...Practical Biodiesel Abstract During the biodiesel practical in the labaratorium we used the following materials: an erlenmeyer, a spatula, a funnel, a heater, a graduated cylinder, a reflux condenser, a beaker, a lab lift, a round bottem flask and a stirring bullet. All these materials were placed in a fume hood. The most appropiate testresult that we could get from this experiment, is a biodiesel with a flashpoint above 130 °C and a cloud point as low as possible. We would recommend the production of biodiesel in this form, because it is a very easy, convenient and eco friendly way to produce fuel. Introduction The main goal of this practical was to find out how hard it is to make biodiesel out of soja oil and if the biodiesel we produced is convenient for usage. The production site was a fume hood in a labatory at the university. Methods We took a couple of research steps to produce the biodiesel. At first we made the pre-practical exercises to get familiar with te process of making biodiesel. The second thing we did was reading the laboratory manual in which we learned how to cope with the instruments in the laboratory. After this we got the read the instructions on the paper we got so we knew what to do. The first thing that stood on this paper was to get an oil, we got 200 ml of sojaoil...
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...Biodiesel is a form of diesel fuel manufactured from vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled restaurant greases. It is safe, biodegradable, and produces less air pollutants than petroleum-based diesel. Biodiesel can be used in its pure form (B100) or blended with petroleum diesel. Common blends include B2 (2% biodiesel), B5, and B20. Most vehicle manufacturers approve blends up to B5, and some approve blends up to B20. Check with your owner’s manual or vehicle manufacturer to determine the right blend for your vehicle, since using the wrong blend could damage your engine and/or void the manufacturer's warranty. Biodiesel Compared to Petroleum Diesel | Advantages | Disadvantages | * Domestically produced from non-petroluem, renewable resources * Can be used in most diesel engines, especially newer ones * Less air pollutants (other than nitrogen oxides) * Less greenhouse gas emissions (e.g., B20 reduces CO2 by 15%) * Biodegradable * Non-toxic * Safer to handle | * Use of blends above B5 not yet approved by many auto makers * Lower fuel economy and power (10% lower for B100, 2% for B20) * Currently more expensive * B100 generally not suitable for use in low temperatures * Concerns about B100's impact on engine durability * Slight increase in nitrogen oxide emissions possible in some circumstances | BLENDS Blends of biodiesel and conventional hydrocarbon-based diesel are products most commonly distributed for use in the retail diesel fuel marketplace...
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...The use of biodiesel is being promoted by EU countries to partly replace petroleum diesel fuel consumption in order to reduce greenhouse effect and dependency on foreign oil. Meeting the targets established by the European Parliament for 2010 and 2020 would lead to a biofuel market share of 5.75% and 10%, respectively. However, many voices have claimed that the associated agricultural development would bring considerable rise of food and water prices, unless biodiesel is made from waste materials or second-generation biofuels are developed. Waste cooking oil is one of the most promising feedstock in the Mediterranean countries, and in fact, many of the biodiesel production plants are currently using it. In a wide majority of cases these plants use methanol for their transesterification processes, which makes biodiesel (mainly composed by methyl esters) only 90% renewable. By the contrary, the use of bioethanol in the production process would provide a fully renewable fuel (ethyl esters), which would further contribute to reduce life-cycle greenhouse emissions from vehicles. Different studies have shown that biodiesel from waste cooking oil can be used in different types of diesel engines with no loss of efficiency [1–5] and significant reductions in particulate matter – PM– emissions [5–9], carbon monoxide –CO– emissions [3,6–9] and total hydrocarbon –THC– emissions [8–10] with respect to those obtained with conventional petroleum diesel fuel. Many of them...
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...production (to power machinery, to transport crops, etc) does have a large impact on the overall savings achieved by biofuels. Biofuels prove to be substantially more environmentally friendly than their alternatives. Biofuels can be made from many sources such as plant material, fungi and algae and since these source are available in abundance and can potentially reproduced on a massive scale they are an energy source that is potentially unlimited, this will end our need to depend on other foreign countries for our energy needs and can potentially help to bring world peace. Biofuel operations help rural development. One type of biofuel is biodiesel, it can be used in any diesel vehicle and is biodegradable and non-toxic. Plus Biodiesel has a high flash point, making it safer and less likely to burn after an accident. ( from Bignerds.com) Biodiesel can also be produced from...
