...consumption decreases. “Fertilizers are any solid, liquid or gaseous substances containing one or more plant nutrients in known amount, that is applied to the soil, directly on the plant (foliage) or added to aqueous solutions (as in fertigation) to maintain soil fertility, improve crop development, yield and/or crop quality” (International Fertilizer Industry, No Date). From the other hand “pesticides are chemicals used to prevent, destroy, or repel pests” (EPA, 5/9/2012). Fertilizes and pesticides have a big history which starts decade ago as technology improves the methods of using pesticides and fertilizers changes rapidly. The first pesticide according to Toxipedia (Katerina Lah, May 09 2011) was created by the Chinese around 1000BC and it was sulfur, the Chinese were using sulfur back then to control bacteria and fungus. Sulfur is also used nowadays from farmers in fungides to protect the plant from diseases. The next big invention again by the Chinese was arsenic, arsenic was uses as insecticide (Kill insects) and as herbicide (Weed killer). This category of pesticides is called mineral and metals, but the most important pesticides that humans use are the synthetic ones. The most important synthetic pesticides are the DDTs. DDT was firs use in huge amount in WWII to control the lice that spread typhus and the mosquitos that were causing malaria. As a result the use of DDT let to the decrease of bot diseases. After the WWII DDT was mainly used as an insecticide in farming...
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...to urban cities each year. This migration is creating unplanned urbanization and mushrooming of slum that produces a lot of unmanageable solid waste in all major cities of Bangladesh. More over as a typical developing country, Bangladesh is experienced with mushrooming factories, tanneries and industries in the industrial areas and other unconventional areas; are contributing a significant amount of solid waste. Thus we need proper solid waste management with associated facilities and strict implementation of rules and regulations. However, the sustainability of this process depends on awareness and motivation programs, and proper monitoring and management by concerned authority. Practically, the authorities of all metropolitan cities are failed to manage the solid waste of their respective areas, mainly because of shortage of financial support and lack of willingness for overall sustainable solid waste management policies. The paper discusses about the solid waste management concept, existing practice of SWM in Chittagong, practical waste recycling, technology used in ‘Ananda-Bazar garbage treatment plant’ in Chittagong, safety measures for the workers and contribution to the economy. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 1. To know about the Present scenario of Waste generation and waste management in Bangladesh. 2. Solid waste management in Chittagong perspective. 3. Recycling process; especially in ‘Ananda-Bazar garbage treatment plant’ in Chittagong. METHODOLOGY...
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...converts a wide array of substrate materials, having carbon atoms at various oxidation/reduction states, to molecules containing one carbon in its most oxidized (CO2) and the most reduced (CH4) state. Minor quantities of nitrogen, hydrogen, ammonia and hydrogen sulphide (usually less than 1% of the total gas volume) are also generated. Anaerobic conversions are among the oldest biological technologies utilised by mankind, initially for food and beverage production. They have been applied and developed over centuries, although the most dramatic advances have been achieved in the last few decades with the introduction of various form of high‐rate treatment processes, particularly for industrial wastewater. There are many ways to treat municipal solid waste (MSW), industrial wastewater, sewage sludge or waste materials from food production industry including biological operations. High organic loading rates and low sludge production are among the many advantages anaerobic processes exhibit over other biological unit operations. Initially AD was looked upon as only a method of waste elimination but recently has shown the potential as a source of energy also. The main characteristic of anaerobic process is biogas produced which can replace fossil fuel sources and therefore has a direct positive effect on greenhouse gas reduction. Among other advantages, energy recovery from renewables can help to reduce GHG emissions since - unlike...
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...Sponsored by: The Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India, New Delhi. NSWAI ENVIS FROM THE PRESIDENT’S DESK • SEVENTH ISSUE • FEBRUARY, 2007 Decomposition and stabilization of solid organic waste material has been taking place in th The 7 issue of NSWAI-ENVIS newsletter portrays two nature ever since life appeared on this planet. With the progress of civilization and advancements of topics : scientific knowledge, efforts are being directed 1. Carbon Credits in India 2. Bio-bin composting towards rationalizing and controlling the process in This is in continuance with the topics discussed in such a way as to make it more effective and efficient. Bio-bin is one such system of composting which is our earlier newsletters. effective in terms of time and space. This topic is Day by day the cycle of climate on earth is changing. discussed in our second article, “Bio-bin composting” Global warming has led to season shifting, changing I hope that the newsletter will serve the landscapes, rising sea levels, increased risk of drought and floods, stronger storms, increase in heat purpose of understanding the above subjects in a related illness and diseases all over the world. This better and proficient manner. has resulted due to emissions of Green House Gases – Dr. Amiya Kumar Sahu (GHG’s) from various anthropogenic activities. Since the inception of Kyoto Protocol in the year 1997, Carbon Credits in India countries all over the world have become more Our earth...
