...Bird Flu of H5N1 virus threatens world pandemic Public health has traditionally been an area of concern as anything that poses a threat to humans should be considered a top priority societally. From a global standpoint if public health is neglected then the amount of preventable deaths would rise exponentially. In the past few years several events have been noted as threats to public health, but society had identified them quick enough so that the threat to humans was minimized. One such event occurred in 2006 and was known as the bird flu. Although there is currently no vaccine for this strain of bird flu the rapid identification of this deadly virus helped to minimize its spread. According to Medline, birds just like humans can be stricken with the flu but the virus historically only affected avian species without the potential to affect humans. This remained true until 1997 in Hong Kong when the first case of the avian flu was reported. This avian virus has the ability to mutate or change its genetic makeup so that it can be easily incorporated into the human genome, thus causing a new form of flu that can be deadly and difficult to treat. Since 1997 the avian flu has spread to several countries and has severely affected both the commercial poultry supply and humans alike. Although the viral transition to infecting humans is rare, the avian flu is responsible for approximately 600 infections since its inception with a mortality rate of 60% (National Library of Medicine...
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...Should we purposefully engineer avian flu strains to become highly transmissible in humans? In our view, no. We believe the benefits of this work do not outweigh the risks. There are no guarantees that such a deadly strain of avian flu would not escape accidentally from the laboratory. This particular experiment was performed by internationally respected scientists in biosafety conditions considered top of the line. They seem to have taken the expected and necessary precautions. The risk of a person accidentally becoming infected and starting an outbreak with this new strain is low. But it is not zero. The safety record of most labs working at high biocontainment levels is outstanding, and the historic number of accidents is very low. In almost all situations, even if a laboratory worker comes in contact with a dangerous pathogen and becomes sick, the risk of extensive wide community spread is negligible. This is because very few dangerous pathogens are as highly transmissible as influenza is. An accidental escape of an influenza strain from a lab in 1977 proves the possibility: That accident led to widespread flu epidemics. Given the potential global consequences of an accident with the newly modified strain of avian flu, we are playing with fire. We are not opposed to research in high-containment labs using dangerous pathogens, including H5N1. Over the past decade, the Center for Biosecurity of UPMC has publicly argued for the importance of such research to develop diagnostics...
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...preparing for a potential influenza pandemic by buying medicines, running disaster drills, and developing strategies for tighter border controls. On the other hand, a survey of global companies by London-based newsletter Continuity Central found that 72 percent have not even begun to get ready for a potential bird flu pandemic. Businesses in the U.S. seem to be particularly unprepared. In a survey by Deloitte & Touche of 100 U.S. executives, two-thirds said their companies had not yet prepared adequately for avian flu, and most have not one specifically in charge of such a plan. What these businesses might not realize is how they potentially will be affected. For instance, how will they continue to do their business if their workforce is ill or quarantined; if transportation, communication, utility services of other necessary public infrastructure functions are not available or are only available in limited areas; or if financial services are curtailed? How will they earn revenues if the general public is sick or not able to venture out? It’s a scenario with monumental implications for both the short term and the long term. One company that has panned for any potential avian flu outbreak is Deutsche Bank. The steps it has taken include making sure employees in infected zones don’t carry the disease to co-workers, moving others out of harm’s way, communicating medical bulletins to far-flung offices, and preparing for the inevitable economic shocks as mass illness slows trade and...
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...gardens are home to abundant populations of birds. One of the most frequent species known to thrive in such areas are feral pigeon (Columba livia). Although there are few reports of disease transmission between pigeons and humans, their close interaction with humans and ability to carry zoonotic pathogens make them a public health risk. In fact, these birds are present at very high densities (2,000 individuals per km2) and can cover a maximum distance of 5.29 km (Dickx et al., 2010). This may result in the increase risk of pathogen transmission among other birds and potentially to humans. Studies have shown that most infected pigeons do not show signs of clinical disease. These birds may therefore pose a public health risk to the human population. Pigeons, like many other bird species, can harbor diseases that can be zoonotic in nature. One of the pathogens most frequently carried by pigeons is Chlamydophila psittaci. C. psittaci is an obligate intracellular bacterium that causes a disease in birds known as Psittacosis or Avian Chlamydiosis. Psittacosis is highly contagious and often causes influenza-like symptoms, severe pneumonia and non-respiratory health problems. Birds can shed this bacterium in the environment when they are either overtly ill or without any symptoms. C. psittaci occurs most frequently in psittacine birds such as parrots, macaws, parakeets. However, non-psittacine birds including pigeons, doves and mynah birds can also harbour the infectious agent (Greco...
