...of biofuels in Brazil began with pioneering tests carried out between 1905 and 1925 with ethanol. In 1931, the Brazilian Government passed a decree which obliged the mixing of 5% of alcohol in gasoline imported in to the country; seven years later, Decree-Law No. 737 extended the obligation of mixing 5% of alcohol also to gasoline produced within Brazil. In the 60s, the discovery of vast oil reserves in the Middle East lessened the world’s interest in biofuels. However, with the first world oil crisis in 1973, the search for new energy sources restarted. In 1975, Brazil launched the National Alcohol Program (known as Proálcool) – the largest program for the commercial use of biomass for energy purposes in the world. Two years later, Professor Expedito Parente, of the Ceará Federal University, discovered biodiesel made from cotton oil and, in 1980, he registered the first world wide biodiesel patent, now in the public domain. Throughout the world, with the passing of the years and the intermittent energy crises, associated to a greater demand for fossil fuels, new and strong stimuli emerged for the development of production technologies both for ethanol and biodiesel. These two products are starting to have a leading role in the world’s energy matrix and in the international fuel market. Thanks to its climate, geography, vast areas available for cultivating grain and sugar cane and, also, the high technology developed by Petrobras, in the past few years Brazil has become, in world...
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...FEDEX TOWARDS PALM OIL INDUSTRY Core competency identified to be implemented in palm oil industry is Fedex supply chain management and its tracking device CORE COMPETENCY its infrastructure which is hard to imitate- a world wide network of planes trucks ships and hubs need a huge amount of capital. its dedication to innovation and embracing new technologies. – eg, them being the first logistic company to embrace the www as a tool to reach out to customers {attitude}. Like their wireless solution for faster shipping time, allowing customers to track their packages while travelling etc. Plus supply chain management and tracking capabilities. TARGET: GREEN INDUSTRY Solar+ biodiesel = substitutes for fossil burning Why green energy industry? In this presentation we will be focusing on 2 alternatives. Solar and bio-diesel. In support to the relevance of green energy, according to Eye For Transport, surveying 250 north American supply chain executives. The green transportation &logistics report revealed financial(ROI) and public relations are the driving force. 75% of a company‟s carbon print come from logistic and transportation. 6% respondents designate green issues as unimportant While 69% agree that green issues are important to their transport and logistics processes 9% find it as their No.1 priority. Total of 78% find relevance towards green transportation and logistics. Now. It is found greening their T&L process is fundamentally...
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...Biofuels are becoming an increasingly important alternative to traditional forms of energy Even though production of biofuels, such as ethanol and biodiesel, is rapidly increasing, their contribution to total fuel consumption will remain limited. Biofuels are sources of energy produced directly or indirectly from organic material including animal waste and plant material. In order to be considered a biofuel, at least 80% of the fuel must be made from renewable materials. There are 3 main types of biofuels: ethanol, biodiesel and biojet fuel. Biofuels are considered to be renewable since they can be replaced as quickly as they are used however biofuels biofuel production requires the use of fossil fuels in the form of fertilizers, agrochemicals,...
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...they are not eco-friendly-when completely relied upon. So what are Biofuels? A biofuel is a fuel that contains energy from geologically recent carbon fixation. These fuels are produced from living organisms. Examples of this carbon fixation occur in plants and microalgae. These fuels are made by a biomass conversion (biomass refers to recently living organisms, most often referring to plants or plant-derived materials). This biomass can be converted to convenient energy containing substances in three different ways: thermal, chemical and biochemical conversion. Biofuels have increased in popularity because of rising oil prices and the need for energy security. This biofuels are 1St and 2nd generation. 1st generation conatins ethanol, biodiesel, vegetable oil mostly. The second generation biofuels are mostly made from the lignocellulosic biomass or woody crops, agricultural residues or waste. Taking a brisk turn towards my argument, There are various social, economic, environmental and technical issues with biofuel production and use. These include: the population explosion, the "food vs fuel" debate, poverty reduction potential, carbon emissions levels, sustainable biofuel production, deforestation and soil erosion, loss of biodiversity, impact on water resources, the possible modifications necessary to run the engine on biofuel, as well...
