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Energy Engineering Synopsis 1. Name of student: Onkar Singh 2. PTU Registration No. 100379383114 3. Present Official Address: Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar 4. E-Mail: onkar.singh@lpu.co.in 5. Telephone No: 01832710594 / 08427600370 6. Branch : Energy Engineering ( Part Time) 7. Year of Admission: 2010 8. Number of subjects passed till date: 09 9. Experiment on Biogas production for Lovely University Hostel mess using food wastage (starch and sugar) along with Algi from nearby marshy area.
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ABSTRACT There has been many successful efforts in the past to produce biogas from cow dung slurry. Thousands of biogas plants have been installed in India and possibly abroad to say no to conventional energy resources. Afterwards there were experiments to mix cow slurry with food waste, paper waste and leaves poultry farm waste. We are going to use existing knowledge to make hostel messes energy efficient and moreover check the performance of the plant adding Algi from nearby marshy lands(easily located in village areas in India). This will help save lot LPG needed and also reduce environment hazards of land filling organic waste available in huge quantity in LPU.
INTRODUCTION
All over the world efforts are at their maximum level to decrease the dependency on conventional fuels giving way to green energy based upon renewable energy resources. Though LPG is used in all the hostels in Lovely Professional University (LPU) but we thought of utilizing the huge quantity of food waste coming out of hostel mess on daily basis. There are around more than 12,000 students staying in the hostels and every hostel have their own mess. Making biogas out of this would not make the messes energy efficient but also reduce the environment hazards as a result of decomposition of organic waste. Biogas production requires anaerobic digestion. Project aimed to create an Organic Processing Facility to create biogas which will be more cost effective, eco-friendly, generate a high-quality renewable fuel, and reduce carbon dioxide & methane emissions. Overall by creating a biogas reactors on campus in the backyard of our hostels will be beneficial. The anaerobic digestion of kitchen waste produces biogas, a valuable energy resource
Anaerobic digestion is a microbial process for production of biogas, which consist of primarily methane (CH4) & carbon dioxide (CO2). Biogas can be used as energy source and also for numerous purposes. But, any possible applications requires knowledge & information about the composition and quantity of constituents in the biogas produced. The continuously-fed digester requires addition of external stimulant like sodium hydroxide (NaOH) oto maintain the alkalinity and pH to 7. For this experiment it is to be decided if we should use one big digester or to use batch reactors to optimize the efficieny. Moreover it is aslo to be tested if we would use food waste in cow dung slurry or to run
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the digestor only on the basis of food waste. A combination of these mixed inoculum would be used for biogas production at 37°C in laboratory(small scale) reactor ( may be 20L to 30L capacity).
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
As Taleghani and Kia (2005) observed, the resource limitation of fossil fuels and the problems arising from their combustion has led to widespread research on the accessibility of new and renewable energy resources. Solar, wind, thermal and hydro sources, and biogas are all renewable energy resources. But what makes biogas distinct from other renewable energies is its importance in controlling and collecting organic waste material and at the same time producing fertilizer and water for use in agricultural irrigation. Biogas does not have any geographical limitations or requires advanced technology for producing energy, nor is it complex or monopolistic.
Murphy, McKeog, and Kiely (2004) completed a study in Ireland analyzing the usages of biogas and biofuels. This study provides a detailed summary of comparisons with other fuel sources with regards to its effect on the environment, finical dependence, and functioning of the plant. One of the conclusions the study found was a greater economic advantage with utilizing biofuels for transport rather than power production; however, power generation was more permanent and has less maintenance demands.
Thomsen et al. (2004) found that increasing oxygen pressure during wet oxidation on the digested biowaste increased the total amount of methane yield. Specifically, the yield which is normally 50 to 60% increased by 35 to 40% demonstrating the increased ability to retrieve methane to produce economic benefits.
Carrasco et al. ( 2004) studied the feasibility for dairy cow waste to be used in anaerobic digestive systems. Because the animal’s wastes are more reactive than other cow wastes, the study suggests dairy cow wastes should be chosen over other animal wastes.
Jantsch and Mattiasson (2004) discuss how anaerobic digestion is a suitable method for the treatment of wastewater and organic wastes, yielding biogas as a useful by-product. However, due to instabilities in start-up and operation it is often not considered. A common way of preventing instability problems and avoiding acidification in anaerobic digesters is to keep the organic load of the digester far below its maximum capacity. There are a large number of factors which affect biogas production efficiency including: environmental
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conditions such as pH, temperature, type and quality of substrate; mixing; high organic loading; formation of high volatile fatty acids; and inadequate alkalinity.