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...Influenza A/H5 Detection Kit otherwise known as the avian flu detection kit was produced in 2006 before the merger. Thus, Applied Biosystems would be the more appropriate company for the comparison instead. Applied Biosystems Inc. was first established in 1981, and has a reputation for producing top quality instruments for diagnostic research. Moreover, the scales of both companies differ greatly. Applied Biosystems has approximately 5000 staff that work under them whereas Veredus has about 20-30 staff. The level of technology and expertise that the firm possesses is equivalent to that of a listed company, in order for Veredus Laboratories to be able to compete with such big market players in the industry and to emerge as a formidable force to be reckon with,. Thus, Applied Biosystems is definitely a strong competitor of Veredus Laboratories with its vast experience. Applied Biosystems developed the TaqMan Influenza A/H5 Detection Kit (Taqman) in 2006, which is capable of detecting the avian influenza in laboratory samples reliably and quickly. Instead of the usual traditional testing which requires up to 10 days for the results to be analyzed, the Taqman requires only 2 hours. This detection kit is very similar to the one that catapulted Veredus Laboratories to its position today, the Avian Influenza Virus H5N1 Detection Kit, which was also produced in 2006. Both products serve the same purpose in terms of detecting the avian flu by using the...
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...Bird Bird Birds the Word Ma ma ma u maw maw mu mum mu mah maw, don’t you know about the bird, everybody knows that the bird is the word, bird bird bird bird bird bird, ma ma ma ma Bird Bird Birds the Word Ma ma ma u maw maw mu mum mu mah maw, don’t you know about the bird, everybody knows that the bird is the word, bird bird bird bird bird bird, ma ma ma ma Bird Bird Birds the Word Ma ma ma u maw maw mu mum mu mah maw, don’t you know about the bird, everybody knows that the bird is the word, bird bird bird bird bird bird, ma ma ma ma Bird Bird Birds the Word Ma ma ma u maw maw mu mum mu mah maw, don’t you know about the bird, everybody knows that the bird is the word, bird bird bird bird bird bird, ma ma ma ma Bird Bird Birds the Word Ma ma ma u maw maw mu mum mu mah maw, don’t you know about the bird, everybody knows that the bird is the word, bird bird bird bird bird bird, ma ma ma ma Bird Bird Birds the Word Ma ma ma u maw maw mu mum mu mah maw, don’t you know about the bird, everybody knows that the bird is the word, bird bird bird bird bird bird, ma ma ma ma Bird Bird Birds the Word Ma ma ma u maw maw mu mum mu mah maw, don’t you know about the bird, everybody knows that the bird is the word, bird bird bird bird bird bird, ma ma ma ma Bird Bird Birds the Word Ma ma ma u maw maw mu mum mu mah maw, don’t you know about the bird, everybody knows that the bird is the word, bird bird bird bird bird bird, ma ma ma...
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...animal intelligent VS animal instinct using relevant examples. The example will further look into the different disagreement presented on this issue. Judging intelligence and other mental skills in animals is usually a difficult task. When examining animals, we should test them in situation that have meaning for their lives, not ours and not just look to see how much they resemble us. We like to know how close animals are to humans- Do they think like us? Do they have the capacity to solve the problems like us? Some of them may have an intelligent. Some researchers say that apes have shown intelligence to us, i.e. their mental processes are similar to ours. This is no wonder because they are our closet biological relatives. In addition, bird species such as parrot and pigeons also have intelligence like some parrots can talk some words. Moreover dolphins and killer whales can perform spectacular feats at marine parks. There are many controversies about the animal intelligence. Some people disagree with intelligence. They observe that animals have instinct rather than intelligence and also they state that we cannot say animals are intelligent when a chimp raise a cub. It is just an instinct. On the other hand, scientists believe that animals have intelligent behavior because they have been tested in many ways. They have trained animals to do specific tasks or tricks but sometimes animals can do the things that were not being taught to them. Scientists judge that it is a form...