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...Granular Bunge is a corporation involved with the world’s commodities market; which is comprised of many different elements including sugar, wheat, soybeans and grains. Although diverse, commodities in this day and age lead to feeding the public and uniquely becoming a source of energy. Commodities may be manufactured to create Ethanol and Biofuels hence this practice has never been done; yet this opportunity if done efficiently and effectively. At inception founded in 1818 within Amsterdam to merchandize grains and imports from Dutch colonies Bunge was the primary importer and distributor. Bunge on a global marketplace platform was and is a proprietor in a world growing at a 21% global growth. In acquiring certain entities for example, Cereol and Chai Tai and to meet global consumer demands, “Meat demand increases steeply when per capita GDP of a nation is under $5,000. Therefore, the growth of GDP in developing nations substantially increases feed requirements”; Bunge is positioning with growth as a leading force to be reckoned with. The current world economy is currently going thru a transformation whereby raw commodities are being transformed and utilized as biofuels to combat the changing world landscape with the growing middle class in China and India. Biofuels are a wide range of fuels which are in some way derived from biomass. The term covers solid biomass, liquid fuels and various biogases. Biofuels are gaining increased public and scientific attention, driven...
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...WORLD ENERGY OVERVIEW Most countries have set high goals for the utilization of renewable energy by the middle of the century, but present day usage of alternative sources of energy is dominated by the developed nations such as the United States, Germany, Spain and Denmark, with Brazil and China leading the leading nations. * Cause of using Possible Alternative Energy all over the World: * It does not seem quite sensible to keep on utilizing the same dirty sources of energy every time, and also keep worrying about them running out. If we think over this, we will come as funny. If we could tame the energy of the water, wind and the sun, we would be living in a world that had an inexhaustible and infinite source of energy. In addition to all these, the energy obtained would also be clean. Also, there would be no potential risks for the environment, and we could live in a world that would be completely free from any detrimental impact on the environment. It is our call to keep the pollution under check, since it is us who ever started the pollution in the first place. The technology that we created earlier was intended to make the energy sources we have now work for us. It is therefore now our responsibility to take proper care of the ecosystem. * The technology that is essential for the utilization of the alternative sources of energy has become quite affordable in these times. This is because more and more number of people is now using it. And for those who...
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...global primary energy consumption (Energy Future Coalition, 2007). Advantages of biofuels Safety Biofuels are safe to handle and transport because they are biodegradable, much less toxic than even table salt (ten times), and have high flashpoints of about 300oF compared to gasoline and petroleum diesel fuel (diesel has a flash point of 125 F, for comparison) (Biodiesel Chemical Safety Data – Oxford University). Because of its safety, the number of incidence of severe vehicle fires can be reduced, and its safety making it to be one of the safest of all alternative fuels. Also, biofuels produce fewer by-products than conventional hydrocarbon based fuels after combustion or burning. The conventional hydrocarbon-based fuels will produced a greater output of some noxious by-product, for example, carbon monoxide. That means, biofuels could lead to less localized smog in urban centers (Charles et al). Energy security and saving money An opportunity of developing countries to enhance national energy security has been provided by biofuels, by reducing expenditures and dependence on fluctuated price of oil. For example, Brazil, she started the biofuels programme when the oil prices increase in 1970. The initial biofuels programme took about 4 billion US dollars, and nowadays 100 billion US dollars...
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...Renewable Energy Page 1 Renewable Energy Nathan Wenzel University of Phoenix Renewable Energy Page 2 “According to a new UN report, the global warming outlook is much worse than originally predicted, which is pretty bad, when they originally predicted it would destroy the planet.” (Jay Leno). Humans are creating a lot of damage to the planet’s environment, and if we don't do anything to prevent the carnage soon, the results could be disastrous. Most people have knowledge about global warming and believe it may be a sincere dilemma in the future. What most people don't know is that global warming is currently happening, and we are already experiencing some of what it is capable of doing. Knowing of the harmful effects of global warming, alternative energy sources need to be pursued. Finding and using alternative energy sources may be the only way to stop the increase of global warming. Global Warming is something that is greatly influenced by the energy crisis. Most of global energy production is produced from fossil fuel such as coal, oil and natural gas. The vast majority of fossil fuels generate energy which is used for many purposes for residential, transportation and industrial...
