...Stress at workplace has many contributing factors like long working hours, redundancy, job insecurity, and miscommunication between the management and employees. The symptoms that can arise from work related stress could range from depression, anxiety, and stress-related diseases/absences. Selye noted that the: “accumulation of stressors whether good or bad, if intense enough, will ultimately cause physical disorders.” If not taken seriously, the effects of stress among the employees can seriously disrupt workplace environment and cause a significant drop in production. In present scenario, the employer of a large corporation (n=500) suspect discrepancy in the structural features of the corporation to be responsible for stress related diseases and absences and blames inadequate management communication channels within the organization that result in poor use of employer sponsored stress relief programs. Identifying problem- the issue can be categorized into “structural” (underutilization of the available employer sponsored stress relieve programs) and “interpersonal” derived from feedbacks from survey and local employee data. The corporation has 500 employees; which makes it a little difficult to identify the root causes that can differ substantially according to different departments. Exercising a social network analysis to figure out how the coworkers benefit from working with each other could be beneficial. SNA can aid in assessing where most productive patterns of teamwork...
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...The Prevalence of Bullying and Victimization among the School Youth Lisa Marie Giacinti MHA – Biostatistics Professor James Koziol August 19, 2013 ABSTRACT In our society today, many students experienced a lot of physical and social harm, threatened by others which results to much trembling and fear - fear of unknown. In that case, it presumes unhealthy to students to experience that kind of situation. In this paper, it presents the full context of school bullying, determine underlying factors and explore findings to what bullying is all about. It focuses mainly on reporting statistical analysis, like describing the population of interest, estimating mean and proportion and interpreting results due to hypothesis testing and interval estimation. The prevalence of bullying among US youth is substantial. Given the concurrent behavioral and emotional difficulties associated with bullying, as well as the potential long-term negative outcomes for these youth, the issue of bullying merits serious attention, both for future research and preventive intervention. In many cases, bullying may not only happen among children and youth. It also takes place in corporate world or public institution. However, it is beyond the scope of this paper since we limit the topic only to school bullying. INTRODUCTION Bullying is a pervasive type of aggression, which often occurs in schools. As with other types of aggression, the harm that is inflicted – whether physical, emotional or both...
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...ARTICLE IN PRESS Sleep Medicine Reviews (2008) 12, 153–162 www.elsevier.com/locate/smrv CLINICAL REVIEW Caffeine: Sleep and daytime sleepiness Timothy Roehrsa,b,Ã, Thomas Rotha,b a Sleep Disorders and Research Center, Henry Ford Hospital, 2799 W Grand Blvd, CFP-3, Detroit, MI 48202, USA b Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA KEYWORDS Caffeine; Daytime sleepiness; Sleep disturbance; Caffeine dependence Summary Caffeine is one of the most widely consumed psychoactive substances and it has profound effects on sleep and wake function. Laboratory studies have documented its sleep-disruptive effects. It clearly enhances alertness and performance in studies with explicit sleep deprivation, restriction, or circadian sleep schedule reversals. But, under conditions of habitual sleep the evidence indicates that caffeine, rather then enhancing performance, is merely restoring performance degraded by sleepiness. The sleepiness and degraded function may be due to basal sleep insufficiency, circadian sleep schedule reversals, rebound sleepiness, and/or a withdrawal syndrome after the acute, over-night, caffeine discontinuation typical of most studies. Studies have shown that caffeine dependence develops at relatively low daily doses and after short periods of regular daily use. Large sample and population-based studies indicate that regular daily dietary caffeine intake is associated with disturbed...
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...APPLICATION OF STATISTICS IN MEDICAL GENETICS INTRODUCTION "Significance" has a very particular meaning in biology thanks to statistics. How does this term prove an experiment's results are worth special attention? Once one has performed an experiment, how can one tell if the results are significant? For example, say if we are performing a genetic cross in which we know the genotypes of the parents. In this situation, we might hypothesize that the cross will result in a certain ratio of phenotypes in the offspring. But what if our observed results do not exactly match our expectations? How can we tell whether this deviation was due to chance? The key to answering these questions is the use of statistics, which allows us, geneticists, to determine whether our data are consistent with our hypothesis. Statistics and Human Genetics are twin subjects, having grown with the century together, and there are many connections between the two. Some fundamental aspects in particular the concept of Analysis of Variance, first arose in Human Genetics, while statistical and probabilistic methods are now central to many aspects of analysis of questions is human genetics. The most common areas where one can find an extensive applications of statistical methods in human genetics is * Human Genome Project * Linkage Analysis * Sequencing STATISTICAL GENETICS Statistical Genetics involves the identification of genetic variation to help us understand why certain people are...