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...Pre-Feasibility Study BROILER FARM (7500 Birds) Small and Medium Enterprise Development Authority Government of Pakistan www.smeda.org.pk HEAD OFFICE Waheed Trade Complex, 1 Floor , 36-Commercial Zone, Phase III, Sector XX, Khayaban-e-Iqbal, DHA Lahore Tel: (042) 111-111-456, Fax: (042) 5896619, 5899756 helpdesk@smeda.org.pk st REGIONAL OFFICE PUNJAB Waheed Trade Complex, 1st Floor, 36-Commercial Zone, Phase III, Sector XX, Khayaban-e-Iqbal, DHA Lahore. Tel: (042) 111-111-456 Fax: (042) 5896619, 5899756 helpdesk@smeda.org.pk REGIONAL OFFICE SINDH 5TH Floor, Bahria Complex II, M.T. Khan Road, Karachi. Tel: (021) 111-111-456 Fax: (021) 5610572 helpdesk-khi@smeda.org.pk REGIONAL OFFICE NWFP Ground Floor State Life Building The Mall, Peshawar. Tel: (091) 9213046-47 Fax: (091) 286908 helpdesk-pew@smeda.org.pk REGIONAL OFFICE BALOCHISTAN Bungalow No. 15-A Chaman Housing Scheme Airport Road, Quetta. Tel: (081) 831623, 831702 Fax: (081) 831922 helpdesk-qta@smeda.org.pk April, 2002 Pre-Feasibility Study Broiler Farm (7500 Birds) DISCLAIMER The purpose and scope of this information memorandum is to introduce the subject matter and provide a general idea and information on the said area. All the material included in this document is based on data/information gathered from various sources and is based on certain assumptions. Although, due care and diligence has been taken to compile this document, the contained information may vary due to any change in...
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...Adaptations. The animals: In the desert. There are numerous animals that live within the Sahara desert; all of these are adapted to cope with the conditions of the habitat. They all have certain features that make them different to animals that may live in a different habitat, like a polar bear. When we look at animals it’s not always obvious that they have all these essential adaptations that make them stay alive. For example, Fennec fox has large 6” ears, thick fur, sand coloured fur, fur on their feet and kidneys that restrict water loss. This is all important; in fact without all this the fennec fox may be unable to live! The large ears help get rid of heat quickly in hot dessert days because they have a large surface area, the thick fur insulates in the cold, open nights in the Sahara, the golden brown fur is camouflage against any predators that might also live in the habitat and not only is the fur a camouflage and insulator it also helps them walk on the loose sand- it does a lot! The kidneys are vital to the sand fox as well; they are specially formed to restrict water loss which is very important as there is a struggle for water in the desert. Another animal that is widely adapted to the desert habitat is the camel; the most obvious of all is that it has a hump to store water, or is it? Surprisingly, a camel doesn’t store water in its hump it in fact store fat so it can be released slowly as energy when needed. A camel can go a week without water and several months...
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...20 facts about baby animals 1. Some animal babies are tiny versions of adults. 2. Baby animals start life in different ways. 3. Some hatch out of eggs and some are born live. 4. Birds, amphibians, fish, and many reptiles do this inside an egg. 5. A baby bird enters the world by hatching out of a hard – shelled egg laid by its mother. 6. Many birds incubate their eggs by sitting on them to keep them warm until they hatch. 7. Emperor and king penguins, which live in Antarctica, warm their eggs by resting them on top of their feet. 8. Many snakes begin life in eggs too, but snake eggs are tough and leathery rather than hard and brittle. 9. A snake called the Indian rock python lays between 50 and 100 eggs at a time. 10. Since snakes are cold blooded, the mother rock python has to twitch her muscles to create heat. 11. During the two months it takes for the eggs to hatch, the mother python stays in one place and dose not even eat. 12. Frogs lay their eggs in jelly – like clumps along the edge of a pond. 13. Mother frogs do not take care of their eggs. 14. When a baby, or tadpole, hatches, it doesn’t look anything like an adult frog. 15. It has a tail, it has no legs or eyes, and it is completely helpless. 16. The tadpole grows legs, its tail begins to shrink, and it looks more and more like its parents. 17. Some baby animals do not hatch from eggs. 18. Mammals differ from other kinds of animals in other ways...
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...Case Study: SAP Implementation in Poultry (Hatcheries) Industry Applies to: Live Stock industries that deal with the poultry breeding and feed manufacturing processes. Poultry segment is involved in the production of day old commercial layer and broiler chicks, rearing of commercial broilers, and trading of poultry and poultry related products. Summary Poultry breeding process includes parents farming of broilers and layers to produce the “day-old-chick (DOC)” and growing them in turn produce the broilers. Breeding Broiler/Layer chicks involves three unique production stages namely, Brooding, Growing and Laying. Each stage is notable specific to time frame say brooding is for 8 weeks, growing is from 9-24th weeks and laying from 25th week till the life span of the chick. In each of the three stages there is a need to feed chicks, need to raise the pullets to maturity and while fertile harvest their egg production. When hatched these eggs are the next generation of the cross-bed chicks. The final products of this process—are the broilers marketed to the meat industry and the market. The layers are sold to the farmers which again go through the distinct stages and produce table eggs that are available in the market. During these stages distinguished parameters are maintained to produce real good chicken. An example would be the daily /weekly decision of feed ration for the breeding flock which is dependent on the following inputs- daily mortalities for veterinary...
