...II. Literature Review Robert Entman posits two types of media biases: content bias, where media content shows regular patterns of slant towards specific candidates or ideology, and decision-based bias, where reporters and editors contribute to slant through their personal beliefs and opinions. He also emphasizes how journalists, though nominally barred from allowing personal ideology to permeate into print, often express other non-partisan notions of decision-making bias, such as through candidate competence or momentum. Time as a necessary independent variable allows for shifts in bias to occur, where Entman points to positive coverage of John McCain’s announcement of Sarah Palin as his vice presidential nominee through the delayed response...
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...opinions and beliefs. Many of the news reporters have allowed biases thoughts overcome their task to bring the new reports to the general public; in many cases, opinionated ideology surpassed what their ultimate assignment is to accomplish. Even though there are still many voters undecided, it’s not the media outlet responsibility to help make their decisions. Even though news reporters should share unbiased reports concerning the Presidential Election Coverage because the biases reports will impact viewers voting decision-making. According to PBS.org, Sarah Childress, a senior digital reporter for Frontline Enterprises Journalism Group study on Election Coverage Skewed by Journalism Bias and she expresses, “An analysis of news coverage from the 2016 primary races found that mainstream media...
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...06/17/2016 Essay #2: Is Gender Bias Noticeable in Literature? In this essay I would be investigating if there are any gender biases in the short stories and the movie Gone Girl. By definition gender bias is, “Inclination towards or prejudice against one gender” (Collins). Although gender bias is mostly thought of being against women there has been a subtler bias against men most recently in movies. Therefore, in this essay I would be considering gender biases of both men and women. In the short story “The Short Happy life of Francis Macomber” the author Ernest Hemmingway treats both genders equally. Both Wilson and Mrs. Macomber are portrayed as opportunists. He has no compunction in accepting the silly advances of Macomber’s wife. She marries Macomber for his money and social position. They both have a cruel streak. He (illegally) beats his helpers, knowing that they would rather take the beating than lose money (fines). She is cruel to her husband, openly despising his weaknesses, and deliberately flaunting her infidelities. In contrast, “I Want a Wife” the author Judy Brady has gender bias. The woman portrayed in the composition is resentful of the quality of life experienced by women in general, who, as wives, have to cater to their husband’s every need and whim. Husbands are portrayed as lazy, selfish and inconsiderate, not even pulling their weight as fathers of their children. Moreover, in the short story “Shiloh” the author Bobby Ann Mason has gender bias. Norma Jean...
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...2015 Crash Essay E.B. White once said, “Prejudice is a great time saver. You can form opinions without having to get the facts.” This nation has become a melting pot of people from different cultures, races, religions, backgrounds, classes, and beliefs. Prejudice is born from personal experience and from generalizations and beliefs about a particular group of people. In the movie Crash, the director does an incredible job illustrating prejudice in today’s world by showing examples in our everyday society, how our personal lives can often influence how we interact, and how sometimes our preconceived ideas can be shattered by chance encounters. Society is full of prejudice, people are judged on the basis of their race, class, sex, or religion. The movie Crash depicts the various aspects of prejudice by showing the causes and effects it has on different people and how they interact with each other. For example, in the beginning of the movie a wealthy white couple, Rick and Jean, is walking down the street and Jean moves closer to her husband when she sees two black men, Anthony and Peter, walking towards them. They notice the woman’s reaction, then they rob the couple at gunpoint and steal their car. Then, after Rick and Jean get home they have their locks changed, Jean gets really upset when she sees the locksmith is Hispanic and wants to have the locks changed again because she thought the Hispanic man was going to sell the keys to his friends. Personal bias can often influence...
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...from college essays, term papers, and messages to friends. • Conciseness and clarity count. The Writing Process • Planning and prewriting • Composing • Revising and editing Effective Business Messages • Have a purpose – General – Specific • Are clear and concise • Consider the needs of the audience Outlining • Define the main idea • State the three to five major points • Support with evidence Audience Analysis • • • • • • Primary audience Secondary audience Reaction of audience Knowledge level of audience Relationship to audience Expectations of audience Factors To Consider • • • • • • • Importance of the message Richness of the channel Formality of message Urgency and cost Need for a permanent record Immediacy of feedback required Organizational and audience preferences Approach: Direct or Indirect? • Direct – – – – Main idea first, followed by evidence Routine messages Positive messages Some negative messages • Indirect – Evidence first, build case towards main idea – Most negative messages Connect With Your Audience 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Adopt a “you” attitude Be sincere, respectful, polite Stress audience benefits Emphasize the positive Use plain, simple language Use bias-free language Use Plain, Simple Language • Use short, familiar words • Don’t confuse your audience or try to be purposefully vague • Minimize jargon Use Bias-Free Language • Avoid – – – – Gender bias Racial and ethnic bias Age bias Disability bias It’s All...
