are, the greater the risk of an outbreak. Therefore, “if a high number of children go intentionally unvaccinated because of personal belief...
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...Modern medicine provides people with the ability to protect themselves from the world’s most fatal diseases. Merely a century ago, it was not uncommon for a child to die as a result of diseases such as polio, pertussis, and tuberculosis. Today, it is highly unlikely for a person to contract these diseases, let alone die from them. However, refusal of vaccinations has been increasing throughout the years due to the anti-vaccination movement. This movement declares mandatory vaccines unconstitutional and vaccinations overall as the cause of autism. Unfortunately, the anti-vaccination movement is becoming increasingly popular due to individuals’ unfounded fears and imagined consequences associated with the idea of purposely inserting a disease into one’s body. However, despite one’s beliefs, vaccines are essential not only to a person’s well-being, but to the health of those around them. Mandatory vaccinations do not cause autism; rather, they save lives while upholding values of...
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...Topic: Vaccinations General Purpose:To Persuade Specific Purpose: To persuade people that vaccinations are a good thing. Thesis Statement: Everyone should be vaccinated or support vaccinations because (1)vaccines are safe and effective (2) you reduce the chance of spreading the disease to family members and the community and (3) you don’t want to pay the price of getting sick. Attention Step Nearly everyone in the U.S. got measles before there was a vaccine, and hundreds died from it each year; today, most doctors have never even seen a case of measles. Like all of you, I am part of the lucky people who have been vaccinated, however, there are many people around the world who are not as fortunate and others who are simply beginning to deny vaccinations. After researching vaccinations, I have become very aware of how much they actually benefit our society. According to the cdc, vaccines given to infants and young children over the past two decades will prevent 322 million illnesses, 21 million hospitalizations, and 932,000 deaths over the course of their lifetimes. Vaccines will have saved $300 billion in direct costs, such as medical expenses and a total of more than $1.3 trillion in societal costs over that time, because children who were spared from sometimes-devastating illnesses will...
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...Throughout the test of man, vaccinations have proven their worth at crucial points to protect the health and welfare of the world. Vaccinations started with the first smallpox vaccine developed more than two centuries ago by Edward Jenner and has grown to eradicating/controlling diseases like polio, hepatitis, and other volatile diseases. However, there has been plenty of controversy over the effectiveness and safety of whether vaccinations are even necessary. As a society, we either take a risk of not getting vaccinated, which could possibly lead to costly hospitalizations due to illness or we take an important countermeasures towards exposing our children and ourselves to vaccine-preventable diseases. This is a no brainer! We must prepare our family and friends and step the future up for success. Vaccinating our children is one of the most important beginning steps we can take to protect their health and future. In 1998, a British medical journal (BMJ), concluded by Dr. Andrew Wakefield, claimed vaccinations were the root cause to child disorders like autism (Medical, 2011). In Wakefield’s study, children developed signs of autism days after getting the MMR vaccine. This study among others leads parents to question whether they should immunize their children or not. Even in 2007, actress Jenny McCarthy discussed her views on the national stage when she appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show convinced that vaccines gave her son autism and seizures (Heuvel, 2013). The...
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...diseases, let alone die from them. However, refusal of vaccinations has been increasing throughout the years. This is due to individual’s unfounded fears and imagined consequences associated with the idea of purposely inserting a disease into one’s body. Despite one’s beliefs, vaccines are essential not only to a person’s well-being, but to the health of those around them. Mandatory vaccinations do not cause autism; rather, they save lives while also...
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... Colleen Darrow RN June 28, 2014 Epidemiology Paper “World wide, two billion people have been infected with hepatitis B Virus” (Shepard & Simard, 2006, p. 112) Hepatitis B virus cause liver tissue infections which is life threatening potentially. And both acute and chronic hepatitis B has a profound impact on global health. “More than 240 million people have chronic liver infections, and more than 780,000 people die every year due to the acute or chronic consequences of hepatitis B.”("WHO Media Center," 2014) The HBV is transmitted from an infected carrier to the others via contact with blood and other body fluid. Hepatitis B is also a major occupational hazard for health workers. Fortunately the infection can be effectively prevented by safe vaccine. Since 1982, safe Hepatitis B vaccine has been available; the effectiveness of preventing the infection and its long-term consequences has been established. Hepatitis B vaccine is the first vaccine which against a major human cancer. “HBV infection may result in subclinical or asymptomatic infection, acute self-limited hepatitis, or fulminant hepatitis requiring liver transplant.” (Shepard & Simard, 2006, p. 113) The average incubation period is 90 days for a newly infected person who may develop acute hepatitis. The common signs and symptoms for acute hepatitis are nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting, fever, jaundice, dark urine, changes in stool color, and etc. If the presence of HBsAg in the...
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...Many controversies surround vaccinations, one of them being the fact you have to vaccinate children before they can be accepted into school. Many claim that vaccines can be harmful or just don't want to give their children vaccines, others side with logic and reason, giving their children the required vaccines for school and proper health to ensure their child's safety. Anti-vaccine parents tend to worry about the rare side effects and the ethical morality behind the science, that they obviously do not understand. They question the integrity of the scientists and their research. So instead these parents go to dodgy websites that smudge data or flat out lie to their readers. Instead of looking at both sides of the argument they instead choose...
