...Biosensors and Bioelectronics 25 (2009) 661–667 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Biosensors and Bioelectronics journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/bios Review Detection of microorganisms using biosensors—A smarter way towards detection techniques Madhura Nayak 1 , Akhil Kotian 1 , Sandhya Marathe 1 , Dipshikha Chakravortty ∗ Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Biosafety Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Along with useful microorganisms, there are some that cause potential damage to the animals and plants. Detection and identification of these harmful organisms in a cost and time effective way is a challenge for the researchers. The future of detection methods for microorganisms shall be guided by biosensor, which has already contributed enormously in sensing and detection technology. Here, we aim to review the use of various biosensors, developed by integrating the biological and physicochemical/mechanical properties (of tranducers), which can have enormous implication in healthcare, food, agriculture and biodefence. We have also highlighted the ways to improve the functioning of the biosensor. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Article history: Received 8 July 2009 Received in revised form 22 August 2009 Accepted 25 August 2009 Available online 31 August 2009 Keywords: Biosensors Microorganisms Biodefence...
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...(WITH HONOURS) To: Mr. Sun From: Tan Min Hui Subject: A profile of Biosensors International Group Ltd Dear Mr. Sun, In response to your request, the following is the company profile of Biosensors International Group Ltd (Biosensors). We will be looking into the nature of Biosensors’ operations, sector and regulatory environment in which it operates in, and other external factors currently affecting the its business. Biosensors operates as an investment holding company which develops, manufactures and markets medical devices internationally, with China and Japan as its key customers. It is incorporated in Bermuda and headquartered in Singapore. On top of that, it also has representative offices in Indonesia, Hong Kong, Taiwan and Korea. Biosensors’ main sources of income are from its operations in China (26.8%) and licensing businesses (9%). The Group operates in 4 main segments, namely, interventional cardiology, critical care, cardiac diagnostic and licensing revenue. With a matured market for medical devices, Biosensors faces fierce competition and pricing pressures in the healthcare sector globally. Over the years, Biosensors had several joint ventures in China. It made Biosensors the strongest foreign player amongst Medtronic, Boston Scientific and other multinational competitors in the medical devices industry (Biodesign.stanford.edu, 2012). To keep ahead of the competition, Biosensors invested US$34 million in its research and development for its latest...
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...Maria Vasilenko 223901 Feasibility of using biosensors for heavy metal detection in complex matrices such as bio-slurries. Master of Science Thesis Examiners: Professor Matti Karp Professor Raghida Lepistö Examiner and topic approved in The Science and Bioengineering Department Council meeting on 7.11.2012 Abstract TAMPERE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Master‟s Degree Programme in Science and Bioengineering Vasilenko Maria: Feasibility of using biosensors for heavy metal detection in complex matrices such as bio-slurries. Seminar paper, 97 pages November 2012 Major: Biotechnology Examiners: Matti Karp, Raghida Lepisto Keywords: environmental pollution, heavy metals, biosensors, slurries The quality of bioslurries that are used in industrial production and agriculture need to be watched very closely to avoid spreading of contaminants on area and poisoning of humans and animals. Because heavy metals are very stable and toxic in many chemical compositions, their amount should be estimated very thoroughly. A new approach that involved biosensors was tested in this study. Because the slurries are complex non-unified matrices which composed of two phases – solid and liquid, the cell behavior can varies a lot from the one that explained in water and so the estimation of ion concentration can be not reliable. It was shown that the cell actually behave different in the slurries. Normally the dissolved compounds suppress the biosensor activity and, in the same time, the ions in the...
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...1 1 Nature of the interface Biosensor, in essence, is a device that detects and measures electric impulses in biological elements such as skin, muscle or brains. Biosensors can also be used to detect certain biological analytes or in other words, components, from chemical substances. This could be the concentration of a distinct conductive element in the blood flow of a person for example or a toxin in a food product. The use of biosensors provides a multitude of different inputs for a user interface. Biosensors themselves are rather inadequate in order to be used as the sole way to control a user interface. Instead they can be used to enhance the user experience and widen the range of input methods used in an interface. For example the use of biosensors enables a system to respond to the user’s heartbeat rate and muscle tension or to identify the position and movement of body parts such as fingers. Currently, existing biosensors measure physiological activity, muscle electrical activity, brain electrical activity, and eye movement among other things. Extracting accurate physiological data from biosensors is often a complex task. In particular, extracting data from different typologies of biosensors will require architecture of great flexibility and the possibility to connect them to different external monitoring devices. Biosensors are key components in both physiological and psychophysiological computing. Psychophysiological computing can be considered to be the same as...
