...Review Biology Test #1 Chapter 3: Water and life • Polar covalent bonds in water result in Hydrogen bonding between the molecules. These bonds give water its special properties • In presence of water, ionic bonds are weak and covalent bonds are strong. Without water, ionic bonds are stronger. • Each water molecule can make 4 hydrogen bonds. • Water properties: 1. Polarity 2. Surface tension 3. Cohesion 4. Adhesion 5. Capilarity 6. High specific heat 7. Heat bank 8. Heat of vaporization allows evaporation cooling. 9. Abundant and versatile solvent 10. Solid is less dense than liquid 11. It is a reactant and a product in many biological reactions (Photosynthesis, dehydration reaction, hydrolysis…) 12. It can ionize into H3O+ and OH- • When substances dissolve in water, water molecules form hydration shells by breaking their attractions to other water molecules and attracting to the solvate particles. • The dissociation of water molecules into Hydronium and hydroxide ions is a reversible reaction that occurs in a state of equilibrium (pure water). • The concentration of each ion in pure water is 10-7 M. [OH-][H3O+] = 10-14 M. This way, whenever we know the concentration of one ion, we can calculate the concentration of the other. • Adding acids and bases can change these concentrations of ions in water • When acids dissolve in water, they donate H+, increasing the concentration of hydrogen ions. This results in an acidic solution • When bases dissolve in water...
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...Melissa Ruiz Biology Review Rasmussen College 10/07/2011 1. Describe the interdependency of structure and function in the human body. Physiology depends on anatomy; anatomy is study of the structures in the body, physiology is the study of the functions of those structures. In other words, without structure there is no function. Physiology depends on anatomy, the operation or function of a structure is dictated by its anatomy. Anatomy and physiology are really inseparable because function always reflects structure. For example, oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged across the thin membranes of the lungs but not across the skin. (Marieb and Hoehn, 2010, page 3) 2. Describe the three patterns of chemical reactions. Synthesis reaction is when atoms or molecules combine to form a larger, more complex molecule. It always involves bond formation and can be represented as A+B→AB. This is the basis of constructive activities in body cells. Amino acids are joined together to form a protein molecule. Decomposition reaction occurs when a molecule is broken down into smaller molecules. It can be represented as AB→A+B. Decomposition reactions are the reverse of synthesis reactions. This underlies all degradative processes in body cells. Bonds are broken in larger molecules, resulting in smaller, less complex molecules. Glycogen is broken down to release glucose units. Exchange reactions involve both synthesis and decomposition. Bonds are both made and broken, which...
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...Exam #4 Review Sheet T- Th Spring 2016 Remember that the final exam is cumulative with 50 points from previous material. From the last quarter of material I have provided some questions for you to think about and some example questions. This is not an exhaustive list of topics that will be on the exam. Other material on which I lectured may be tested. What are reproductive clones and how are they produced? What are some examples of reasons why some people are interested in producing animal clones? What is recombinant DNA, how is it made, and what are its uses? When making recombinant DNA using bacterial plasmids, how are restriction enzymes and ligases involved? What are “sticky ends” and how are they important to this process? What are DNA fingerprints, how are they made, and of what do they inform us? Understand the processes and importance of polymerase chain reaction and gel electrophoresis. Who were some of the major scientists (natural and social) whose work affected changes in the way the world was viewed in the 1800’s? What were some of Darwin’s observations in South America and the Galapagos and how did they stimulate his thinking about modern species evolving from ancestral forms, and the effect of the environment on the evolution of species? What are Darwin’s main principles (tenants) for how natural selection occurs? How is there evidence of evolution in each of the following fields of study: Comparative anatomy (including examples...
