...ethical implications—many of which engender personal views and discussion. Select one (1) of the following biotechnology topics to write about: * Genetically modified crop plants * Genetically modified microorganisms * Genetically modified animals * Personal genomics and / or personalized medicine for humans * Gene therapy Write a four to six (4 to 6) page paper on your chosen topic. Organize your paper into sections corresponding to the following requirements: 1. Biological basis. Describe the technology. Discuss what it accomplishes. Elaborate on the scientific principles that make this technology possible. Your goal in this section of the paper is to show the instructor that you understand the underlying science behind the technology. Describe how exactly the technology works. Discuss the biological principles that underlie this technology. 2. Social and ethical implications. Without disclosing your personal view about this technology, provide an analysis of its social and ethical implications. State the ethical concerns apparent in the use of this technology. Discuss the benefits and risks. Your goal in this section is to look at all sides of the issue. In the next section, you will give your opinion. 3. Personal viewpoint. In the previous section, your goal was to be as objective as possible, to look at all sides of the issues. In this section, your goals are to give a personal opinion about the technology and provide a justification of that...
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...----------------------- What is an ecosystemic perspective? From a biological perspective, an ecosystem describes a view that parts of nature integrate into each other at various levels. Parts of nature are not completely separate entities but are related to each other in one form or another. An ecosystem is formed by the interaction of a community of organisms within their physical environment. The interaction may be biological, physical, psychic or all. Thus, ecosystemic thinking has a relational context with an awareness of interconnectedness between organisms. An ecosystemic awareness is not new. This thinking [and living] has been common in China at least 1400 years ago with Fa-tsang a commonly referred thinker in this regard amongst others (Cook, 1977). It has been present in and around India well over 2000 years ago. Thus, this thinking or more correctly, this epistemology (the way we know what we know) has been available since early times. What then is ecosystemic psychology? There are many definitions of ‘psychology’. Most do agree that psychology refers to the science or analysis of mental life. Thus, ecosystemic-psychology could be described as psychology in context. For example, a set of traffic lights on your busy street corner has an obvious function. This same set of traffic lights in the middle of a desert is not obvious and may be absurd. Thus, context is integral in psychology. Biological, physical, and unconscious connections are also context, thus ecological...
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...FAO FOOD AND NUTRITION PAPER NUMBER 65 RISK MANAGEMENT AND FOOD SAFETY Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Consultation Rome, Italy, 27 to 31 January 1997 ISSUED BY THE FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS IN COLLABORATION WITH THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION ROME, 1997 The designation employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. First issued in March 1997 in PDF format: reissued in April 1997 with corrections. The copyright in this document is vested in the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Application for permission to reproduce this book, in whole or in part, by any method or process, should be addressed, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction desired, to the Director, Publications Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy. FAO, Rome, 1997 CONTENTS CONTENTS ................................................................................................................................... iii LIST OF ACRONYMS....................................................................................................................v 1...
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...approaches 2. Studies Culture * Culture is composed of ideas, values and perceptions * Culture is not instinctual, it must be learned and shared * Culture only exists within a society or group of people * Culture is a human adaptation to their environment 3. Holistic * The various parts of human culture and biology must be viewed in the broadest possible context in order to understand their interconnections and interdependence * Cultural Anthropology * The study of patterns of human behavior, thought and emotions, focusing on humans as culture-producing and culture-reproducing creatures * Ethnography * Detailed description of a particular culture * Ethnology * Study and analysis of different cultures from a comparative or historical point of view * Linguistic Anthropology * The study of human language – looking at their structure, history, and relation to social and cultural contexts * Descriptive Linguistic * Recording,...
