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Biotech Test

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Submitted By lightbox
Words 675
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Terminsprøve
Opgave 1:
b. Jo lavere pKs en syre har, jo stærkere er den.
Syers styrke angiver dens evne til at reagere med vand. pKs kan udregnes ved formlen pKs=-log⁡(Ks), hvor Ks er syrens styrkekonstant. Jo større denne værdi er jo mere af syren er omdannet til den korresponderede base og oxoniumioner. Og jo stærkere syren er jo mere reagere syren også, og det vil derfor ikke blive omdannet mere syre til den korresponderede base og oxniumioner, som betyder en højere Ks, som dermed vil give en mindre pKs, som det kan ses på formlen pKs=-log⁡(Ks).Disse ligger pKs værdier varierer mellem -7 og ca. 14. fx en Ks på 10 vil give en pKs på -1 hvorimod en Ks vil give en pKs på -0,6. Det kan virke ulogisk at en syre er stærkere jo lavere pKs da man ofte ser at jo højere et tal er, jo større eller stærkere er det også.
d. Når man fortynder en buffer, ændres pH ikke.
Et puffer er en blanding af en svag syre og en korresponderende svag base. Hvis vi kigger på en blanding af ethansyre og ethanoationer, der er i en 0,1 M opløsning. Hvis der tilsættes lidt stærk syre, vil det jo koncentration af hydroxid ioner falde og dermed også pH. H3O+aq+OH-aq←→2 H2O(l) Men imens reagerer den svage base med vandet og der bliver gendannet hydroxid ioner. Hvis man i stedet tilsætter lidt stærk base, falder koncentrationen af oxoniumioner og dermed falder pH også. Det bliver dog gendannet da den svage syre reagere med vand og gendanner oxoniumioner og fastholder altså pH. Så en svag syre og dens korresponderendes svage base kan altså fasholde pH.
Opgave 2:

1. Beskriv forløbet vist I figur 1.
Der som sker i figur 1. er at man forstyrrer transskriptionen af DNA til RNA, men hindrer altså skadelige gener til at komme til udtryk. Nogle typer vira, reovirus som bl.a. kan give diarre er opbygget er dobbeltstrenget RNA. Der er altså sket det i b at en dicer enzym, som eukaryote celler indeholder nedbryder den dobbelt RNA-streng til mindre stykker nemlig siRNA. De bindes til et enzymkompleks, RISC, som spaltes det til en enkelt enkeltstrenget siRNA, som det ses i trin d. Derefter hvis der findes et mRNA med komplentær sekvens nedbrydes det af RISC og syntesen af proteinet afbrydes. 2. Forklar, hvorfor fx virus eller fedtstoffer anvendes til at få siRNA ind i cellernes cytoplasma.
Cellemembranen, hvor der er et dobbelt lipidlag. Cellemembranen er opbygget af lipider, som er fedstoffer. Lipiderne i cellemembranen omfatter phosphorlipider, glycollipider og kole-sterol. Transportmolekylerne i celle-membranen ligger mellem lipidmole-kylerne. Disse transportmolekyler består af protein, og har betydning for cellers funktion, som f.eks. transport ud og ind af cellen. Polypeptidkæderne i cellemembranen er bygget op af aminosyrer, som er bundet sammen af peptidbindinger. Desuden er oligosakkariderne korte kæder bestående af 4-15 monosakkarider. Her anvendes altså fedtstoffer, da det kan komme igennem cellens cellemembram og dermed kan siRNa også komme ind I cellernes cytoplasma, når de er kommet igennem cellemembranen, Samtidig bruges vira også til at få siRNA ind I cellens cytoplasma, pga. Dens evne til af infilterere andre celler.

3. Angiv aminosyrerækkefølgen i det protein, der bliver dannet ud fra mRNA-sekvensen vist i figur 1.
Så Prolin, Serin, Phenylalnin, Serin, STOP, Tryptophan, Phenylalanin, er aminosyrerækkefølgen.

4. Angiv basesekvensen i det sIRNA, der kan begrænse produktionen af proteinet, som det viste mRNA koder for.
Ifølge baseparingsprincippet når vi snakker om RNA er på den måde at adenin danner par med uracil, og cytosin danner par med guanin. mRNA strenger hedder:
CCC UCU AUC GCG GAG AGG UUA
Derfor må siRNA strengen hedde.
GGG AGA UAG CGC CUC UCC AAU

5. Giv forslag til, hvorfor behandlingen omtalt i artiklen skal gentages.
Det kan skyldes at sIRNA, har kort levetid i cellerne, og vil derfor være svære at få hele ind i cellen. Så det kan være at det skal gentages mange gange før, den omtalte behandling i artiklen lykkes.

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