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...Engineering Entrepreneurship Ron Lasser, Ph.D. EN 0062 Class #4 9-29-06 1 Biodiesel Incorporated The Case: It is about one group’s efforts to identify a business opportunity Look at the Entrepreneurial Attractiveness index (textbook, bottom of page 35). Use this analytical tool to help you answer questions at the end of the case N EA = ∫ ( w1Y + w2 I − w3W − w4 R )dt 0 Try to understand the process required to evaluate an opportunity How to do homework: Read the case as a bedtime story and then read the questions at the end of the case; don’t answer the questions at this time Think about the case for 24 hours, then review chapter 2 Think about chapter and the case for another 24 hours to let your ideas form in your mind from the case, Chapter 2, and the topics discuss in class Finally, prepare your PowerPoint slide using critical thinking to answer the questions and summarize your thoughts into concise statements Keep it simple, but show me your understanding and learning 2 Summary 1 Background Hannah Long – Agricultural Economics Matthew Hammond – Mechanical Engineering Josh Maxwell – Grad School of Management Josh, Hannah, and Matthew meet in Business and Sustainability class Biodiesel is a class project 3 Summary 2 The Challenge Energy dependence is a world wide problem Usage is not sustainable, for it is not renewable Current energy industry is committed to current business model due to large assets...
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...Biodiesel Incorporated Teaching Notes The Biodiesel Incorporated case describes the process of one group’s efforts to effectively identify a business opportunity. Individual analysis and group discussion of this case are well-suited for illustrating and applying the terms and issues covered in Chapter 2 “Opportunity and the Business Summary.” Naturally, the case also allows for the discussion of additional concepts and topics, including material covered in Chapters 4, 8, 10, 17, and 18. Discussion Questions 1) What are the key factors in determining if this is a viable business opportunity for Josh, Hannah, and Matthew? 2) What market drivers should they research and be aware of? 3) What are the flaws in the current business strategy? 4) What type of financing should they use if they choose to go forward with this? 5) What types of distribution channels should they go into? 6) How can they improve their chances for success? 7) What is the next step? Answer Guide 1) What are the key factors in determining if this is a viable business opportunity for Josh, Hannah, and Matthew? Josh, Hanna, and Matthew have to determine if this is a viable opportunity for them. In particular, they need to decide if the expected income and level of independence (and other rewards of starting a new venture will outweigh the risk undertaken and significant amount of effort required. The case consists of little information regarding the leadership qualities of the three students...
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...PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL FROM VEGETABLE OIL USING LYE CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Ishu Bala Thakur bearing Registration no. 10804787 has completed her capstone project titled, “Production of Biodiesel from Vegetable Oil using Lye ” under my guidance and supervision. To the best of my knowledge, the present work is the result of her original investigation and study. No part of the dissertation has ever been submitted for any other degree at any University. The dissertation is fit for submission and the partial fulfillment of the conditions for the award of ......................... Signature and Name of the Research Supervisor: Miss Sugandha Bhatia Designation: School: Lovely Professional University Phagwara, Punjab. Date : DECLARATION I, Ishu Bala Thakur , student of B.Tech (Hons.) Biotech under Department of Lovely Faculty Of Technology and Sciences of Lovely Professional University, Punjab, hereby declare that all the information furnished in this capstone project report is based on my own intensive research and is genuine. This report does not, to the best of my knowledge, contain part of my work which has been submitted for the award of my degree either of this university or any other university without proper citation. Date : ...
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...Biodiesel History What is Biodiesel? Biodiesel is a fuel that is not from petroleum. It is other alternative fuel similar to ‘fossil’ diesel. It can be produced straight from renewable sources like vegetable oil, animal oil/fats or waste cooking oil. Biodiesel is a clean burning, non-toxic, biodegradable and environmentally friendly fuel that can be used in any diesel engine. The biggest possible source of suitable oil comes from oil crops such as palm or soybean. The vegetable oil and fats need to be converted into a fuel that can be blended in any proportion to conventional petroleum based diesel by a process called transesterfication. With this process, anyone can use the fuel without having to make any modifications on engine. Transesterfication was first conducted as early as 1853 by scientists, E.Duffy and J.Patrick many years ago before diesel engine became practical. People normally think that biodiesel fuel is only to be used for cars. It is true that biodiesel fuel is an environmentally friendly substitute for petroleum but however, biodiesel can be used in many other products. Biodiesel can also be used as a fuel for stove, for cooking. If you own a biodiesel generator, you can generate electricity to supply power to your house. It is very environmentally friendly and economical. Biodiesel Technology by FRIM Biodiesel technology falls under one of 5 research units in Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), which is Bioenergy of Forest Product Divisions...