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...Evolution Lab “Evolution by Natural Selection” The object of this experiment is to determine how changing the size of the beak of a finch will affect the population as well as the growth rate of the finch’s beak. The reason for the experiment is to evaluate evolution and how it affects the finch’s population, and how natural selection is always present in life. In this experiment I will show that the finch will continue to evolve until its beak has reached the optimal size for sustaining life, when changing the beak size to a much larger size we will see that the finch will have no need for further evolution of its beak and that its population will become much more stable and consistent throughout the years. The only materials I will need for this experiment are simply just the evolution lab applet. This applet contains all the information needed to be able to manipulate the characteristics of the finch and see the final outcome over a long period of time. For the first experiment I left all the variables as is and didn’t change anything. This left all the inputs as you see in FIG. 1. I then ran the experiment and examined all the information very carefully, paying special attention to the population and beak size trends. Then I did my second experiment changing the beak size to the maximum allowable size of 30mm. I left all the other variables alone (as seen in FIG. 2) so that I would be able to clearly see how this would affect the bird’s evolution and population...
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...Bird 1. He eats like a bird． 2．A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush． 3．We’re all early birds in my family because we live on a farm. 4. Birds of a feather flock together． 5．That’s for the birds! 6．It’s an ill bird that fouls own nest． 7. A little bird told me． Horse 马 8. He eats like a horse． 10．It’s time to study now and stop horsing around． 11．I got it straight from the horse s mouth． 12. Just hold your horses！ 13. She works like a horse all day long． 14．That’s a horse of a different color! 15．You can take a horse to the water，but you can't make him drink！ Monkey 16．Don't get your monkey up for nothing． 17. You shouldn't monkey about with that machine, if you don't know how to fix it． 18．What kind of monkey business has been going on while I've been away？ Chicken 19．Come on! Don’t be chicken! 20．Well，she’s certainly no spring chicken． 21．Don't count your chickens before they're hatched! Owl 22. He is as blind as an owl． 23. He’s a wise old owl． Bear 24．Every time l see my grandfather，he gives me a big bear hug． 25．Her husband is a real bear． Bee 26．She’s always as busy as a bee． Snail 27．He walks at a snail's pace． Worm 28．He wormed his way through the narrow passage． 29．Every time l take the kids to the movies，they always worm around in their seats． 30．l am a worm today． 31．A worm will turn． Ants 32．You’d think he has ants in his pants． ...
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...The effects of noise pollution (final draft) Noise pollution is a common phenomenon in our daily society. It is any sound that is interfere with human life. The noise is commonly produced by vehicular traffic, construction sites and other sources. It is the unpleasant sound that may affect nearly every aspect of life. It is unlikely produce the physical substances such as environmental pollution, but it will cause a lot of damages to both human and animals in many ways. Noise pollution has serious effects on human health. This is a matter of great concern to the society. Hearing loss is the most probable outcome to the people who are always under this type of pollution. The sustained and loud noise can cause hearing loss. We may suffer from hearing impairment if we are exposed to this excessive noise for a long time. Therefore, occupational hearing loss is one of the common problems among the industrial diseases. Construction workers are most likely to be influenced by the noise pollution among all other jobs. The noise is hazardous to hearing in the construction industry. They are exposed to the excessive noise pollution in a long period. By retirement, many of them are having a noticeable hearing loss problem. This type of permanent hearing loss can never be repaired. It is sadly that it is impossible to restore hearing. Hearing impairment may lead to some accidents, because the people cannot hear the waning signals from others clearly, they may ignore the dangerous. It...
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...Introduction Domestication is the process of adapting wild plants and animals for human use in which individual species have been altered to create breeds with characteristics more desirable to human needs. Some of our earliest evidence of man (and art) is tied to animals. Dogs were the first species of animals to be domesticated due to security. SWINE BRIEF HISTORYOF DOMESTICATION All Pigs were descended from the European wild boar as early as 13,000 BC. And the Local breeds were introduced to African countries by the colonists DISTRIBUTION OF PIGS ACROSS THE WORLD The distribution of pigs around the world is not the same. Almost half the exotic world’s pig population is in Asia (China) 30 per cent in Europe and the former USSR. The population of pigs in large parts of the tropical and sub-tropical developing regions for example Africa and Latin America is relatively small. Local breeds are widely distributed in west- African countries ( Ghana and Nigeria). A typical example of local breeds is the Ashanti dwarf pig or Nigerian hairy black pig. CLASSIFICATION OF PIGS Generally, Pigs can be classified as; 1. Classification Based On functionality: Meat Type: They are meaty pigs with little fats e.g Berkshire, Chester white Duroc, Hampshire. Lard Type: These are small lardy pigs (composed of high percentage of fats). Bacon Type: They build sufficient muscles for desirable bacon (meat from the sides, belly, or back of a pig). Typical...
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