Jong Won Kang et al (2010) studied the On-site Removal of H2S from Biogas Produced by Food Waste using an Aerobic Sludge Biofilter for Steam Reforming Processing. They show that A biofilter containing immobilized aerobic sludge was successfully adapted for the removal of H2S and CO2 from the biogas produced using food waste. The biofilter efficiently removed 99% of 1,058 ppmv H2S from biogas produced by food waste treatment system at a retention time of 400 sec. The maximum observed removal rate was 359 g-H2S/m3/h with an average mass loading rate of 14.7 g-H2S/m3/h for the large-scale biofilter. The large-scale biofilter using a mixed culture system showed better H2S removal capability than biofilters using specific bacteria strains. In the kinetic analysis, the maximum H2S removal rate (Vm) and half saturation constant (Ks) were calculated to be 842.6 g-H2S/m3/h and 2.2 mg/L, respectively. Syngas was generated by the catalytic steam reforming of purified biogas, which indicates the possibility of high efficiency electricity generation by SOFCs and methanol manufacturing.
Taleghani and Kia, (2005) outlined the economic, and social benefits of biogas production.
The economic benefits were as follows:
1. Treatment of solid waste without long-term follow-up costs usually due to soil and water pollution
2. Increased local distribution of fertilizer, chemical herbicides, and pesticide demand
3. Generation of income through compost and energy sales (biogas/electricity/heat) to the public grid
4. Improved soil/agriculture productivity through long-term effects on soil structure and fertility through compost use
5. Reduction of landfill space and consequently land costs
The social and health effects associated with biogas include:
1. Creation of employment in biogas sector
2. Improvement of the general condition of farmers due to the local availability of soil-improving fertilizer
3. Decreased smell and scavenger rodents and birds.
Need and significance of proposed research work
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The demand for energy (especially electricity) is increasing in the residential sector in India. For instance, the share of the residential sector in the total electricity consumption in India has increased from 8.8% in the year 1970-71 to 19.8% in the year 1996-97 (Economic Survey 1998-99) and is further increasing. This is mainly because of increasing urbanization, rising per capita incomes, and changing lifestyles of the consumers. These factors have led to an increase in the usage of electrical appliances for different end-uses in the residential sector. Moreover, the irrational pricing policies of the utilities like recent price hike in LPG have attracted widespread criticism all across India, and it has resulted in heavy subsidies to the domestic sector putting more load on already existing Government’s financial constraints.
OBJECTIVE
A Optimization of gas production
B Comparison with conventional plants.
C Effect of different parameters viz.
* Temperature
* PH
* Total & volatile solid concentration
* Alkalinity
D To increase the production by using
* Additives
* Nutrients
* Algi
E Check optimization of gas production at lab scale and field scale.
Methodology/ Planning of work
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This work is conducted in three phases, 1st at laboratory scale and 2nd at large scale in plastic tank and 3rd stage actual practice by calculating the volume of digester needed and conducting actual experiment to produce biogas for hostel usage. Work in 3rd depends upon the interest shown by the management of LPU to put investment in this project.
Source of kitchen waste:
The waste used in this study is collected from Hostel mess Waste contains the cooked rice, chapatis, cooked vegetables and curries fresh cuttings of vegetable waste and fruit waste from different kiosks at LPU. This waste is crushed by mixer grinder and slurry was prepared mixing with water.
Facilities required for proposed work
 Manure collection Cow slurry (available near hostel)
 Anaerobic digester Water tank 20L capacity experimental phase.
 Additives like NaOH and Algi(available near hostel – marshy area covered with green algi)
 Effluent storage
 Gas handling
 Gas use.
Biogas is a renewable form of energy. Methanogens (methane producing bacteria) are last link in a chain of microorganisms which degrade organic material and returns product of decomposition to the environment.
Proposed Place of Work The study will be conducted near hostels and chemistry lab of LPU.
REFERENCES
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[1] Kale, S.P and Mehele, S.T. kitchen waste based biogas plant.pdf. Nuclear agriculture and Biotechnology/ Division.
[2] Karve .A.D. (2007), Compact biogas plant, a low cost digester for biogas from waste starch. http://www.arti-india.org.
[3] Karve of Pune A.D (2006). Compact biogas plant compact low-cost digester from waste starch. www.bioenergylists.org.
[4] Shalini sing, sushil kumar, M.C. Jain, Dinesh kumar (2000), the increased biogas production using microbial stimulants.
[5] Hilkiah Igoni, M. F. N. Abowei, M. J. Ayotamuno and C. L. Eze (2008), Effect of Total Solids Concentration of Municipal Solid Waste on the Biogas Produced in an Anaerobic Continuous Digester.
[6]Tanzania Traditional Energy Development and Environment Organization (TaTEDO), BIOGAS TECHNOLOGY- Construction, Utilization and Operation Manual.
[7] Bong Su Lim1, Byungchul Kim1, In Chung2
1Environmental Engineering, Daejeon University, Daejeon 300-716, Korea
Anaerobic Treatment of Food Waste Leachate for Biogas Production Using a Novel
Digestion System