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...An Analysis of Negotiation Processes February 10, 2011 Introduction Kelly is a Canadian who holds a college degree and has spent some time in Japan as a child. She was excited to learn of an opportunity to work in this country for one year. The position of interest requires working closely with Japanese educators who are teaching English. The program provides a contract that provides specifics on salary, working hours, and benefits, to include sick days and personal holidays. Cathy travels to Japan after being accepted and discovers that she will be working with Mark, also from Canada, Andrea, and American, and Suzanne, from Great Britain. However, she is made aware of cultural differences very quickly because the Japanese people voluntarily work long hours without pay, to include working on weekends. Moreover, Mr. Higashi, the head coordinator of the program frequently insists that Kelly and her co-workers take part of Japanese cultural events and they are resentful because they feel that Mr. Higashi is trying to make them conform. In addition to the cultural conflicts, Kelly and her peers are also disliked by the Japanese workers because they believe that everyone should show dedication to their jobs by working long hours without pay. Needless to say, the foreigners do not agree and are committed to honoring what’s contained in their contracts only. Things begin to go awry when Kelly calls out sick while experiencing flu-like symptoms. Mr. Higashi responds...
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...COM10003 Learning and Communicating Online Assessment 3: Reflective essay This essay will discuss how my use of online information has grown from being merely a consumer, to now being able to critically evaluate online sources for credibility and suitability for use in academic work. My role in producing an online informational resource has been enhanced by both the readings, and the experience gained in the collaborative process involved in working as a team. This is my first experience at online collaboration and I will examine the challenges encountered using this medium of communication, how I dealt with them, the lessons learned, and what I would do differently during future collaborative work. Before this course, my experience with online sources of information had been limited to an observer status, and although I had read from a variety of sources online, and considered myself capable of sorting truth from fiction, I had never realised the extent to which information can and should be evaluated. A study conducted by Scholz-Crane 1998 (cited in Metzger, 2007, pp. 2080-2081) explains that a lax attitude toward proving the accuracy and credibility of websites is prevalent among college students. This information has encouraged me to be more critical in regard to information found on the web, and I now apply the criteria espoused by Tate, (2010, pp. 35-36) of checking for accuracy, authority, objectivity, currency and coverage. According to Treise et al (2003, cited in...
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...2015 Todd Marbury Dr. Lauren Goldstein Intro to Psychology June 7, 2015 2015 Todd Marbury Dr. Lauren Goldstein Intro to Psychology June 7, 2015 Retrospective Analysis of Personality Retrospective Analysis of Personality Through the years I wondered what made me change my personality towards the way I look at things but now I see why I drastically made these changes due to the different people and environments I have been. I have changed in too many ways to recount all of them, but a few I will list. In this essay I will discuss the aspect of my life that has and has not changed, analyze the role of nature and nurture within my personality and discuss why most memories are bias, which makes systemic scientific more valued than individual accounts. Psychologists strive to understand how personality develops as well as how it influences the way we think and behave. This area of psychology seeks to understand personality and how it varies among individuals as well as how people are similar in terms of personality. While there is no single agreed upon definition of personality, it is often thought of as something that arises from within the individual and remains fairly consistent throughout life. It encompasses all of the thoughts, behavior patterns, and social attitudes that impact how we view ourselves and what we believe about others and the world around us. Understanding personality allows psychologists to predict how people will respond in certain situations and...
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...questions: Could the witness possibly have known the truth? Did the witness wish to tell the truth? EVALUATING OF SOURCES Authenticity? (are there factual errors in the source?) Reliability? (how long after the event was the source produced?) Bias/Prejudice? Subjectivity VS objectivity? Historians have an issue, the source is problematic (biased, emotions, etc) and the historian is a human writer. To guard oneself from being manipulated by bias sources, one must cross-reference. This means one must analyse a few sources and then synthesise their own conclusion. QUESTIONS WHICH ASK YOU TO COMPARE IN THE TEST OR EXAM Generally sources can have two characteristics with each other. They are either similar or they are contradictory/different with each other. One should consider the following aspects when answering these types of exam questions: What are the similarities(1) and the differences(2) between the sources? How do these sources complement each other(3)? Which of these sources provides a more accurate viewpoint on the topic(4)? QUESTIONS WHICH ASK YOU TO USE ALL THE SOURCES This is an eight mark question which comes prior to the essay. One is required to write approximately 10-15 lines; in other words one coherent and logical paragraph. Include a brief context. Have accurate facts. Answer the question! (keep focus). No sub-headings, no word counts, no personal observations, no political commentaries, no introduction...
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...appraisal. At the end of this essay, individuals will have the ability to measure skills of an employee accurately and uniformly. Moreover, the user will be able to understand the importance of performance appraisal in an organisation. Performance is greatly boosted with any form of appraisal. The employee`s objectives are clarified specifically to them making it easy to set goals and work towards achieving them. In addition, performance appraisal ensures that an employee’s effort has been recognised. This in turn increases the level of motivation of a worker consequently raising their performance (Bartol & Martin 1998). By recognition, other employees are motivated to work exorbitantly in order to get recognition from the organisation as their peers. Performance appraisal has the following strategic benefits to how employees do their work: * Improves and boost employee`s morale * Allows individual employees to set goals * Ease in identifying problems and correction One of the limitations in performance appraisal arises from biasness during evaluation. There are different forms of biasness in performance appraisal, including: Personal bias This is the general feeling an individual in charge has towards certain employees. It is also referred to as leniency bias and is normally brought about by religious, social, and personal information of the employee. Halo effect This is a form of bias based on an individual’s positive quality. This form of bias involves rating an individual...