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...Homework 10# Inyene Essien Homework 10# Inyene Essien Question 1a. Check for normality within each group, but continue with the one-way ANOVA | Time | Shapiro-Wilk | | | Statistic | df | Sig. | Samples | sample 1 | .964 | 22 | .581 | | sample 2 | .959 | 21 | .490 | | sample 3 | .959 | 21 | .490 | | sample 4 | .950 | 19 | .395 | | sample 5 | .950 | 19 | .395 | | sample 6 | .950 | 19 | .395 | Answer: The K-S test was significant (p > 0.05) for a normal distribution in all the groups. 1b. Run the analysis. Show table results (directly from SPSS) only for Tests of Within Subjects Effects and Pairwise Comparisons. Tests of Within-Subjects Effects | Measure: Group | Source | Type III Sum of Squares | df | Mean Square | F | Sig. | TIME | Sphericity Assumed | 5249.884 | 5 | 1049.977 | 19.083 | .000 | | Greenhouse-Geisser | 5249.884 | 3.766 | 1394.142 | 19.083 | .000 | | Huynh-Feldt | 5249.884 | 5.000 | 1049.977 | 19.083 | .000 | | Lower-bound | 5249.884 | 1.000 | 5249.884 | 19.083 | .000 | Error(TIME) | Sphericity Assumed | 4401.629 | 80 | 55.020 | | | | Greenhouse-Geisser | 4401.629 | 60.251 | 73.055 | | | | Huynh-Feldt | 4401.629 | 80.000 | 55.020 | | | | Lower-bound | 4401.629 | 16.000 | 275.102 | | | Pairwise Comparisons | Measure: MEASURE_1 | (I) TIME | (J) TIME | Mean Difference (I-J) | Std. Error | Sig.b | 95% Confidence Interval for Differenceb | | | | | | Lower Bound | Upper Bound | 1 | 2 | -10.618* | 2.768 |...
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...a proper subset of B and write A ⊂ B . Dorota M. Dabrowska (UCLA) Biostatistics 255 September 21, 2011 1 / 49 In what follows all sets will be subsets of a larger set Ω. The complement of A in Ω is denoted by Ac and represents elements of Ω which do not belong to A: Ac = { ω ∈ Ω : ω ∈ A} / The complement of the set Ω is given by the empty set ∅. Dorota M. Dabrowska (UCLA) Biostatistics 255 September 21, 2011 2 / 49 For any sets A ⊆ Ω, B ⊆ Ω, we denote by A ∪ B and A ∩ B their union and intersection. The union represents points which belong to A or B : A ∪ B = {ω ∈ Ω : ω ∈ A or ω ∈ B } while intersection corresponds to points which belong to both sets A ∩ B = {ω ∈ Ω : ω ∈ A and ω ∈ B } If A and B are disjoint sets, i.e. A ∩ B = ∅, then their union will be denoted by A + B . Finally, the difference and the symmetric difference are defined as B − A = B ∩ Ac = {ω : ω ∈ B and ω ∈ A} − difference / A∆B = (A − B ) ∪ (B − A) − symmetric difference Dorota M. Dabrowska (UCLA) Biostatistics 255 September 21, 2011 3 / 49 The operations of union and intersection are governed by certain laws. They are given by (i) identity laws: A∪∅ = A and A∩Ω = A (ii) domination laws: A∪Ω=Ω and A∩∅=∅ A∪A = A and A∩A=A A∪B =B∪A and A∩B =B∩A (iii) idempotent laws (iv) commutative laws: Dorota M. Dabrowska (UCLA) Biostatistics 255 September 21, 2011 4 / 49...
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...will be increased substantially. There is also another upcoming portion of medicine called biostatistics, which forms theories based on purely mathematical and measurable data. Biostatistics are also involved in decision making, planning whether or not the possible gain outweighs the possible risk in a study (Miké 225). Biostatistics are a good source of reason to help guide unbiased decision making in any experimental setting, helping define what should and should not be done. It is believed that most professionals agree “Biostatistics can help to discern what is necessary, safe, and effective treatment, and should be fully utilized to produce the best available evidence” (Miké 226). Because of this, risks can be weighed accurately and medical growth can easily continue in situations where there is little to no harm and knowledge to be gained. Biostatistics are also extremely valuable in any argument of medical ethics, showing an unbiased calculable approach to a conclusion. The philosophers can be put to rest when irrefutable stats are used as evidence to base a decision or conclusion. Some believe the non statistical approach involves too much argument, saying “As bioethics flowered, many ethical issues were being debated as matters of public policy” (Jameton and Jonsen 198). Biostatistics minimizes unnecessary ethical debates helping to resolve issues and end arguments. Biostatistics is also the foundation of medical theory of mathematics, basing the creation of studies and...