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...Smart Urinary Biosensor (Biomedical Engineering) Introduction With the increasing cost in providing healthcare to patients with chronic conditions, new strategies need to be developed to provide monitoring and support in a more distributed, noninvasive and remote atmosphere. Smart urinary biosensors permit the internal biologically-controlled mega-network controlled by the central nervous system communicates with an external body sensor using a wireless communication technology (Thomas, Javier, & Espina. 2006, p.60). Urine test strips or dipsticks have for a long time been used to detect renal failure. The disadvantage of using this method is that it can produce false results if not utilized in the appropriate conditions. One example is when erythrocytes and leukocytes precipitate at the bottom of the container; they cannot detect if the sample is not mixed. Another limitation is that excess urine extracted can cause spillage of the pads thus the reagents of the adjacent pads mixes with the distorting colors (Thomas, Javier, & Espina. 2006, p.60). The pad could also be disrupted causing a false positive. The advantage of the sol-gel biosensor is that it can easily detect non polar molecules that can cause kidney failure and that do not respond to most measurement devices; other methods take a long time to discover the kidney failure at the time when it has already advanced causing permanent to the kidney. These sensors are also specific as the immobilized...
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...the spread of emerging infectious diseases (i.e.,avian influenza, SARS, Hendra, Nipah, etc.) and bioterrorism have generated significant interest in recent years. There is considerable effort directed towards understanding and negating the proliferation of infectious diseases. Biosensors are an attractive tool which has the potential to detect the outbreak of a virus and/or disease. Although there is a host of technologies available, either commercially or in the scientific literature, the development of biosensors for the detection of emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) is still in its infancy. There is no doubt that the glucose biosensor, the gene chip, the protein chip, etc. have all played and are still playing a significant role in monitoring various bio-molecules. Can biosensors play an important role for the detection of emerging infectious diseases? What does the future hold and which biosensor technology platform is suitable for the real-time detection of infectious diseases? These and many other questions will be addressed in this review. The purpose of this review is to present an overview of biosensors particularly in relation to EIDs. It provides a synopsis of the various types of biosensor technologies that have been used to detect EIDs, and describes some of the technologies behind them in terms of transduction and bio-receptor principles. Introduction There is great deal of interest in monitoring and controlling the spread of emerging infectious diseases (EID)...
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...among academic scientists as a method to generate electricity and hydrogen from biomass without the negative net carbon emission into the environment. Applications of MFCs can be used in the breaking down of organic matter at wastewater treatment facilities. They have also been considered in the use as biosensors for biological oxygen demand (BOD) monitoring, electricity generation and Biohydrogen. On the negative side Coulombic efficiency and Power output are considerably affected by the types of microbe in the anodic chamber of the microbial fuel cell, Configuration and operational conditions. Presently, practical applications of MFCs are limited because of its power density level being low of several thousandths mW/m2. Many efforts in improving the performance, reduced construction and operating costs of microbial full cells are continually being analysed. This report presents a review on the recent and past experimental advances in research, with key emphases on the applications of using Microbial Fuel Cells (MFC). As mentioned before the major applications of Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) include Biohydrogen production, Electricity generation, Wastewater treatment and Biosensor...
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...Executive Summary Overview AgaMatrix is a development stage venture based in Boston offering proprietary Digital Signal Processing (DSP) technology that dramatically improves the functionality and performance of biosensor devices. AgaMatrix's core DSP algorithms solve a number of immediate problems in the medical devices market by significantly boosting the performance of biosensors without costly specialized hardware and additional chemicals. Initially, AgaMatrix will sell to medical device makers, specifically, home blood glucose monitors and hospital point-of-care blood analyzers. AgaMatrix anticipates achieving positive cash flow by year three with future target healthcare segments to include the large immunoassay and implantable biosensor sectors; as well as other vertical industries that heavily rely on biosensors, such as the military chemical agent detection, environmental air/water quality monitoring, and industrial processing sectors. Problem – Glucose Monitors Are Burdensome, Painful To Use Many diabetic patients fail to use home blood glucose devices as prescribed because the regimen is too burdensome or too physically painful. Four to seven times a day, a patient must puncture his or her finger to draw blood onto a test strip for insertion into the glucose biosensor. The average compliance rate for testing is less than 1.5 times a day, resulting in the acceleration of complications caused by diabetes, such as blindness, stroke, and heart and kidney failure. In fact, diabetes...