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...ecological validity. Jones and Harris (1967) Aim: investigate whether people would attribute behvaiors which people had a choice in disposition. Procedure: sample of university students read political student essays that were either pro or anti Fidel Castro. Told some writers freely chose be the pro or anti others were assigned determined by a coin toss. Participants asked to rate how pro/anti the attitudes of the writers were. Findings: participants believed writers freely chose= rated people who spoke in favor have a more positive attitude towards Castro (dispositional). Determined by coin toss= write in pro= more positive. Participants unable to see the influence of situational restraints placed upon writers could not refrain from dispositional belief even though participants were randomly assigned. Evaluation: lead to further research, all American sample, and question ecological validity. Suedfeld (2003) Attribution made by holocaust survivors. Questionnaire given to survivor groups and age-matched Jewish participants who had not experienced Nazi prosecution. 91% of survivors made situational attributions and 51% in control group. 34% of survivors made dispositional attribution and 71% in control group, Self-Serving Bias Attribution exhibits self-serving bias when we explain our...
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...role models, leaders, and most importantly, mothers. If they are educated, their children which can break the cycle of poverty and lift a society. In different countries there are many several perspective about education of girls. It is a well-known fact that generally muslim countries except for countries, which don't become westernized, have lots of biases about females' education. In this essay I shall analyze girls' education in Morocco. First of all the statistics show that around 60% of women in Morocco are illiterate and also in some rural areas more than 90% cannot read. These numbers are incredibly terrible. However many educated women in Morocco also they are spiritual leaders, who are called Morchidats, have a mission to teach “true Islam” to girls and women. They believe that Islam based on compassion tolerence and equality. They are trying to seperate its true teaching from bias, misunderstanding and misinterpretation. Simply their aim is that they are striving to build a better society with gender equality, acsess to education easily. By the way they against early marriages that is to say underage marriage, because many women are still forced to marry older man. Morcidats has important role in society; their work takes them into mosques, schools, homes and also orphanages...
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...Judicial independence is concept that judges, in order to make fair decisions should be unaffected by government or any parliamentary pressures. They should be free from any influence from the executive and legislature. Similarly judicial neutrality is the idea that judges must put aside any personal bias in the courtroom and they must conduct themselves in an impartial way inside and outside the court. Judicial neutrality and independence are not only important to make fair and just decisions but they are also crucial to uphold democracy. There are many ways in which judges can be seen to uphold their judicial independence. The very fact that judges are unelected, are not members of political parties thus upholding law not politics and are not trained by the government show that as far as politics is concerned the judges are very much removed. On the other hand although they are not directly involved in politics this does not mean that judges cannot hold political views, in fact most judges tend to hold politically conservative views. Furthermore it is almost impossible for judges to stay out of politics in its broadest sense. Every judgement can be seen as a political statement, this can be seen clearly in the case of Gillick, which showed that it is difficult for them to stay out of politics when they poses the power to make new laws. Politically judges are as far removed as possible, it would be difficult to find any other alternatives without removing judges rights to...
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...The Use of Non-Pharmacological Therapy in Children The Use of Non-Pharmacological Therapy in Children Children’s pain is multidimensional with psychological, physiological and behavioural domains, which presents unique challenges in the assessment and evaluation. These challenges require close consideration of the child’s age, prior pain experiences, developmental, cognitive and communication levels. As nurses are responsible in the assessment of children’s pain, it is appropriate to know all methods, and techniques of alleviating this uncomfortable stimuli, thus presenting the clinical question; in children, how can non-pharmacological (complementary/ alternative) methods be more beneficial in pain management compared to non-pharmacological/conventional medicines? The purpose of this paper is to explore how non-pharmacological methods can be useful in reducing pain. The different variations of non-pharmacological interventions, adverse effects of pharmacological medication, economic factors and knowledge deficits related to nurse education of pain management will be discussed below. Non-Pharmacological Techniques Non-pharmacological techniques, or complementary therapies are considered as any intervention used for pain alleviation that are non-analgesics or other kinds of medications and can be used with or without pharmacological aid. To better understand how many of these types of procedures are effective on a cellular level, we must look at “The Gate Control...
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...Detecting Media Bias Do you believe everything you read? While we may like to believe all articles are fairminded and presented in a manner where all viewpoints are relevant, unbiased and unprejudiced, this may not always be the case (Paul & Elder, 2012). Inaccurate articles may also be the result of the elements of irrationality which may find their foundation in human egocentrism and sociocentrism. In cases of human egocentrism, people view everything in relation to themselves. In regards to human sociocentrism (or group egocentricity) situations are viewed with the perspective of one’s group (Paul & Elder, 2012). Both of these elements are huge roadblocks to reasonable thinking. Examples of the impact of these factors can be found...
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