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...a sense, to this principle by its nature: the acknowledgement of the impermanence and uncharacterizable nature of proposed scientific theories. Examining gender in the light of symmetry is an exercise that could manifest itself differently depending on the definition of symmetry that is applied. For instance, determining gender’s symmetry in a mathematical sense is different from the task at hand (the symmetry associated with the Strong Theory), but is valuable nonetheless. Anatomically and biologically the sexes are seen to be asymmetric in nature – to the point of having an entirely different chromosomal structure (XX v. XY). This type of asymmetry, while not explicitly related to the concept presented by Bloor et al., is in fact at the heart of my reasoning for the conceptually asymmetric nature of gender. In Hallberg’s discussion of gender there is often mention of the boundaries in place for women as a result of the pre-existing social awareness of the centrality and success of men. In a symmetrical view of gender there would also be consideration of the possible positive effects of such a social construct. For instance, perhaps the scarcity of females in a certain corporation enhances the odds of selection for a management position for the few females that do work there. As a result of the possible existence of contrasting factors in the modern social network, I initially wanted to embrace gender as a concept that lends itself to symmetrical analysis. However, Hallberg...
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...PUBLIC HEALTH COMPETENCIES A. BIOSTATISTICS Biostatistics is the development and application of statistical reasoning and methods in addressing, analyzing and solving problems in public health; health care; and biomedical, clinical and populationbased research. Competencies: Upon graduation a student with an MPH should be able to… A. 1. Describe the roles biostatistics serves in the discipline of public health. A. 2. Describe basic concepts of probability, random variation and commonly used statistical probability distributions. A. 3. Describe preferred methodological alternatives to commonly used statistical methods when assumptions are not met. A. 4. Distinguish among the different measurement scales and the implications for selection of statistical methods to be used based on these distinctions. A. 5. Apply descriptive techniques commonly used to summarize public health data. A. 6. Apply common statistical methods for inference. A. 7. Apply descriptive and inferential methodologies according to the type of study design for answering a particular research question. A. 8. Apply basic informatics techniques with vital statistics and public health records in the description of public health characteristics and in public health research and evaluation. A. 9. Interpret results of statistical analyses found in public health studies. A. 10. Develop written and oral presentations based on statistical analyses for both public health professionals and educated lay audiences. B. COMMUNITY...
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...dilemma the first methods from the Primary School of ethics that would prove best at solving this problem would be care based thinking. The reason that this method would work well in this particular dilemma is because of its basic principles. Care based thinking takes a stance on reversibility. Reversibility test your actions by putting yourself in the other person’s position and imagining how you would feel if you were the recipient, rather than the perpetrator, of those actions (Kidder, 2009). Having both the foster parents and the biological parents put themselves in each other’s position they would see the love they both have for the child is the common bond and she must be put before anything. So in solving this dilemma using this method the foster parents would have to follow the court order and return the child to her biological parents. In doing this they should as well communicate with the child letting her know that her parents were sick that is why she was initially removed from their home and now they are better so that is why she is to go back home with them. The second primary school method that would be used in solving this dilemma is end based thinking. This method takes a stance on utilitarianism. The utilitarianism principles maxim is, do whatever produces the...
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...Biomedical Engineering (Macro and Micro Biomechanics) Biomedical engineering is an emerging discipline which links medicine, biology, and technology in order to tackle medical problems using an engineering approach. As such, it is heavily influenced by engineering principles and uses applicable mathematics in nearly all of its aspects. It is important to note that applied mathematics (vector algebra, calculus, numerical approaches to solving functions, etc.) is a language, which evolved to serve the needs of science and particularly those of classical (Newtonian) mechanics. Thus, it describes and explores natural phenomena using mathematical functions and relations. As biomedical engineering incorporates many engineering spheres, it employs applicable mathematics in numerous situations. The following is an overview of the applications of mathematics in solving macro-biomechanical, and micro and nano-scale challenges in biomedical engineering. Biomechanics is a field of biomedical engineering which analyses the behaviour of structures and materials in biological or medical applications [1]. It is closely related to the field of prosthetics and uses mathematical analysis to design and test better devices. Dynamic analysis of systems involves constructing free-body diagrams and resolving forces acting on the components. Using partial derivatives and integration can vastly simplify biomechanical problems by switching between the domains of position, velocity, and acceleration. The...