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...production (to power machinery, to transport crops, etc) does have a large impact on the overall savings achieved by biofuels. Biofuels prove to be substantially more environmentally friendly than their alternatives. Biofuels can be made from many sources such as plant material, fungi and algae and since these source are available in abundance and can potentially reproduced on a massive scale they are an energy source that is potentially unlimited, this will end our need to depend on other foreign countries for our energy needs and can potentially help to bring world peace. Biofuel operations help rural development. One type of biofuel is biodiesel, it can be used in any diesel vehicle and is biodegradable and non-toxic. Plus Biodiesel has a high flash point, making it safer and less likely to burn after an accident. ( from Bignerds.com) Biodiesel can also be produced from...
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...RESEARCH AND INNOVATION POLICY OF BRAZIL 1. Some Numbers: • Total area - 8.5 million km² • Population - 191 million • GDP (2010) - 3,7 US$ trillion • Investment in R&D - 1.25 % GDP in 2010 • Scientists and researchers - 231,000 in 2010 (headcount) • Scientific papers - 2.7 % of world scientific production • world's sixth largest by nominal GDP • eighth largest by purchasing power parity. • moderately free markets and an inward-oriented economy. • the largest in Latin American nations ere. • one of the fastest-growing major economies in the world with an average annual GDP growth rate of over 5 percent • together with Mexico, has been at the forefront of the Latin American multinationals phenomenon by which, thanks to superior technology and organization, local companies have successfully turned global. 2. Overview Brazil has many times in its history praised to be the land of the future. First, Brazil with population of 190 million, the past eight years “Bolsa Familia” social program have lifted over 40 million Brazilians out of poverty and into middle class. This creates interesting platform for creating context related innovations and scaling bottom-of-the-pyramid innovations (disruptive and reverse) globally. Second, Brazil was almost non-effected by financial crisis 2008, a signal for strong and stable macro-economic policies. This means that Brazil, first time in its history, is becoming an interesting country for long term investment...
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...Possible Effects of Implementing Jatropha Biodiesel as Alternative for Petroleum Diesel in the Philippines Introduction The Oil Problem: High increases of prices of different commodities and services can now be observed in the Philippines. These increases are due to different factors such as catastrophes and global economic crisis. The government’s job is to find a way to address these problems. The most constant of these two is global economic crisis which is affected by crude oil price increases. Crude oil price affect different things that are important to the lives of Filipinos. It affects the price of food, utilities, price and many more that rely on the energy and transportation that crude oil can provide. Crude oil basically comes from fossil fuel. Fossil fuels are formed through the decomposition without oxygen of dead organisms. Fossil fuels take millions of years to form but are being used fast. Most experts say that it will only take about 50 years for the fossil fuels to be depleted. As it becomes closer to depletion, its price will surely increase as the basic rule of economics states. The only way to cope with low supply but high demand is to increase its price. The Solution: There are many possible alternatives for fossil fuels as source of energy but the use of biofuels is the most favourable since it is cheaper, renewable and degradable or has use compared to other alternatives. Biofuels are fuels which energy is derived from biological objects...
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...Production of biofuels from raw materials requires energy (for farming, transport and conversion to final product, and the production / application of fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides, and fungicides), and has environmental consequences.[28] The energy balance of a biofuel (sometimes called "Net energy gain" and EROEI) is determined by the amount of energy put into the manufacture of fuel compared to the amount of energy released when it is burned in a vehicle. This varies by feedstock and according to the assumptions used. Biodiesel made from sunflowers may produce only 0.46 times the input rate of fuel energy.[29] Biodiesel made from soybeans may produce 3.2 times the input rate of fossil fuels.[30] This compares to 0.805 for gasoline and 0.843 for diesel made from petroleum.[31] Biofuels may require higher energy input per unit of BTU energy content produced than fossil fuels: petroleum can be pumped out of the ground and processed more efficiently than biofuels can be grown and processed. However, this is not necessarily a reason to use oil instead of biofuels, nor does it have an impact on the environmental benefits provided by a given biofuel. Studies have been done that calculate energy balances for biofuel production. Some of these show large differences depending on the biomass feedstock used and location.[32] To explain one specific example, a June 17, 2006 editorial in the Wall. St. Journal stated, "The most widely cited research on this subject comes from Cornell's...
