...Wiggins Comm Theory Spee 390 Dr. Almeida EXPECTANCY VIOLATIONS THEORY Judee K. Burgoon is an American academic. She is Professor of Communication and Professor of Family Studies and Human Development at the University of Arizona. She is also Director of Human Communication Research for the Center for the Management of Information and Site Director for Center for Identification Technology Research at the university, and currently holds an appointment as Distinguished Visiting Professor with the Department of Communication at the University of Oklahoma, and the Center for Applied Social Research at the University of Oklahoma. She has published over 240 articles and 7 books. Among the theories that she is most notably linked to are: Interpersonal Adaptation Theory, Expectancy Violations Theory, and Interpersonal Deception Theory. This paper will give insight about two journals that elaborate on Burgoon’s Expectancy Violations Theory. It will also compare the difference of the journals with Em Griffin’s approach about the theory and how I personally feel that the journals may be the same or different than the views of Griffin. Journal 1: “Nonverbal Expectancy Violations: Model Elaboration and Application to Immediacy Behaviors” By: Judee Burgoon & Jerold Hale The journal discusses that nonverbal expectancy violations theory holds that positive violations produce more favorable communication outcomes than conformity to expectations, while negative violations produce less...
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...When taking a look at the Expectancy Violations Theory, it is defined as an individual’s reaction to the behavior of their peers that was viewed as unexpected, and can be used to violate the expectations of another. People all have spatial differences, which are called proxemics. I believe that proxemics helps us understand that there is a difference of appropriate and inappropriate touching. Space is the core connection of the Expectancy Violation Theory. Space has relevance to Expectation Violation Theory not only because the theory is rooted in proxemics, but also because it has direct application to the distances previously discussed (West & Turner, 2010). Let’s explore how individual “personal space” within conversations varies with cultures, friends, and strangers as it is predicted and or explained by the expectancy violations theory. The texts states according to Burgoon, can be defined as an invisible, variable volume of space surrounding an individual which defines that individual’s preferred distance from others”.(p130) With that said anthropologist Edward Hall proposed that an individual’s surrounding space is divided into four different ranges of special distances called Proxemics Zones. These zones are as follows: Intimate distance, Personal distance, Social distance, and Public distance. Approriate behavior is associated within each of the proxemics zones. Let’s focus and elaborate on one specific proxemics, the intimate distance. Why? My opinion...
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...definitions and many different theories. Griffin, Ledbetter, & Sparks (2015) note, “Communication is the relational process of creating and interpreting messages that elicit a response.” (p. 6). Everything that a person says to another individual is then interpreted, and then the other person responds based of how they understood what was said. There are several theories on interpersonal communication. According to Griffin Ledbetter, & Sparks (2015) a theory is, “A set of systematic, informed hunches about the way things work.” (p. 4). A theory has several hunches, not just a single one, that will attempt to offer an explanation. There are five theories that are crucial to interpersonal communication, and the understanding of why humans communicate like they do. The first theory that is important to understanding interpersonal communication is the symbolic interactionism theory. Griffin, Ledbetter, & Sparks (2015) state that, “symbolic interactionism isn’t just talk. The term refers to the language and gestures a person uses in anticipation of the way others will respond.” (p. 54). Symbolic interactionism has three principles that the theory centers around. These three things are meaning, language, and thinking. According to Griffin, Ledbetter, & Sparks (2015), “Blumer started with the premise that humans act toward people or things on the basis of the meanings they assign to those people or things.” (p. 55). According to this theory, individuals understand their...
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...The Benign Violation Theory is defined by Peter McGraw and Joel Warner in their article, “The Humor Code” (McGraw and Warner). The Benign Violation Theory is, “the idea that humor arises when something seems wrong or threatening, but is simultaneously OK or safe” (McGraw and Warner). In other words, humor is found between the balance of too offensive and too boring. So, when joking about domestic violence what makes the subject offensive? What makes the subject boring? It’s obvious what makes domestic violence humor offensive- it’s a crime. Not only is domestic violence a crime, but it is a deadly crime. According to the most recent study, over 1,600 women are killed each year due to domestic violence (Wyman). These are not very easy numbers to laugh about. On the other hand, what would make domestic violence humor boring would be if the comedian tried to tip toe around the subject and treat it like the elephant in the room. The comedian must intrigue the audience into listening to them, but not take the seriousness too far before pulling out the punch line. This is what the Benign Violation Theory is all...