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...years (AusGov DoH, 2015). (Shmaefsky, B, 2016) states that “vaccines are drugs used to increase the body’s ability to combat disease organisms”. Immunisation is just one medical strategy for decreasing the chances of widespread, infectious diseases (Advameg, Inc, 2016). It is stated that vaccinations save an estimated 3 million lives throughout the world per year, making it one of the most cost-efficient health interventions ever created. There are 18 different vaccines that are a part of the Australian Standard Vaccination Schedule, including Chickenpox, Hepatitis B, HPV and Influenza. Vaccinations are given since birth, all the way to the age of 70-79 (Cirrus Media, 2015). Biological Background The first vaccine created was by a man named Edward Jenner in 1796. This vaccine protected people from smallpox. Jenner noticed that cattle handlers who had previously been...
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...Health Promotion Among Diverse Populations “Native Hawaiians/Pacific Islanders have higher rates of smoking, alcohol consumption, and obesity than other minority populations.” (CDC, 2013). This is just one of many examples of how minority groups differ, and how health and health promotion/prevention vary from Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islanders (NHPI) to the major population. Race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and education have a major impact on the NHPI group. The most current data available, paints a picture of poor health choices and many health disparities. With the NHPI group having higher death rates related to cancer in comparison to non-Hispanic whites (CDC, 2013). As previously stated, the NHPI group has poor health promotion, as they are the minority group with the highest smoking, alcohol consumption, and obesity rates (CDC, 2013). The full-blooded Hawaiian people known as Kanaka Maoli, are estimated to be completely gone by year 2043 as a result of having “the worst health and socioeconomic indicators in Hawaii” (Louie, 2001). One health indicator is the prevalence of cancer in comparison to all US racial and ethnic groups. There are estimated 111 per 100,000 women with breast cancer in the Kanaka Maoli as compared to 86 per 100,000 for white women (Louie, 2001). Prior to the 1700’s, the Hawaiian natives believed in “ka mauli o k’aina a he mauli kanasa.” Which is a Hawaiian saying that pertains to protecting and maintaining the land directly effects the health...
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...Ideally, set one up 4 to 6 weeks before your trip. Most vaccines take time to become effective in your body and some vaccines must be given in a series over a period of days or sometimes weeks. If it is less than 4 weeks before you leave, you should still see your doctor. You might still benefit from shots or medications and other information about how to protect yourself from illness and injury while traveling. CDC divides vaccines for travel into three categories: routine, recommended, and required. While your doctor will tell you which ones you should have, it's best to be aware of them ahead of time. Before visiting Nigeria, you may need to get the following vaccinations and medications for vaccine-preventable diseases and other diseases you might be at risk for at your destination: (Note: Your doctor or health-care provider will determine what you will need, depending on factors such as your health and immunization history, areas of the country you will be visiting, and planned activities.) To have the most benefit, see a health-care provider at least 4–6 weeks before your trip to allow time for your vaccines to take effect and to start taking medicine to prevent malaria, if you need it. Even if you have less than 4 weeks before you leave, you should still see a health-care provider for needed vaccines, anti-malaria drugs and other medications and information about how to protect yourself from illness and injury while traveling. CDC recommends that you see a health-care...
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...FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ON VACCINES AND SOALAN LAZIM MENGENAI IMMUNISATION VAKSIN DAN IMUNISASI FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ON VACCINE AND IMMUNISATION DISEDIAKAN OLEH/ PREPARED BY: KEMENTERIAN KESIHATAN MALAYSIA MINISTRY OF HEALTH MALAYSIA & JABATAN KEMAJUAN ISLAM MALAYSIA DEPARTMENT OF ISLAMIC DEVELOPMENT MALAYSIA Dikemaskini Julai 2015 Updated July 2015 PENGHARGAAN ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Sekalung penghargaan kepada semua yang terlibat dalam penyediaan buku ini. Our sincere gratitude to all contributors for the time and effort in preparation of this book. Dr. Rohani Jahis Bahagian Kawalan Penyakit, KKM Ustazah Nor Safina bt. Zainal Bahagian Pengurusan Fatwa, JAKIM Cik Sameerah S. A. Rahman Timbalan Pengarah Pusat Pasca Pendaftaran Produk Biro Pengawalan Farmaseutikal Kebangsaan Pn. Arpah bt. Abas Ketua Unit Seksyen Bioteknologi Pusat Pendaftaran Produk Biro Pengawalan Farmasetikal Kebangsaan Dr. Naemah Sharifuddin Pakar Perubatan Keluarga Klinik Kesihatan Sg. Chua, Kajang Dr. Jamiatul Aida bt. Md. Sani Bahagian Kawalan Penyakit, KKM Pn. Rokiah Isahak Pusat Pasca Pendaftaran Produk Biro Pengawalan Farmaseutikal Kebangsaan Cik Azila bt. Azmi Bahagian Pendidikan Kesihatan, KKM Pn. Noraisyah bt. Mohd. Sani Biro Pengawalan Farmaseutikal Kebangsaan Dr. Noraziah bt. Aboo Bakar Unit Kesihatan Kanak-Kanak Bahagian Pembangunan Kesihatan Keluarga, KKM En. Ng Chiew Seng Biro Pengawalan Farmaseutikal Kebangsaan Dr. Saraswathi...
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