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...Learning from the Indian experience and the BioFuels industry in India Rajan K. Paradkar Sr. General Manager Armaco Consultant Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, India NOT AN OFFICIAL UNCTAD DOCUMENT Financing BioFuels and Jatropha Plantation Projects Accra, Ghana-November 13, 2006 EXPRESSES THANKS TO YOU, HONOURABLE CHAIRPERSON, FOR THE KIND INVITATION EXTENDED TO DELIVER THIS PRESENTATION AND WELCOMES THE PARTICIPANTS TO THIS WORKSHOP Financing BioFuels and Jatropha Plantation Projects Accra, Ghana-November 13, 2006 Financing BioFuels and Jatropha Plantation Projects Accra, Ghana-November 13, 2006 Financing BioFuels and Jatropha Plantation Projects Accra, Ghana-November 13, 2006 •CDM is a mechanism to monetize environmental value of proenvironmental projects established in response to global climate change. •CDM enables developed countries with high CO2 reduction costs, to meet the shortfall of allowed emissions at a lower cost than achieving the reduction domestically. •To Developing countries, the CDM presents an opportunity to attract investment from developed countries to environmentally sound projects assisting in sustainable development. •Optimum size of the project for CDM financing to be analyzed. This is in terms of CER’s per year (I.e. Certified Emission Reductions OR Tons of CO2 per year). Financing BioFuels and Jatropha Plantation Projects Accra, Ghana-November 13, 2006 Financing BioFuels and Jatropha Plantation Projects Accra, Ghana-November 13...
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...Competing with the global giants England had always been considered to be one of the most civilised nations in the world, gathering from the country's vast historical stories and researches, England has gone through many civilisation phases as the country slowly emerges into globalisation. It is these journeys which defines England as how it is today. We have learnt of many driven influences and factors which has led this mighty nation into a civilised success, and this paper will explore all of the possible driving factors behind this great nation, and the reason for its undefeated economical standing and the highly regarded and prestigious education standards it possesses. Not only is England one of the most famous countries in the world, it is also one of the most famous from the West and United States of America. The strategy they decide to choose to keep them in this same power will ultimately steer the country's predictions for the future of globalisation. In previous times, humans walked and swam as a way of traveling, it was very difficult to communicate long distances; for example, if we walked 100 miles without stopping, it would take 1 day to get to the destination. For this reason, most countries' development was very slow and each country had a different level of technology because they could not share knowledge or ideas with each other. However, this situation began to change after Europeans improved naval techniques which allowed Europeans to travel to other continents...
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...Jalen Foster Mr. Mundth ENG 107 16 December 2011 Biofuels on Mother Earth: Where Are They? The fossil fuels provided by our Earth are extremely limited due overuse by humans. Scientists thought the problem was solved with a new man-made fuel that could replace fossil fuels; they called them bio-fuels. With bio-fuels people can power cars, power factories, power houses, and power many other structures around the world. But lately these biofuels are becoming harder to come by, and they cost more than anticipated. Scientists have done several studies on why this is happening, but the answer in very clear. Although we have millions of resources on Earth we have managed to decrease those resources by more than half, and it is not all because of global warming. It is really because we have over used them as a people. Firstly, global warming should not have the full blame for the depletion of bio-fuels. Global warming is the worlds’ temperature increase, which has been found to be predominantly caused by humans as well. The “Green House Gases” aka carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide are created from our cars, industrial buildings, houses, etc. In a movie called An Inconvenient Truth the issue was that people are emitting so much carbon dioxide that for the first time, carbon dioxide levels has risen over 300 parts per million. This comes from billions of cars running cars being driven across the world and the millions of major factories being ran across the world the...
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