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...! BIODIESEL INCORPORATED (Case Study p565-569) Joshua Maxwell shut down his laptop and looked out the window. From the second floor of the Graduate School of Management’s new building, he could see a number of cars driving on the nearby freeway and sitting in the adjacent parking lot. Josh was in his last term of the full-time MBA program at UC Davis. He would soon be graduating and entering a new chapter of his life. While he had the luxury of having several management-level job offers from which to choose, he was unsure whether he wanted to follow such a traditional route. There was one opportunity in particular that had recently come across his path which gave him pause. Background The previous term, Josh had been enrolled in Professor Dorf’s class on Business and Sustainability. While the class was offered at the GSM, it was open to the entire university. In this class, he met Hannah Long, who was in her final year of her undergraduate studies in Agricultural Economics, and Matthew Hammond, who was a senior in the Mechanical Engineering department. The three began working on a class project, which would ultimately turn into a formidable business opportunity. The impetus for their collaboration began with a lecture-discussion regarding the challenges and opportunities in the emerging renewable energy industry. The Challenge Dependence on energy is a worldwide reality. Energy powers the machines and equipment around us in order to make life more convenient and efficient...
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...Alternative fuel sources should take the place of fossil fuels because it will create a less contaminated environment such as using biofuel instead of conventional diesel. Creating and using Biofuel is better for the environment. Biofuel is becoming more readily available to consumers. Using Biodiesel in the transportation industry will reduce carbon emissions. What is “Biofuel” (Speight, 2008, p. 221), and how can we use it to decrease the effects of pollutants our air from transportation? “Biofuel” is created from “Biomass”, “Biomass is a renewable energy resource” (Speight, 2008, p. 221), that we should utilize. For example, “Biomass” can be obtained from crops, wood, and municipal and industrial waste (Speight, 2008, p. 222) because the carbon in “biofuels” has been already used by the plants, when it is rereleased into our atmosphere, it does not add more carbon into our environment (Speight, 2008, p. 241). “Biodiesel can be made from a variety of sources. Typically, alcohol is mixed with fats, oils, or greases from vegetable or animal sources. It is a bit like running your car on a can of supercharged Crisco. “ (Harrington, 2008, p. 118) Biodiesel can be used as an additive to reduce emissions from vehicles, and it can be used in its raw form for diesel engines. (Energy, 2010) “Biofuels are important because they replace petroleum fuels and can be used to fuel vehicles, but can also fuel engines or fuel cells for electricity generation” (Speight, 2008, p. 241)...
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...Journals Review Biodiesel production from Jatropha curcas: A review Wilson Parawira Department of Applied Biology, Kigali Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Avenue de I' Armee, B. P. 3900 Kigali, Rwanda, E-mail: aparawira@yahoo.co.uk. Tel: +250785561670. Accepted 2 July, 2010 Biodiesel has attracted considerable attention during the past decade as a renewable, biodegradable and non-toxic fuel alternative to fossil fuels. Biodiesel can be obtained from vegetable oils (both edible and non-edible) and from animal fat. Jatropha curcas Linnaeus, a multipurpose plant, contains high amount of oil in its seeds which can be converted to biodiesel. J. curcas is probably the most highly promoted oilseed crop at present in the world. The availability and sustainability of sufficient supplies of less expensive feedstock in the form of vegetable oils, particularly J. curcas and efficient processing technology to biodiesel will be crucial determinants of delivering a competitive biodiesel. Oil contents, physicochemical properties, fatty acid composition of J. curcas reported in literature are provided in this review. The fuel properties of Jatropha biodiesel are comparable to those of fossil diesel and confirm to the American and European standards. The objective of this review is to give an update on the J. curcas L. plant, the production of biodiesel from the seed oil and research attempts to improve the technology of converting vegetable oil to biodiesel and the fuel properties...