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...Critical Perspectives on Accounting (1996) 7 , 409 – 435 RECONSIDERING THE ‘‘SOCIAL’’ IN POSITIVE ACCOUNTING THEORY: THE CASE OF SITE RESTORATION COSTS DEAN NEU AND CYNTHIA SIMMONS University of Calgary This paper seeks to challenge the hegemony of positive accounting theory explanations of managerial behaviour. We argue that the decontextualized perspective of positive accounting theory is limiting and that changing the perspective offers a more complete explanation of behaviour. Starting from the notion of social relations developed by Marx, we reinterpret positive theory variables as proxies for a subset of the social relations in which managers are embedded. From this perspective, a more inclusive explanation of behaviour can be obtained by considering the entire web of social relations that influence behaviour. To demonstrate the ‘‘cash value’’ of a social relations perspective, accounting for site restoration costs is used as an illustration. The results are consistent with a broad social relations perspective. ÷ 1996 Academic Press Limited Introduction ‘‘[I]t is clear there is a relation between firm’s accounting choice and other firm variables, such as leverage and size and the signs of the relations are mostly consistent across studies. Positive accounting research guided the search for empirical regularities and provided explanations for them. To date, there are no systematic alternative sets of explanations for those regularities articulated and tested...
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...TABLE OF CONTENT 1.0 Introduction | | 2.0 Issues Surrounding the Professionalism of Accounting | | 3.0 Literature Review | | 4.0 Presentation of the main Idea about the Professionalism of Accounting | | 5.0 Analysis and discussion | | 6.0 Conclusion | | 7.0 Reference | | 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 ISSUES SURROUNDING THE PROFESSIONALISM OF ACCOUNTING Twenty years ago, Briloff (1986) alerted the profession to the crisis of credibility being faced because society perceived accountants to have lost their commitment to public service. The credibility of the profession is threatened when the ideals of integrity, independence, public service and ethical standards come under suspicion. Well-known scandals of one of the major leading accounting firms in the United States Arthur Andersen coupled with alleged unethical acts committed by Enron have arouse the conscious of the public and stakeholders as to the moral decline and unethical posture of public accountants unveiled a decline in moral reasoning and ethical standards of public accountants (Dellaportas, 2006; Esmond-Kiger, 2004). Over the last few years, the accounting profession has been beaten up badly in the media, somewhat justifiably. The forces at work were numerous and complex and a variety of phenomena created the entire profession had its reputation tarnished. Some forces were not new: delivering services that acted to impair independence; becoming too cozy with clients, active participation...
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...government. Lastly the English Calvinists who led a Protestant movement called Puritanism in England and settled in the Massachusetts. Section Two –Essay British treatment of the colonies during the period preceding the French and Indian war is often descried as “salutary neglect” or “benign neglect”. This is the result of a lot of settlement and colonization of the Atlantic world being decided and ruled over by the absentee European Monarchs and landowners from the Nobel classes .Although England regulated trade and government in its colonies, it interfered in colonial affairs were left to distance, England set up absentee customs officials and the colonies were left self-govern, for the most part. England occasionally turn its back to the colonies’ violations of trade restriction. Thus, the colonies degree of autonomy, which later helped fuel the revolutionary sentiments when the monarchy attempted to gain greater control of the new world. During this period, the colonies grew up. Developing fledgling economies. The beginning of American culture, as opposed to a transplanted English, took root. Throughout the colonial period, most Europeans thought about the economics as all subscribed to a theory called mercantilism. Mercantilist believed that economic power was rooted in a favorable balance of trade, which means exporting more than one is importing, and the control of spice. Colonies in West Indies that produced sugar and other valuable commodities were seen to be more important...
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...example, cooperative principle. Based on the main parts of pragmatics, this paper does a comparatively detailed research on the humorous language in English conversations. At the beginning of the thesis, some popular definitions of humour are compared and a conclusion is made. Then humour is classified into four types and its functions in the social interaction are specified. Key Words: English Humour; Conversational implicature; Violation; Humorous effects 摘 要 回望历史，幽默的语言和行为都被视为琐屑无聊，很可笑，和甚至邪恶。然而，随着社会文明的发展，人们逐渐认识幽默实际上是为我们的单调和定期生活不可或缺。幽默被体现在歌剧、 电影、 文字、 对话等。最常见的类型是幽默的交谈。 在许多语用学书籍，大量的幽默对话可以被发现，是用来分析语用学。所以我们可以看到幽默和语用学紧密相连的。然而，关于幽默的语言与语用的视图文件是相对较少。此外，绝大多数人只专注于某些方面的语用学，例如，合作原则。基于语用学的主要部分，本文做了较为详细的研究在英语会话幽默的语言。 关键词：英语幽默；会话含义；违反；幽默的效果 Contents Abstract I 摘 要 II 1 An Introduction to Humour 1 1.1 Definitions of Humour 1 1.2 Classification of Humour 3 1.3 Functions of Humour 5 2 Traditional Theories on Humor 9 2.1 Superiority Theory 9 2.2 Relief Theory 10 2.3 Incongruity Theory 12 2.4 Summary of Humour Theories 13 3 The...