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...Assignment 1: Issues in Public Health- Nosocomial Infections Nosocomial infections are defined simply as hospital-acquired infections. These infections are not present initially and typically occur within 48 hours of a patient’s admission, within 3 days of discharge or approximately 30 days after an operation. (Inweregbu, Dave & Pittard, 2005) Not just in the United States, but also globally, such infections are rising significantly with no solutions available currently. And, though it is exceedingly difficult to gather reliable information, especially within smaller countries, it has been shown that hundreds of millions of individuals are impacted by such infections each year. Nosocomial infections are an endemic globally with high incidence in both developed and undeveloped countries. Such infections are particularly pertinent in both ICU and NICU patients. In America, it is typical to find that 4.5% of patients will fall ill to such infections when taking the entire population into consideration. European countries see a prevalence rate of approximately 7.1% when considering the population as a whole. These rates will become higher when looking at a sample such as the ICU or NICU where rate of infection can range from 30%-51%, taking into consideration, the longer the stay the greater the risk. (World Health Organization) However, when considering the low and middle-income populations of underdeveloped countries, these rates are considerably higher. It is estimated...
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...November 2013 Changes to USMLE® 2014 – 2015 As medicine and medical education have changed over the years, so have USMLE examinations evolved since they were first administered in 1992. This is a brief summary of planned changes for the next few years. USMLE STEP 3 What WILL change? Beginning November 2014, examinees will: Be able to schedule the exam on two nonconsecutive days; NOT need to apply for Step 3 under the eligibility requirements of a specific medical licensing authority; See increased numbers of items that assess an expanded range of competency-based content, including foundational science essential for effective healthcare; biostatistics, epidemiology, and population health; literature interpretation; medical ethics; and patient safety. What WILL NOT change? The Step 3 exam will continue to: Focus on knowledge and application of the biomedical and clinical sciences necessary for independent patient care; Include multiple-choice questions and computer-based case simulations; Be administered over two days, for a total time comparable to current testing time; Result in a single score (with graphical performance profile information) and a single pass/fail outcome after completion of both examination days. The two exam days will be named Step 3 Foundations of Independent Practice (FIP) and Step 3 Advanced Clinical Medicine (ACM). Important to Note Registration for the current Step 3 examination will end July 31, 2014. Registration...
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...------------------------------------------------- Biology 215 (Biostatistics) Laboratory Spring 2016 Syllabus ------------------------------------------------- TA: Patrick Saldaña Office: LS 201 (Fish Ecology Lab, there is an angry fish on the door window) Hours: Thursday 1230-1330 (or by appointment) ------------------------------------------------- Email: psaldana@rohan.sdsu.edu Course Information: Located in room LS-126 Section 6, Thursday, 0800 Section 7, Thursday, 1400 Required materials: Biology 215 Course Packet, Dr. Douglas Deutschman Specific Grading Scheme Laboratory (Total = 40%) | Note | Quizzes and Homework 10% Lab Practical 1 12% Lab Practical 2 12% Participation 6% | You must pass both the lecture and lab portion of the class in order to receive a grade of C or higher for the class | Welcome to Biostatistics laboratory! The information below should be referenced for questions regarding class structure, policies, and procedures. Attendance is Required: You must attend lab! If you have more than two unexcused absences you will fail the course! Speak to me beforehand if you need to miss a lab for any reason. Come to Lab Prepared: You are responsible for reading the laboratory manual exercise for that day before class. Check Blackboard Regularly: You are responsible for checking Blackboard for announcements and materials. Be On Time: You are responsible for reading the laboratory manual...
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...Advanced Clinical Trials Portfolio By Indian CRO’s The field of biometrics studies and analysis can be described as a set of technologies and methods that are used to recognize humans, depending on a certain set of traits. Biometrics traits can be divided into two principal groups. First, the physiological traits that are associated with the body shape, where we can include face recognition, palm print, fingerprint, iris recognition, DNA, hand geometry and many more. Second, the behavioral traits that are related to an individual’s behavior, such as typing speed and style, walking gait, voice quality and many more. Clinical research organizations (CRO) in India today offer a complete range of data management services in bio-equivalence along with Phase I-IV clinical trials. The objective is to convert raw data into accurate, inconsistent and dependable trial output staying in compliance with regulatory services. The CRO’s have the ability to manage multi-centric studies for global and domestic needs in various therapeutic areas. The Biometric services provided by them are used by several biotechnology, device, and pharmaceutical and other medical research organization. Indian CRO’s (Clinical Research Organizations) that conduct various clinical trial have their own dedicated Biometrics teams capable of helping clients at multiple levels of the trails and medical studies. They assist the clients with their advanced technologies and skill to come up with study designs, analysis...