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...INTRODUCTION Background of the Study In our country’s farm sector, farmers are using chemical products such as fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides to make our agriculture more productive. However, these products are expensive, can endangered or harmful man’s health may bring harmful residues from the chemicals content that may destroy the environment. To give solutions to these problems, researchers are trying to find out some alternative way that are safe to human’s health, cheap and is effective in promoting plant growth without harming the environment. The fertile soil is weed free and rich in organic matter. The recent technologic process to fertile soil that favor high yield is decomposing .This done to assure sufficient nutrients for plant. Likewise organic fertilizer can be produced easily Statement of the Problem The researchers aimed to compare the two different fertilizers namely Dried leaves and Bio waste materials as organic fertilizers for growing tomato plant. The researchers sought answers to the following specific questions: 1. How to produce Organic fertilizers? 2. Which treatment is/are the most effective organic fertilizers for growing tomato plant in terms of: a. Mean Height of plant b. Mean Size of leaves c. Mean Weight of Fruits d. Color of the Leaves 3. Is there any significant difference among the treatments in terms of: ...
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...Electricity Generation by Hybrid Biomass Power Plant From Waste For Bangladesh Md. Rakibul Islam Monshy Department of Electric Engineering & Computer Science North South University, Dhaka Abstract- Hybrid renewable Biomass Power is becoming popular for remote area power generation applications due to advances in renewable energy technologies and subsequent rise in prices of petroleum products. A hybrid energy system usually consists of two or more renewable energy sources used together to provide increased system efficiency as well as greater balance in energy supply. Hybrid renewable energy systems is one of the most promising applications of renewable energy technologies in remote areas, where the cost of grid extension is prohibitive and the price of fossil fuels increase drastically with the remoteness of the location. It has been demonstrated that hybrid energy systems can significantly reduce the total life-cycle cost of stand-alone power supplies in many situations, while at the same time providing a more reliable supply of electricity through the combination of energy sources. Applications of hybrid systems range from small power supplies for remote households providing electricity for lighting or water pumping and water supply to village electrification for remote communities. Mixed combinations of renewable energy systems are also possible, that is applications where different renewable energy technologies are applied in one location without the systems being...
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...energy Production. Then in the next section, the technological challenges of the Anaerobic Digestion are considered. The example of the usage of Anaerobic Digestion technology is discussed and the benefits of this technology. Also the demerits of this technology for the production of biogas are examined. Finally the current improvement in anaerobic digestion technologies in US is analyzed. Introduction The Anaerobic Digestion is defined as the biodegradation of organic material that takes place in the absence of oxygen and in the presence of anaerobic microorganisms. The whole process proceeds in the series of metabolic reactions with the help of microorganisms. The organic material which is decomposed is generally the Municipal Solid Waste (MSW). This is the waste produced by the society excluding agriculture and industrial wastes. So, the waste that comes under MSW is commercial waste like from shops, markets, stores, hotels or residential waste from houses or institutional waste from hospitals, schools. The process of anaerobic Digestion completes in four stages namely Hydrolysis, Acidogenesis, Acetogeneis and Methanogenesis. In the first stage enzymes are secreted by microorganism and produced amino acids and glucose. Then these amino acids are converted into acetic acid by acetogenic bacteria. Finally a group of methanogenic bacteria convert CO2 , H2 and acetate to methane. The process is carried out in digester at temperature 300C...