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...SLEEP WELL Biosensor to detect the presence of bed bugs in mattresses. INTRODUCTION o The bedbug (or bed bug) is an insect of the family Cimicidae that lives by hematophagy - feeding on the blood of humans and other warm-blooded hosts. [1] o When a person is bitten a large oval lump may arise followed by itching, or no reaction or a delayed reaction may be experienced. The bite may be mistaken for a mosquito bite or even a flea bite. Because the bite reaction is similar to that caused by other insects, bed bug infestations are difficult to diagnose correctly when bites are first experienced. This allows the bed bug population to increase and possibly disperse before the culprit is identified.[2] o Bedbugs seem to possess all of the necessary prerequisites for being capable of passing diseases from one host to another. There is the possibility that the saliva of the bedbugs may cause anaphylactic shock as well as anemia in a some people. In addition bedbugs can also transmit Chagas disease as well as Hepatitis B.[1] SLEEPWELL BIOSENSOR o This biosensor is in the form of a sheet that can be spread over the mattress at all times. o It will be able to diagnose the presence of even a single bed bug. o This is done through the detection of its feces. o The picture shows a mattress with bedbugs with some fecal matter thrown in for good measure. o Bed bugs usually eliminate much...
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...Vascular stents are ‘spring-like’ cylindrical and hollow metal-based implantable devices for the treatment of vessel related blockages. It was supported by medical professionals to be a viable alternative to percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) or coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) for the treatment of coronary atherosclerosis. Since the early 1990s, bare metal stents have started their implantation in patients throughout Asia. Cardiac surgeons have since then preferred the use of stents compared to balloon angioplasty as the rate of re-stenosis amongst patients have shown to decrease to about 20 to 25 percent as opposed to PTCA’s 30 to 40 percent. Even though stents implantation is a costlier alternative to PTCA, the fact that it can prevent patients from a relapse and the need to receive a second interventional procedure warrants its increasing demand. Though demand for bare metal stents has exceeded cheaper balloon angioplasty, the use of stents is not without problems. Being an implanted device, the human body tissue detects such devices as a foreign particle resulting in initial hyperplasia, a condition whereby endothelial cells grow to envelop the bare metal stents. This has been the main cause of re-stenosis amongst patients. In order to counter this, researchers have come up with drug-coated stents. This coated drug acts as agent to inhibit tissue growth and thus prevent re-stenosis. These stents are referred to in the industry as drug-eluting...
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...Biotechnology Biotechnology is the way in which man uses other organisms to make useful products. Yeast has been used for centuries to make beer, wine and bread. Moulds have been employed in cheese making, and bacteria in yogurt making. Single- Cell Protein (SCP) Microorganisms are single cell organisms which can be cultured to rapidly produce foodstuffs rich in protein, minerals and vitamins. Microorganisms are grown in large fermenters where nutrient, pH and temperature are constantly monitored and controlled. The products are: 1. Cells 2. Substances produced by cells. 3. Substances the cells make by fermenting the nutrient solution. Once these products have been ‘ harvested’ they are processed for marketing. Mycoprotein (SCP) Fusarium graminearum is a mould which is about 50% protein, high in fibre but low in fat and cholesterol-free, called mycoprotein (myco-:fungus), it is seen as a healthy substitute for meat. Fusarium is cultured in fermenters and marketed under t brand name ‘Quorn’. Enzymes Enzymes are highly important in industry and medicine. Microorganisms are cultured in fermenters, and they secrete enzymes which are separated from the culture medium and processed to be used in powdered or liquid form. Enzyme production is a rapidly growing industry. They are used in the following areas:- Food and agriculture Chemical industry Pharmaceutical industry Medicine Analytical Sciences Enzyme Production Microorganisms are used to produce enzymes...
