Biology 150 Study Guide
1. Scientific Method
1. Obeservation
2. Question
3. Hypothesis
4. Test
5. Result
6. Conclusion
2. Properties of Living Things
1. Highly ordered
2. Use energy/source of energy
3. Genetic Information
4. Cells
5. Reproductive
3. pH and what pH values represent?
1. pH is negative concentration of protons in solutions
2. 0-7 Acidic (Increase concentration)
3. 7-14 Basic/Alkaline (Decrease concentration)
4. ORGANISMS ARE VERY SENSITIVE TO pH
5. Disrupt protien structure
6. Shut down important chemical reactions
7. Break down chemical membranes
4. Ionic, Covalent, and Hydrogen Bonds
1. Ionic Bonds - Electrons transferred between atoms
2. Covalent Bonds- Valence electron shared between atoms
3. Hydrogen Bond-Hydrogen attached to electronegative atom of one molecule and another molecule
5. The Molecular Structure of Water

1.
2. H2O
6. Saturated and Unsaturated Fat
1. Saturated Fat - Single Bond between Carbons
2. Unsaturated Fat - Double Bond between Carbons

7.

The four levels of protein structure
1. Primary Structure - Peptide Bonds & Sequence
1. DNA determines Primary Structure
2. Secondary Structure
1. Alpha Helix
2. Pleated Sheet
3. Tertiary Structure
1. Three Dimensional configuration of proteins
4. Quaternary Structure
1. MANY CHAINS OF AMINO ACIDS!
2. Combination of multiple types of tertiary structures

8. Complimentary Based Pairing in DNA
1. A binds with T
2. G binds with C
9. Structural Features of DNA and RNA
1. DNA
1. Phosphates
2. Nucleotides
3. Sugar(deoxyribose)
4. Nitrogenous bases:
1. Adenine
2. Guanine
3. Cytosine
4. Thymine
10. Explain (briefly) penicillin works
1. Penicillin causes the cells or bacteria to burst
11. The Cell Theory
1. All organisms are composed of 1+ cell
2. Cells arise from other cells
3. Cells contain hereditary information to be inherited by other cells
12. Structure of fats and phospholipids
1. Fats
1. Glycerol and 3 fatty acids
2. Phospholipids
1. 2 carbons linked to fatty acids (hydrophobic)
2. 1 carbon linked to a phosphate (hydrophilic)

13. Enzyme activity and regulation
1. Enzyme Regulation
1. Negative Feedback
1. Pathways shut themselves down when no longer needed
2. Enzymes
1. Lower activating energy
2. Catalyze SPECIFIC reactions
3. Affected by pH, temperature, etc.
14. Endergonic and Exergonic Reactions
1. Endergonic
1. Energy requiring
1. Energy levels of products higher
2. Exergonic
1. Energy Releasing
1. Lower energy from the start
15. Ions, Isotopes, Atomic Number, Atomic Mass
1. Ions
1. Atom that has lost or gained an electron and keeps a charge (+,-)
2. Isotopes
1. Element with different number of neutrons
3. Atomic Number
1. Number of protons
4. Atomic Mass
1. Number of protons and neutrons
16. Isotonic, Hypertonic, Hypotonic
1. Isotonic
1. Concentration inside the cell is the same on the outside of the cell
2. Hypertonic
1. Whatever region has a higher concentration
3. Hypotonic
1. Whatever region has a lower concentration
17. Facilitated diffusion and active transport
1. Facilitated diffusion
1. Passive movement of a substance across a membrane with the assistance of transmembrane carrier proteins of channel proteins.
2. Active transport
1. Movement of ions or molecules across a membrane against an electrochemical gradient. Requires energy and assistance of a transport protein.