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...Employing Microalgae Feedstock for the Production Biodiesel Name: Musfiq Islam UW ID: 20300084 Course: BIOL 443 Professor: Dr. Owen Ward Introduction Global interests in biofuel production as a substitute for liquid transport fuel have grown substantially in recent years, mainly due to concerns over energy security and climate change (Yahya et al, 2012). The most common used biofuels are biodiesel and bio-ethanol, which can replace diesel and gasoline, respectively, with limited or no modifications of vehicle engines (Karthikeya, 2012). These first generation biofuels are typically extracted from food and oil crops including rapeseed oil, sugarcane, sugar beet and corn as well as vegetable oil and animal fats using traditional technologies (Brennan and Owende, 2009). However, the use of first generation biofuels have generated wide-scale criticisms, primarily due to raising competition with food production, increased water consumption, soil degradation, biodiversity loss, their low energy potential and their role in greenhouse gas emissions (Barbosa et al., 2011). A particular concern is that the demand for biofuels could place substantial additional pressure on the natural resources such as arable land. Currently, about 1% (14 million hectares) of the world’s available arable land is used for the production of biofuels, providing 1% of global transport fuels (Beal et al., 2012). However, with a fixed and possibly reducing amount to arable land, increasing the share...
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...environmentally by far. There's no question relying on coal and oil for power is a bad for the environment. Both fuels release greenhouse gases when they are burned through cars and big trucks. Both are acquired through dangerous collection ways. And both are nonrenewable because it would take millions of years to generate more once we've used the world’s current supply. Many countries around the world are attempting to lose their dependence on oil and coal by replacing it with biofuels. A biofuel is a fuel created by processing an organic compound into a usable energy source from the definition I looked up on Wikipedia which I know can be unreliable but I believe it will suffice for now. The two most common biofuels are ethanol and biodiesel. Biofuels are renewable and sustainable. That means that farmers can dedicate land to growing energy crops plants that will one day be used to create fuel as well as our food supply. Some of the most common potential crops include corn, soy, rapeseed and switchgrass. Rapseed and switchgrass were two that I found through research and interest. Plants like switchgrass that most people don’t know about can be grown in areas and conditions that the others can’t. This means that a source of easily renewable energy is at our disposal. With the jobs it would create as well, it is a great way to go. Biofuels burn cleaner than fossil fuels. They don't produce sulfur which greatly defects our ecosystem. They still release greenhouse...
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...TO SAVE THE DIESEL FUEL AND ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION BY USING JATROPHA OIL Mohd Zaheen Khan Department of Mechanical Engineering Faculty of Engineering & Technology Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar New Delhi- 110025 (India) E-mail: zhnkhan4@gmail.com Tel: 8802198381(M) Abstract The aim of present study is to analyze the performance and emission characteristics of C.I. engine using a suitable bio diesel as a fuel. The bio diesel selected to conduct this experimental investigation is Jatropha biodiesel. The performance of single cylinder water-cooled diesel engine and methyl-ester of Jatropha oil as the fuel is evaluated for its performance and exhaust emissions. The fuel properties of biodiesel such as kinematic viscosity, calorific value,...
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...could be that market ready alternative. In the article, “Biodiesel from algae: challenges and prospects”, Scott (2010) discussed biofuels ability to be used with the current infrastructure; Scott states: With the need to reduce carbon emissions, and the dwindling reserves of crude oil, liquid fuels derived from plant material – biofuels – are an attractive source of energy. Moreover, in comparison with other forms of renewable energy such as wind, tidal, and solar, liquid biofuels allow solar energy to be stored, and also to be used directly in existing engines and transport infrastructure. (Scott, 2010, p. 277) Most individuals are familiar with biofuels, such as ethanol, produced from corn, sugar cane and beets. Less known, but with numerous benefits over land-based sources are algae-based fuels. Some of the more notable benefits of algae-based fuels are; alga can increase in mass fourfold in just a single day; help remove Carbon Dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere; just two acres of algae can produce almost 13,000 gallons of biodiesel a year. (Herro, 2008) Best of all, unlike other land-based biofuel sources algae do not compete for lands used to produce food for humans and animals. The notion of using algae as a source for energy goes back more than 50 years. The inventor of the diesel engine, Rudolf Diesel, first demonstrated his engine at the Paris World’s Exhibition in 1900; the fuel he used was the first biodiesel, peanut oil. This was the fuel used in his engine until...
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