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...study in which people with the ownership of weapons were closely observed and a proxy for their victim was interviewed. Step 2: Consider the Seven Critical Components in Chapter 2 (pp. 18-19) to familiarize yourself with the details of the research. As in Case Study 6.5 based on the original report, the seven questions can all be answered. The research was supported by a grant from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The source information was from the Departments of Internal Medicine (A.L.K., J.G.B., B.B.H.), Preventive Medicine (A.L.K.), Biostatistics and Epidemiology (A.L.K., G.S.), and Pathology (J.T.F), University of Tennessee, Memphis; the Departments of Pediatrics (F.P.R.), Epidemiology (F.P.R.), and Pathology (D.T.R), University of Washington, Seattle; Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, Seattle (F.P.R., J.P.); and the Departments of Biology (N.B.R., A.B.L.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (N.B.R.) and the Center for Adolescent Health (N.B.R.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland. The participants were proxies for their victims as well as control subjects who were matched to the victims. They were selected from three metropolitan counties. After each homicide, they obtained data from the police or medical examiner and interviewed a proxy for the victim. “The proxies' answers were compared with those of control subjects who were matched to the victims according to neighborhood, sex, race, and age range. Crude and adjusted odds ratios...
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...University of Great lakes Kisumu Marjorie Adoyo Ogutu BSN/12-M/07 BIOSTATISTICS ASSIGNMENT 1. KURTOSIS The kurtosis of a distribution describes its degree of peakedness or its peakedness relative to the length and size of its tails. A distribution that is relatively flat and has short tails is of low kurtosis and is said to be platykurtic. A distribution with a sharp peak and long tapering tails is of high kurtosis and is termed as leptokurtic. The normal distribution is used for reference or comparison, thus mesokurtic. 2. PERCENTILES AND QUARTILES The percentile of a set of observations divide the total frequency into hundredths i.e,the 30th percentile is that value of the variable below which 30% of the observations lie. The term quartile is a generic term for division point relative to any partition.i.e percentile, tertiles, quartiles and deciles are all examples of quartiles. Therefore a percentile is a rank in percentage while a quartile is a value of the observed variable. 3. BOX AND WHISKER PLOTS Also known as box plots. It entails putting the values in numerical order or arranging from the least to the largest value, and then you find the median of your data. The median divides the data into two halves. You then divide the data into quarters by finding the median of the two halves. Thus Q1-Is the middle number for the first half of the list. Q2-Is the middle number of the whole list. ...
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...Running Head: BIOSTATISTICS IN NURSING: FINAL PAPER Biostatistics in Nursing: Final Paper Richard Hoinacki Nova Southeastern University NUR 3200 Marcia Derby RN, MSN, Asst Prof. October 15, 2008 Many people develop renal disease and once they become diagnosed with End Stage Renal Disease many have only a few choices when it comes to renal replacement modalities. According to Chapman, M., Fink, N., Finkelstein, F., Marsh, J., Meyer, K., Powe, N., Wu, A. (2004), every year in the United States, nearly 90,000 patients with chronic kidney disease progress to ESRD and begin renal replacement therapy. Most patients optimally would prefer a kidney transplant, but many may not have the ability to find a donor and must get on a transplant list. So while they wait for a suitable kidney donor their only option is dialysis. End Stage Renal Disease patients have two choices of dialysis, either hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis. Chronic dialysis can impose a considerable burden on patients and their families, with regards to health care and their quality of life. Many statistical studies have been done to compare the qualities of life with ESRD patients who are on hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. According to Lausevic, M., Nesic, V., Stojanovic, M., Stefanovic, V. (2006), health-related quality of life is a multidimensional concept that includes physical functioning, social functioning, mental health, and general health perceptions. This paper...
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...In: Other Topics Qualitative Research Study Running head: Qualitative Research Study Qualitative Research Study Grand Canyon University NRS433V 5/30/10 Qualitative Research Study Introduction The qualitative research study that I chose to critique is on infections related to Nursing home-acquired pneumonia. Pneumonia care and the nursing home: a qualitative descriptive study of resident and family member perspectives. Soo Chan Carusone,1 Mark Loeb,1,2 and Lynne Lohfeld1,3 1Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada2Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Canada 3Program for Educational Research and Development, McMaster University, Canada Corresponding author. Soo Chan Carusone: chansy@mcmaster.ca; Mark Loeb: loebm@mcmaster.ca; Lynne Lohfeld: lohfeld@mcmaster.ca Received September 19, 2005; Accepted January 23, 2006. Pneumonia is the inflammation of the lung parenchyma, build up fluid in the tissue of the lungs and then this infection spread in to whole body. The causes are mainly by Viruses, Bacteria, often caused by parasites or fungi. Pneumonia is the 5th leading cause of death in elderly. It may be unrecognized due to many factors such as it may be asymptomatic, or may be confused with other medical Pneumonia and other lower respiratory infections occur frequently among older adults residing in long-term care facilities...
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