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...BE SOLD 2.8 : LABELLING 2.0 : PROCESS FLOW CHART 3.0 : HAZARD ANALYSIS WORKSHEET 4.0 : HACCP SUMMARY PLAN 6.0 : SUMMARY OF PRE-REQUISITE PROGRAMMES 1.0 : SCOPE OF HACCP PLAN AND FOOD SAFETY OBJECTIVES Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) is a science-based system that aims to prevent food safety problems from occurring rather than having to react to non-compliance of the finished product. The HACCP system accomplishes this by the identification of specific hazards and the implementation of control measures. An effective HACCP system should reduce the reliance on traditional end-product testing. The objective of this research is to explain the principles of HACCP as it applies from production and until to handling and processing of Surimi processing. In this research, the researcher only explain on how to use the seven principles of HACCP and offer suggestions as to the type of hazards that may occur in the Surimi product. The researched HACCP plan was documented and it has been simplified. This section demonstrates one format that may be considered in the development of an HACCP plan. From the research, the QL Marine Product Sdn Bhd has applied the seven HACCP principles which listed in table 1.0 below: Table 1.0: The seven HACCP principles applied. Principle 1Principle 2Principle 3Principle 4Principle 5Principle 6Principle 7 | Conduct a hazard analysis. Determine the critical control points (CCPs).Establish critical limits. Establish...
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...a. Case Study Analysis University of Phoenix September 07, 2010 Biological Psychology As in other areas of psychology, biological psychologists study behavior. However, they do so by exploring how behavior and experiences relate to our genes and physiology. Biological psychology also explores questions of how the brain itself is connected to consciousness. Basically, this branch of psychology emphasizes the goal of relating biology to the issue of psychology. It is sometimes also called psychobiology, biopsychology, physiological psychology or behavioral neuroscience. Brain functioning is the main areas of focus for biological psychology. By studying the brain, biological psychologists attempt to answer questions such the best way to help with recovery after brain damage, or what specific part of the brain helps us learn language or is involved in storing memories. They might also study what biological factors make people more likely to be affected with psychological disorders. Biological psychology has its roots in scientific and philosophical traditions from as early as the 18th and 19th centuries. For example, Rene Descartes (1596-1650) suggested that there was a specific part in the brain (the pineal gland) that connected the body with the mind. Although this was not correct, it did introduce the idea of studying specific parts of the physical brain when trying to explain the roots of behavior. (Robinson, 1995) In 1890, XXXXXXX XXXXX published The Principles...
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...This chapter is an introduction to the ideas, people, and events that have guided scientific activity in developmental psychology over the past century. Its preparation has been facilitated by several recent publications on the history of developmental psychology. The views of the past held by active researchers are reflected in chapters of the edited volume, A Century of Developmental Psychology (Parke, Ornstein, Rieser, & Zahn-Waxler, 1994). The contributors are, with few exceptions, currently involved in contemporary research. Secondary commentaries can provide useful guides and interpretations, but there is no substitute for consulting original sources. To that end, a reprint series containing historically significant original articles and volumes has been prepared by Wozniak (e.g., 1993, 1997). Other recent volumes include the contributions of professional historians and others who are not enmeshed in current empirical debates of the discipline (e.g., Broughton & Freeman-Moir, 1982; Elder, Modell, & Parke, 1993). In addition, the social relevance and the making of the discipline in American society have been told expertly by Sears (1975) and White (1995). Any single overview—including this one—can tell only part of the story.1 Adopting the convention used in the previous Handbook of Child Psychology, 20 years must lapse before a contribution or event qualifies as historical. Two decades constitute approximately one generation in the life of our science; therefore, 1976...