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...Unit One: Biochemistry Organic chemistry: chemistry of carbon based molecules * Life on our planet is carbon based * All life is carbon based, so to understand how biological processes occur we need to consider organic chemistry Hydrocarbons: molecules that are entirely made from carbon and hydrogen * Carbon you can get a lot of shape (rings etc) * Mostly non-metals (hydrogen, carbon, oxygen etc) make up molecules in our cells * Hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen make 96% of living organisms however 21 elements found as well * Most of 4% consists of calcium, potassium, phosphorus, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, magnesium Functional Groups * Most functional groups are ionic or strongly polar which makes them very attracted to other ionic or polar molecules * Non polar portions do not attract other molecules so do not help initiate chemical reactions * So, some polar functional groups are strongly attracted to water and so can often be dissolved in the cytosol of the cell, example ethane is hydrocarbon doesn’t have functional group so does not dissolve in water and is gas at room temperature however ethanol has functional group so highly soluble in water Carbon Chemistry * Because it has has 4 electrons in shell so can form 4 covalent bonds to form these shapes * Can form bonds with others but can also bind with each other * Carbon containing rings can join to make polymers Dehydration and Hydrolysis...
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...Chapter 40 4 main categories of tissue: Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous. I. Epithelial Tissue (Epithelium): forms interactive surfaces with environment on external and internal body surfaces; functions as barriers. Formed from continuous sheets of tightly packed cells Covers outside of body; or lines organs and body cavities Apical surface: the free surface exposed to air or body fluids Basal surface: cells at base of epithelium are attached to a basement membrane (which is a dense layer of extracellular matrix) Is avascular (no blood vessels); the blood vessels that supply nutrients and remove wastes are in the adjacent connective tissue: diffusion Cell Shapes at APICAL surface Squamous epithelium: flat; look like floor tiles Their thinness allows rapid movement of substances through them by diffusion Cuboidal epithelium: boxlike; looks like dice Produces important secretions Columnar epithelium: tall, pillar-like; some have cilia Protects underlying tissue Functions in absorption of nutrients and secretions (digestive juices) Arrangement of Layers Simple epithelium: 1 layer of cells Stratified epithelium: 2 or more layers Protect underlying tissues where the is abrasion/ wear and tear Stratified squamous (best adapted for abrasion): covers outside of body; forms outermost layer of skin; lines mouth, esophagus, vagina, anus. Pseudostratified epithelium (false multiple layers): 1 layer of a mixture of cell shapes; looks like multiple...
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...Biology exam review 2.1 Kingdom King Phylum Philip Class Came Order Over Genus Germany Species South |Domain |Bacteria |Archea |Eukarya | |Kingdom |Eubacteria |Archeabacteria |Protista, Fungi, Plantae, | | | | |Animalia. | |# of cells |Prokaryote |Prokaryote |Eukaryote | |Cell structure |Cell walls made of peptidolglycan|Cell walls without peptidoglycan |Fungi-cell walls with chitin. | | |(coat of sugars) | |Protista-cell walls of cellulose | | | | |in some, and in others | | | | |chloroplasts. | | | | |Plantae-cell walls of cellulose, | | | | |chloroplasts ...
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...SUMMARY CBH Ex I CELLS AND ORGANELLES Cell Membrane: consist of a lipid bilayer. Hydrophobic tails are located in the interior. Transmembrane protiens are anchored to the core of the bilayer and can be removed only by detergents that disrupt the bilayer. Peripheral membrane proteins are attatched to the cell surface electrostatically and are easily removed by altering the pH. Eucaryotic cells with outer- and intra- cellular membranes ~ half the cell’s total volume -separate intracellular organelles Nucleus- double membrane-bound organelle containing chromatin. Contains the genetic blueprint for every protein in the body. Nuclear Envelope- separates and mediates transport between the nucleus and the cytoplasm and is supported by intermediate filament proteins, the lamins. Nucleolus- dense non membrane bound structure. rRNA synthesis and ribosome assembly. Ribosome-consists of 2 subunits of ribosomal RNA. Protein synthesis- formation of peptide bonds between amino acids to make polypeptide chains using messenger RNA as a template. Endoplasmic reticulum- (rER) Protein synthesis (sER)is involved in steroid synthesis and detoxification. Golgi apparatus- determines vesicle fate. Finaly assembly and glycosylation of proteins. Mitochondria – double membrane bound energy production mainly in the form of ATP Lysosomes- high acidity, killing of pathogenic organisms, and degradation of waste products. Endosomes- Peroxisomes – production of hydrogen peroxide...