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...Global risks: Economic Risks Risks in the economic category include fiscal and liquidity crises, failure of a major financial mechanism or institution, oil-price shocks, chronic unemployment and failure of physical infrastructure on which economic activity depends. Environmental Risks Risks in the environmental category include both natural disasters, such as earthquakes and geomagnetic storms, and man-made risks such as collapsing ecosystems, freshwater shortages, nuclear accidents and failure to mitigate or adapt to climate change. Geopolitical Risks The geopolitical category covers the areas of politics, diplomacy, conflict, crime and global governance. These risks range from terrorism, disputes over resources and war to governance being undermined by corruption, organized crime and illicit trade. Societal Risks The societal category captures risks related to social stability – such as severe income disparities, food crises and dysfunctional cities – and public health, such as pandemics, antibiotic-resistant bacteria and the rising burden of chronic disease. Technological Risks The technological category covers major risks related to the growing centrality of information and communication technologies to individuals, businesses and governments. These include cyber attacks, infrastructure disruptions and data loss. Ten Global Risks of Highest Concern in 2014 1 Fiscal crises in key economies 2 Structurally high unemployment/underemployment ...
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...Case Study Analysis Template Analyst’s Name: ¶ Levi Mohorich Date: ¶ 2/23/14 Case Study Name: ¶ Google, Inc., in China I. The Pre-Analysis: A. Perspective: 1. Author’s Perspective. Describe the perspective of the author(s) of the case study and possible biases of the author(s): ¶ The case was wrote by Kirsten E. Martin, the Assistant Professor of Business Administration at George Washington University, School of Business. She has her Ph.D. from Darden Graduate School of Business, University of Virginia. Her main research interests are business ethics, privacy, technology and stakeholder theory. It might be possible that she is biased towards China for their privacy restrictions and ethical values. Based on her previous research work, she probably values ethical behavior highly and technology innovations. 2. Analyst’s Perspective. Describe your perspective as the analyst: ¶ My perspective is that of a college student majoring in Marketing and Advertising Management. I am a strong believer in ethics and moral behavior. I have worked for an entertainment company for 8 years and my boss taught me to always do the right thing. I don’t know much about China and the details of their privacy laws or their government regulations. I do know that they block social media sites such as Facebook and YouTube but that's about it. I am an avid Google user though, I probably use Google almost every single day, or at least...
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...Journal of Applied Philosophy,Suicide Intervention and Non-Ideal Kantian Theory Vol. 19, No. 3, 2002 245 Suicide Intervention and Non-Ideal Kantian Theory MICHAEL J. CHOLBI Philosophical discussions of the morality of suicide have tended to focus on its justifiability from an agent’s point of view rather than on the justifiability of attempts by others to intervene so as to prevent it. This paper addresses questions of suicide intervention within a broadly Kantian perspective. In such a perspective, a chief task is to determine the motives underlying most suicidal behaviour. Kant wrongly characterizes this motive as one of self-love or the pursuit of happiness. Psychiatric and scientific evidence suggests that suicide is instead motivated by a nihilistic disenchantment with the possibility of happiness which, at its apex, results in the loss of the individual’s conception of her practical identity. Because of this, methods of intervention that appeal to agents’ happiness, while morally benign, will prove ineffective in forestalling suicide. At the same time, more aggressive methods violate the Kantian concern for autonomy. This apparent dilemma can be resolved by seeing suicide intervention as an action undertaken in non-ideal circumstances, where otherwise unjustified manipulation, coercion, or paternalism are morally permitted. 1. The chances are good that each of us will some day confront a person close to us contemplating suicide. Every year...