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...Sustainable Cities – A Focus on Gurgaon By Annet Serena Eric, Jyothish Jacob, Rahul Buddala, Rejith Ravindran, Robin Rajan Great Lakes Institute of Management, Gurgaon TABLE OF CONTENTS A BRIEF HISTORY OF GURGAON ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND HVAC WATER – FOR SUSTAINABLE FUTURE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ENERGY EFFICIENT TRANSPORT REFERENCES 2 3 12 18 24 27 1 GURGAON – A BRIEF HISTORY The name of this town emerged on the world map in 1972, when world fame Maruti Industry was set up in Gurgaon with the collaboration of Suzuki Company of Japan. Now with the coming up of multinational companies like Hero Honda Motor, Honda Motors Limited, Denso etc. in automobile sector and Microsoft, I.B.M. Nokia, Canon, DuPont, Sapient, British Airways, American Express, ABN Amro Bank, Alcatel, Nestle, Convergys, Hewitt, Vertex, Fidlity Investment, E.Vallue, Keine World India, Becton Dickinson India Private Limited in software development sector. With the result, the biggest cyber city of India spreading in an area of about 90 acres in addition to numerous cyber parks are being developed in Gurgaon itself within a radius of 15 kilometres from the International airport in private sector to accommodate the needs of software development units of multinational companies. The availability of high level infrastructure of Airways, Railways, Highways, world famed medical and educational institutions in its close proximity at National Capital of Delhi have become the main factors of attraction...
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...almost everywhere in the country some are mere waste such as agricultural and domestic waste. The focus of this paper is on the use of bioenergy to alleviate the poverty rate in Nigeria especially in the rural areas where there is large amount of Lands and biomass material. Developing the bioenergy strength of the country also creates wealth and employment opportunity in the country; generate electricity and the production of domestic cooking gas across the rural and urban settlements in the country. 1. INTRODUCTION Energy is the mainstay of Nigeria’s economic growth and development. It plays a significant role in the nation’s international diplomacy and it serves as a tradable commodity for earning the national income, which is used to...
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...Pre-Feasibility Study (SUPPLY OF LIQUID HUMIC ACID PRODUCT) Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Head Office Constitution Avenue Sector G 5/2 Islamabad. Ph: 051-9225393 Fuel Research Centre-PCSIR, Off University Road, Karachi-75280 Tel: 021-34641937; 021-34641738 Fax: 021-34641754 E-mail: info@pcsir-frc.gov.pk; frc_pcsir@hotmail.com www.pcsir-frc.gov.pk Note: All services / information related to PMs Youth Business Loan are Free of Cost April, 2014 1. DISCLAIMER This information memorandum is to introduce the subject matter and to provide a general idea and information on the subject. Although, the material included in this document is based on data / information gathered from various reliable sources; however, it is based upon certain assumptions which may differ from case to case. The information has been provided on ‘as is where is’ basis without any warranties or assertions as to the correctness or soundness thereof. Although, due care and diligence has been taken to compile this document, the contained information may vary due to any change in any of the concerned factors, and the actual results may differ substantially from the presented information. Fuel Research Centre PCSIR, its employees or agents do not assume any liability for any financial or other loss resulting from this memorandum in consequence of undertaking this activity. The contained information does not preclude any further professional advice. The prospective ...
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...ANALYSIS OF FERTILIZER INDUTRY OF PAKISTAN PHOENIX PAF KARACHI INSITITUTE OF ECNOMICS AND TECHNOLOGY, KARACHI PAKISTAN Submitted by: MARYAM NISAR (BB-3-06-3416) SIDRA JAMAL (BB-3-06-3428) Course: ANALYSIS OF PAKISTANI INDUSTRY Submitted to: Mr. QAZI SALMAN 2 PHOENIX Page Table of Contents PRODUCTS: ........................................................................................................................................6 Brands: ..............................................................................................................................................7 SIZE OF INDUSTRY...............................................................................................................................8 GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION..................................................................................................................9 FACTORIES LOCATION ...............................................................................................................9 WAREHOUSES ..........................................................................................................................9 TOTAL PRODUCTION.........................................................................................................................10 TOTAL EMPLOYMENT .......................................................................................................................10 TOTAL EXPORT .....................................................