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...Technology Assessment Using internet databases, I have researched the regulatory requirements related to technology with the health care industry. Within this assignment, I have identified and analyzed my belief of the most significant new technology requirements for the health care industry. I have analyzed the basic technology underlying health care information systems. I also have made a recommendation of an innovation and explained how my recommendation can improve the overall level of health care in my community. Lastly, I have suggested a key action that senior health care leadership can take in the community to push the boundaries of information technology management. Most New Significant Technology Requirements for Health Care I believe that the most new significant technology requirement for health care is the use of electronic medical records (EMR). This is a digital form of a paper chart which encompasses the medical and treatment history of the patients in one office. An EMR permits a physician to track data over time, easily pinpoint which patients are due for preventive screenings, and check on how patients are doing on particular parameters like blood pressure readings or vaccines (Electronic Medical Record, 2014). They also monitor and improve the general quality of care within the clinic or hospital. Providers should approach the implementation of the EMR with seriousness. I say this because As of January 2014 all public and private healthcare providers...
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...type of calcium phosphate ceramic, used for reconstructive bone surgery and dental implants. Definition of biosemiconductor The biosemiconductor, together with the drift of charges, ions, and radicals, may be considered as a form of "bioplasma". Bioplasma may be subject to magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) control. The EM fields emitted by trained healers may be considered as coherent, resonant biomagnetic emissions by which a less coherent EM field of the patient is "tuned" to the specific frequency and phase, and through which homeostasis can be "aligned" to induce "healing". Definition of bioelectronics The application of electronic theories and techniques to the problems of biology. The use of biotechnology in electronic devices such as biosensors, molecular electronics, and neuronal interfaces; more speculatively, the use of proteins in constructing circuits. Choosing a coating: the right surface modification technique brings benefits to patients with implants. The importance of selecting the right coating or surface modification technique for an orthopedic implant cannot be understated. Metals and ceramics that orthopedic implants are made from are not inherently compatible with the body's tissues and...
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...Acquisition Planning Assignment (Student Version) INSTRUCTIONS: Using the information from the SH 0-2 BSVD Program Overview, your answers to the Day 1 questions in the SH 0-1 Daily Assignment Book, knowledge gained in previous DAU courses, and the appropriate FAR/DFARs references, answer the Acquisition Planning Questions below as they pertain to the Bio-Sensor Virus Detector (BSVD) program. This initial lesson introduces the concept of acquisition planning and the decisions that take place during the strategy-making process. Most questions elicit a thorough explanation of the rationale for the response you provide. It is important to recognize that different responses to the same question may be appropriate depending on the assumptions you make and the evidence you apply in your thinking and written response. You will be assessed in part on the logic and critical thinking demonstrated in your stated rationale. Additionally, be sure to cite the relevant FAR and DFARS passages related to your rationale. No credit will be given for a response in which rationale is requested but not provided or, if provided, is inconsistent or inaccurate. Your assignment is due before your class starts on Monday (Day 1). Post your completed assignment in Blackboard no later than 8:00AM. In addition, bring one printed back-up copy to class. Failure to post your complete assignment by this time will result in a 15-point deduction from your assignment grade. Note: If you wait until...
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...Class offerings for fall 2013: 1-2. BT/BTE6023 BIOTECHNOLOGY AND HEALTH CARE and BT/BTE6033 BIOSENSORS & BIOCHIPS. These courses are required for both BT and BTE students. Instructor: Evgeny Vulfson 3. BE6703 MATERIALS IN MEDICINE by Prof Richard Gross. BT students are required to take either this class or Protein Engineering offered in spring. 4. CM 8213 BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (listed under CM). This semester the class will be taught by Prof Abhijit Mitra. It is an elective course for both BT and BTE; particularly useful for students who are looking for a career as bench scientists or PhD. 5. BMS8013/BMS8011 ADVANCED MOLECULAR BIOLOGY. As last year the class will be taught by Prof John Katsigeorgis. This class comprises lectures (3 credits) and labs (1.5 credits). Students can take lectures with no labs, but not the other way around. The syllabus from last year is attached (there will be a few minor changes). If interested, enroll soon because the number of lab spaces is limited. 6. BT7013/BT7011 SPECIAL TOPICS IN BIOTECHNOLOGY: GENETIC ENGINEERING by Prof John Katsigeorgis. This class also comprises lectures (3 credits) and labs (1.5 credits) and it is supposed to be more advanced than Molecular Biology i.e. students must be familiar with the content and techniques covered in BMS8013/BMS8011. The syllabus from last year is attached (there may minor changes). If interested, enroll soon because the number of lab spaces is limited. 7. BT7011 SPECIAL TOPICS IN BIOTECHNOLOGY: Business...
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