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...Julie Psychology Assignment Psychology and Management of stress Task 1 Outline and evaluate (i) Selye’s (1956) General Adaption Syndrome of stress. The General Adaption Syndrome (GAS) is Selye’s belief that that the body has physiological ways in which to deal with long term and short term stress and its and that prolonged exposure to stress can result in illness. He started this in the 1930’s and based this on researching hormones of rats and found that the rats had stress response to his research. He believed that regardless of the type of stressor, the reaction of the stressor was always the same. (Rice et al 2010p100) Selye’s model has three stages: Alarm stage – This is where the environmental stimuli is viewed as a stressor and the ‘fight or flight’ instinct is aroused and the first reactions are aroused. This is where the automatic nervous system (ANS) is activated and the sympathetic branch of the nervous system to release adrenaline and noradrenaline, which in turn raises the heart rate, blood pressure, perspiration and digestion, slows. This stage is usually disappears quickly through the parasympathetic branch which returns everything to normal. If it continues we then move to the next stage Resistance stage – This is where the environmental stressors are still there, and the body physiologically starts to adapt and adjust. Arousal is still high and the high level of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) is still in the body. ACTH will...
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...Children Psychopaths In 1979, sixteen-year-old Brenda Spencer received a rifle for her birthday. She used it to shoot kids at an elementary school near her San Diego home, wounding nine and killing two. A reporter asked her later why she had done it. Her answer: "I don't like Mondays. This livens up the day." In 1993, two bodies were found on a country road in Ellis County, Texas. One was male, one female. The boy, 14, had been shot, but the 13-year-old girl had been stripped, raped, and dismembered. Her head and hands were missing. The killer turned out to be Jason Massey, who had decided he was going to become the worst serial killer that Texas had ever seen. He tortured animals, stalked another young woman, and revered killers like Ted Bundy, Charles Manson, and Henry Lee Lucas. He was nine years old when he killed his first cat. He added dozens more over the years, along with dogs and even six cows. He had a long list of potential victims and his diaries were filled with fantasies of rape, torture, and cannibalism of female victims. He was a loner who believed he served a "master" who gave him knowledge and power. He was obsessed with bringing girls under his control and having their dead bodies in his possession. Nine-year-old Jeffrey Bailey, Jr. pushed a three-year-old friend into the deep part of a motel pool in Florida in 1986. He wanted to see someone drown. As the boy sank to the bottom, Jeffrey pulled up a chair to watch. When it was finished, he went home....
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...Conclusion This concluding chapter evaluates the implications of this research project through five sections. First, a postscript briefly recalls the process of US-North Korean interaction from the transition to the Administration of George W. Bush in 2001 to Pyongyang’s June 2008 demolition of the cooling tower at the Yongbyon nuclear facility. Secondly, and based on the findings of my empirical case study in Chapters Four and Five, I comparatively examine the strength of offensive realism, defensive realism and constructivism in explaining the extent to which US-North Korean security competition was mitigated from 1993 to 2000. The third section considers the implications of this research project’s findings for the ability of policymakers to exercise security dilemma sensibility. The fourth section concludes this PhD thesis by laying out a proposed research agenda that builds on the findings of this research project. 1. Postscript: Transition to George W. Bush George W. Bush succeeded to the US presidency in early 2001 on a political platform that pointed to elements of ideological fundamentalism and assumptions of inherent bad faith in Pyongyang. Robert Woodward argued that the Bush Administration’s outlook was based on moral absolutism that cast the US as a crusader against the ‘evil’ North Korean leadership. Similarly, Charles L. Pritchard, who served as National Security Council Director for Asian Affairs under the Clinton Administration, and the US Representative...
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...Mediation and Ethics Consultation: Destiny Gove Mediation and Ethics Consultation: “The orchestration of moral collaboration [required in ethics consultation] will be complex. Parties will share morally problematic situations but may have different senses of what is relevant and understandably different personal stakes. The ethicist has special responsibility to enliven a process in which these common moral concerns stay in focus while differences are recognized and, ideally, mediated.” —Margaret Walker, 1993, p. 39. Abstract Mediation has received considerable attention in the bioethics literature on ethics consultation. The recent consensus report Core Competencies for Health Care Ethics Consultation issued by the American Society for Bioethics and Humanities acknowledges positive benefits of mediation training. In times when moral consensus in the most intractable of cases is not possible, mediation or other conflict resolution strategies might help the parties reach a resolution. Moreover, mediation training can help ethics consultants achieve mastery of the interpersonal elements of ethics consultation. However, to argue that mediation can be appropriately adapted as an ethics consultation modality is a more controversial matter. This paper surveys the bioethics literature regarding the role of mediation as a consultation modality and presents criticisms levied against bioethics mediation. The strongest criticisms concern the supposed...
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