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...MODULE 1 By Alina Corina Nicorescu Presented to Name of your University Contents Introduction 3 The constancy of the Internal Environment 4 Biological functionality is multilevel 5 Bibliography 7 Introduction Claude Bernard was a French Physiologist who was best known for his works and discoveries during his lifetime in the field of digestive processes, the liver and the regulation of the supply of the blood though the vasomotor nerves. The most renowned and important discovery of Bernard was related to use of the secretions of the pancreatic tissues to break down the molecules of fat into smaller particles so as to aid the digestion process and the other specific discovery was that the principle process of digestion does not take place in the stomach rather it takes place in the small intestine. His next discovery unveiled the ability of the liver to split the reserves of the glycogen energy into sugar particles so as to use them as a quick source of energy for the body and to maintain the levels of the sugar in the body. Finally, Bernard discovered the control of the vasomotor nerves on the blood vessels, and how it responds to the changes in the temperatures while operating in an environment. With this the Bernard was able to advance his work on blood vessels and tried to understand the ability of the body to constantly maintain the internal temperature. This led him to formulate the ideas in relation to the constancy of the internal environment of the...
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...would then be talked and discussed with the therapist in the safety of their surgery. Freud suggested the key to unlocking these thoughts was for the surgery to be the right situation for them to come out and develop. This therapy technique is said to be the principle on what all other psychodynamic therapies work on such as word association, free association, dream analyses and psycho drama. Free association is another such psychodynamic therapy, in this therapy a patient is required to lay down and get into the right atmosphere by being relaxed to allow the free flow of thoughts to come to mind. The first thoughts that enter the patients mind must be recalled to the practitioner because these thoughts are supposed to represent unconscious drives and desires . This aims to recall underlying thoughts that you may not be aware you are thinking about. Patients and the practitioner would then discuss these and elaborate on them till a cause is found. Another therapy that is similar to this one is picture association (Projective and thematic tests) this is very similar however in this case a picture is shown and the client must immediately say what they think of again both of these therapies work on the same principles as the psychoanalyst...
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...to having good behavior. Criminal behavior is determined by how the criminal acts and his/her actions. There are three main types of criminal behavior, which include different models of psychological, sociological, and biological. Usually all three of the categories play a part in the criminal’s behavior, rather than just one of the models. Each of the models require different amounts of control levels. There are also general principles that apply to each of the models, and are also involved with crime control policies. Some fundamental assumptions of psychological ways of crime include: the criminal being the main unit of analysis, the criminal’s motivation being mostly just their personality, social consensus defining normality, the criminal behavior possibly coming from a defective, abnormal, or the criminal’s mental process might be defective, as in the criminal has a diseased mind or has not learned correctly and has not had the right role models, crimes starting from the personality of the criminal being dysfunctional/inappropriate, and finally the criminal’s behavior may have a given purpose, as in the person is able to let out felt needs. It is assumed that there are many different causes for reasons of psychological criminal behavior. The main principles that target the criminal are effective toward crime control. Harsh punishment does not seem to decrease the rates of psychological crimes by much, instead rehabilitation, relearning, retraining, and other educational programs...
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...an excellent means of identifying “hot spots” or areas with organic material that could possibly support and accelerate microbial growth. The technology of ATP bioluminescence for hygiene monitoring has become increasingly useful because of it real-time capabilities, ease of use and affordability. It cannot replace microbiological testing but it is easier, faster and the results indicate cleanliness, (defined as the absence of organic material), rather than counting colony forming units of microorganisms. SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLE: It is important to understand the basic principles of ATP bioluminescence. ATP is a molecule that is essential and common to all plant, animal and microbial cells. This compound combines and reacts with an enzyme (luciferase) resulting in the release of light. The light emitted is measured by using the Charm LUM-T. This output of light is proportional to the amount of ATP present on a given surface. The measurement of biological contamination is approximated by determining the amount of ATP contained within or on the material. The sample collected is typically a 4-inch square area (100 cm2) that has been swabbed with a PocketSwab(. For reproducibility and consistency from one inspector to the next, it is imperative that the surface area covered with the swab is standardized. The ATP is then extracted from the swab material and mixed with luciferin/luciferase. It is the combination between the luciferase and...
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