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...Website: www.bangladesh-bank.org www.bangladeshbank.org.bd www.bb.org.bd Banking Regulation & Policy Department Bangladesh Bank Head Office Dhaka February 27, 2011 BRPD Circular No.02 Date: ---------------------- Falgun 15, 1417 Chief Executives All Scheduled Banks in Bangladesh Policy Guidelines for Green Banking Introduction: We are aware that global warming is an issue that calls for a global response. The rapid change in climate will be too great to allow many eco-systems to suitably adapt, since the change have direct impact on biodiversity, agriculture, forestry, dry land, water resources and human health. Due to unusual weather pattern, rising greenhouse gas, declining air quality etc. society demands that business also take responsibility in safeguarding the planet. Green finance as a part of Green Banking makes great contribution to the transition to resource-efficient and low carbon industries i.e. green industry and green economy in general. Green banking is a component of the global initiative by a group of stakeholders to save environment. The state of environment in Bangladesh is rapidly deteriorating. The key areas of environmental degradation cover air pollution, water pollution and scarcity, encroachment of rivers, improper disposal of industrial medical and house-hold waste, deforestation, loss of open space and loss of biodiversity. In addition, Bangladesh is one of the most climate change vulnerable countries. In line with global...
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...Website: www.bangladesh-bank.org www.bangladeshbank.org.bd www.bb.org.bd Banking Regulation & Policy Department Bangladesh Bank Head Office Dhaka BRPD Circular No.02 Date: February 27, 2011 ---------------------Falgun 15, 1417 Chief Executives All Scheduled Banks in Bangladesh Policy Guidelines for Green Banking Introduction: We are aware that global warming is an issue that calls for a global response. The rapid change in climate will be too great to allow many eco-systems to suitably adapt, since the change have direct impact on biodiversity, agriculture, forestry, dry land, water resources and human health. Due to unusual weather pattern, rising greenhouse gas, declining air quality etc. society demands that business also take responsibility in safeguarding the planet. Green finance as a part of Green Banking makes great contribution to the transition to resource-efficient and low carbon industries i.e. green industry and green economy in general. Green banking is a component of the global initiative by a group of stakeholders to save environment. The state of environment in Bangladesh is rapidly deteriorating. The key areas of environmental degradation cover air pollution, water pollution and scarcity, encroachment of rivers, improper disposal of industrial medical and house-hold waste, deforestation, loss of open space and loss of biodiversity. In addition, Bangladesh is one of the most climate change vulnerable countries. In line with ...
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...The overall purpose of Environmental Risk Management is to understand and manage risk that arises from environmental concerns. This brings a focus on planning and implementing policies and procedures to mitigate environmental risks. The specific purposes are to: Ø Examine the environmental issues and concerns associated with potential business activities proposed for financing Ø Identify, evaluate and manage the environmental risk and the associated financial implications arising from these issues and concerns Ø Enhance the credit/investment risk appraisal process Approach The following approaches have been used to enhance environmental risk management: Ø Banks should be able to ascertain risks arising out of environmental issues Ø The practice should be directed towards addressing the focused environmental problem that is causing the risks. It should not be used as a tool to solve problems in general Ø The practice needs to be value adding to the customer and should not be policing in nature. Bank will work with the potential customers in a collaborative manner. Together, they should plan the business activity that will adequately address the environmental risk. Ø Bank will use Environmental Risk Management to strengthen the relationship with the customer and not to create unease. Ø Environmental Risk Management will focus on managing risks and not on avoiding risks. This...
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...1. Brief history of the plant(s) including design capacity and future expansion 1.1 Introduction This report will cover the history, operations and future potential for the St Marys Sewage Treatment Plant and St Mary’s Water Recycling Plant, which located in an industrial area in St Mary’s, a western suburb of Sydney. A group of subject 48350 Environmental and Sanitation Engineering students visited both plants, and observed the operations and maintenance of these wastewater treatment systems. 1.2 St Marys Sewage Treatment Plant In 1939, the Sewage Treatment Plant was first commissioned at St Mary where it serviced a government facility nearby using a trickling filter system – obviously a small scale operation. The Plant was upgraded to a modern primary treatment system in 1964, with subsequent upgrades in 1974 and 1998 to its current tertiary treatment state. The current plant serves an 84 square kilometre region with 138650 people, treating 35 million litres of water per day (St Marys Sewage Treatment Plant, 2010). 1.3 St Marys Water Recycling Plant The Water Recycling Plant is located adjacent to the Sewage Treatment Plant, and was constructed over the period of May 2008 to early 2010, and was operational from September 2010. Its purpose is to further treat effluent which has already undergone conventional primary, secondary and tertiary treatment in centres like the St Marys Sewage Treatment Plant to even higher levels of purity for discharge into the Hawkesbury-Nepean...
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