VRough ER = Proteins leave in transport vesicles. And generate glycoproteins. Smooth ER produces Lipids. It also used in detoxification of drugs and poisons… used to store calcium ions.
The golgi Apparatus is Stacks of flattened membranes or cisternae. Processes, sorts and modifies proteins.
Lysomsomes are membranous sacs that contain digestive enzymes. They have PH around 5.
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Vacuole- Central , food and contractile.
Vocab to Know:
Metabolism- Chemical process that occurs in an organism to maintain life. Anabolism- Creating complex molecules in a living organism to form simpler ones. Catabolism- Breaking down of complex molecules. Energy, Kinetic Energy, Potential Energy.
Metabolism.

Biology and Energy- Chemical Energy in bonds is of most importance. Chemical energy= potiental energy.
Thermodynamics- Study of energy transformations. Systems(Closed- no interaction with surroundings, Open- Constant exchange between what you’re studying and environment) What you’re studying.
First Law of Thermodynamics- Energy cannot be created nor destroyed only transferred or converted.
Second Law of thermodynamics- When energy is converted from one form to another some useable energy is converted to heat. Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy(Disorder and randomness) of the universe.
Entropy- measurement or disorder of the universe. (S) Entropy doesn’t cost as much energy. You don’t have to spend energy to be disordered.
Biology and Entropy:

Enthalpy: Total potential energy of a system. Bound energy that comes from breaking bonds.
Free Energy- Amount of energy available to do work in a biochemical reaction. (G) = free energy. H= total energy.
H = G+T-temp*S-entropy
G= H-TS( Temperature doesn’t really affect living things.)
(Total energy- Temp*Entropy)
Chemical Reactions and free Energy:
Change in G = change in H – T Change in S
Exergonic- Has negative deta G, and energy has been released.(Spontaneous, happens on its own, cell gets energy)
Endergonic- Where bonds are formed, energy is being placed together.(Non- Spontaneous, cell spends energy)

Concentrations of Matter – (Cells don’t want to reach equalibruim in energy) Reactants and products . Reaction will try to reach equilibrium. Cells manipulate concentrations.
ATP- We take ATP, and hydrolysis it to break phosphate bounds. Chemical, transport, mechanical.