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...Bio 101 Review Sheet Test #1 (Chapters 1-3) Chapter 1 1. Cell is basic unit of life 2. Hierarchy of life figure 3. 3 Energy categories and examples of each Producer-plants and some microbes Consumer-humans and other animals Decomposer-fungi and other animals 4. Energy transfers are not 100% efficient – why? Cant capture all of the energy supplied by one source a. Where does all energy for biology come from? sun 5. Homeostasis- state of internal consistency or equilibrium 6. 2 types of reproduction asexual and sexual b. Benefits to sexual reproduction benefit of tremendous variation 7. Adaptation inherited characteristics or behaviors that enables an organism to survive and reproduce successfully in a given environment c. How it contributes to natural selection and evolution individuals with the better combinations of genes survive and reproduce 8. Evolution change in genetic makeup of a population 9. Why it’s important to take all your antibiotics so all of the bacteria can be eliminated, some of the bacteria can become stronger. 10. Taxonomy classification of life’s diversity 11. What our species name is homo sapiens 12. Order of taxonomic categories – mnemonic device! Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species 13. 3 domains bacteria, archaea, eukaryote d. Basic differences e. What our domain is f. What domain universal ancestor likely is in archaea ...
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...Term 1 topics (30% of the exam): • Skeleton • Muscles • Nervous System • The Brain Skeleton and Muscles • Skeletal system is all the bones in the body and the tissues that connect them • Average human has 206 bones • Bones: - Composed of living cells - Has protein called collagen, which makes it strong (Collagen: strong fibers) - Contain calcium sulphate and phosphorous which makes it hard - 2 types: compact bone (outer layer, dense and hard), spongy bone (inner layer, consist of fine struts of bone, forms the red bone marrow) • Cartilage (soft bone): - Firm but softer than bone, cartilage is rubbery while bone is firm - Has collagen but no mineral salts - Smooth slippery surface acts as a cushion, reduces friction • Function of bones: - Enables movement (eg: raising of arm, breathing movement in the ribs, chewing of the jaws) - Storage minerals - Support the body, keep it off the ground and keeps the body shape - Where blood production happens (red marrow of some bones such as vertebrae produce both red and white blood cells) - Protection (brain-skull/cranium, heart, lungs and liver-rib cage, spinal cord-vertebrae) • Structure of the skeleton (just important ones): 1. Vertebral column - Also called backbone or spine or spinal column - Consists of 33 individual vertebrae - Cartilage allows the...
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...Compliance Program / Annual Procedure Review Rule 206(4)-7 of the Investment Advisers Act creates a fiduciary responsibility for investment advisers to review annually their policies and procedures to determine their adequacy and the effectiveness of their implementation. As part of this review, all policies, procedures and responsibilities of an adviser must be reviewed, and the findings documented. The review should consider all factors that might suggest a need to revise the policies and procedures including any compliance matters that occurred during the year, any changes in the adviser’s or its affiliates business activities, or changes to applicable regulations. Reviews should be conducted by independent individuals (e.g., the department manager) not immediately responsible for implementation of a particular procedure. An overall review and approval of the adviser’s policies and procedures should be completed by the Chief Compliance Officer and should be submitted to the adviser’s Management Committee or Executive Officers for Final Action. |Procedure | |Summary & |Recommended |Reviewer & | |Completion Date & | |Reviewed |Findings |Conclusions |Change/Update |Date of Review |Review by CCO |Final Actions ...
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...The goals of a literature review are to provide the reader with a critical analysis of scientific literature about a specific topic or question. Writing a summary about other works can demonstrate the depth of familiarity of a chosen topic. In order to further one's understanding, or research, studying the works of others is important because multiple disciplines may have competing explanations for a given subject. Literature review is also structured in a particular style that creates a uniform way for writers to articulate their ideas in a fashion the reader is familiar with. Craig Anderson uses the APA guidelines to create a clear structure for his review studying the effects of heat and violence. The structure of a literature review typically follows a certain format and order. In Anderson's, review Heat and Violence, he starts this process with a title that describes what the article is about. Following the title of the paper is an abstract, or overview, of what the entire article is about. Because there are a number of...
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... | | |College of Natural Sciences | | |SCI/230 Version 7 | | |Introduction to Life Science | Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2008, 2007, 2006, 2005 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This course applies a broad, conceptual understanding of biology. Students are introduced to scientific ideologies and concepts that not only shape our biological world, but also shape us as humans. Students examine the scientific method, evolution and biodiversity, the biology of cells, energy systems, the dynamics of inheritance, and the effect humans have on the environment. The text emphasizes methods and the theoretical foundations of ideas, while minimizing isolated facts. It stresses the integration of ideas, making connections that form our understanding of the living world. Policies Faculty and students/learners will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: • University policies: You must be logged into the student website to view this document. • Instructor policies: This document is posted in the Course Materials...
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...Riverside Casino and Golf Resort / Stacy Benson Topic Title Performance Reviews NO. This title won’t work. What about performance reviews? If you were doing a simple research paper you could write about performance reviews based on research alone. In this Sr Paper you must determine the state of the art based on your Literature Review. Then you will give the background of the problem and discuss it. This must all lead to two Courses of Action (COAs; solutions) that are tied to your title and problem. You need a “product” such as a process, a plan, a strategy, a program – something that can be recommended and implemented. Problem Statement (if not finalized post a draft – focus on the "pain.") The problem is that after initial training employees are not being reviewed for current performance. Suggest that after this initial statement you add something more about the problem. Brief Topic Overview The casino is experiencing a high turnover rate of employees because after their initial training they are put on the floor without any further review. In the handbook employees are supposed to have a review after 90 days but they are not being implemented. This leaves the casino with under qualified employees that eventually terminate their employment due to not feeling able to meet the high demands. The solution to this problem, if it is the problem, is simple. Just IMPLEMENT PERFORMANCE REVIEWS. You can see...
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...Peer Evaluation for MKT 420 Your Name: KYRIA AHO Fill in the blanks for each team member (but not yourself) as if you were writing an evaluation or recommendation for that person. ONLY ONE TEAM MEMBER MAY BE RECOMMENDED FOR PROMOTION. Consider if you were assigned to another team, which team member you would want to be your boss. Consider who you’d like to work with again. Consider who you’d go to extremes to avoid working with if you had a say. Here is the format for peer evaluations. Include the team member’s full name (1), and be specific about (2) what the team member did or did not do. At the end, if you were employed with this person, (3) would you recommend (a) Promoting, (b) Retaining (Keep in position), (c) Retaining with counseling to improve performance or (d) firing/replacing. Please keep in mind that in most business situations, only one person in a group would likely be promoted. Thus a recommendation to promote would be reserved for the truly exceptional team member Team Member 1: LEXA CREAMER As a team member with Lexa Creamer on the team marketing plan project, I feel qualified to speak about his/her job performance. Lexa’s contribution to the project was timely and significant. She accepts correction easily and is always willing to assist in any way that she can. I believe Lexa’s strengths are enthusiasm and timely submission of her work. I believe her weakness is the lack of flexibility. Lexa had to miss some of the meetings due to time conflicts...
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...How “Biology for Majors” relates to Occupational Therapy++ Overall, I feel that I have gained a lot of useful information from the text and lecture portion of this class that will help as I pursue a career in the occupational therapy field. Equally as important, was the hands-on lab portion of the class that has helped me to gain a greater understanding of the inherent makeup and inner workings of the physical body. The overall structure of the text book provided me with an understanding of basic concepts and terminologies in areas such as the chemistry of life, the cell, genetics, plant and animal forms and functions, and ecology. The end of chapter review questions helped me to develop a mindset of using a critical thinking process. When looking at the definitions of both occupational therapy and biology, it is easy to see how the two are related and how in most cases, biology is an essential factor in the need for an individual to receive occupational therapy....
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