...Write your name here Surname Other names Centre Number Candidate Number Edexcel GCE History Advanced Subsidiary Unit 1 Option D: A World Divided: Communism and Democracy in the Twentieth Century Paper Reference Tuesday 2 June 2009 – Morning Time: 1 hour 20 minutes 6HI01/D You do not need any other materials. Total Marks Instructions black ink or • Usein the boxesball-point pen. page with your name, Fill at the top of this • centre number and candidate number. TWO topics for • Answer TWO questions: ONE question on each of thequestion on eachwhich you have been prepared. You may only answer ONE topic. Answer the questions in the spaces provided • – there may be more space than you need. Information for • The total markeachthis paper is 60.shown in brackets question are • The marks forguide as to how much time to spend on each question. – use this as a • The quality of your written communication will be assessed in ALL your responses – you should take particular care with your spelling, punctuation and grammar, as well as the clarity of expression. Advice carefully • Read each questiontime. before you start to answer it. on the • Keep an eyeanswers if you have time at the end. • Check your Turn over H34860A ©2009 Edexcel Limited. *H34860A0120* 1/1/1/ 6HI01/D – A World Divided: Communism and Democracy in the Twentieth Century Answer TWO questions: ONE question on each of the TWO topics for which you have been prepared. You...
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...short-term impact did black power and black radicalism have on the black civil rights movement in the period 1965-69? Black power can be seen as having a big short-term impact as it changed the civil rights movement pushing it away from integration, to separation with a more superior black race. The main positive accomplishment for the movement was that it “raised morale of many black Americans” by giving a new found pride and improvement of black “Self image.” However, the movement was flawed, as it created a rift between the peaceful movements of the NAACP with the militant black movements being advocates of violence. “One of the few areas of unanimity was the emphasis on black pride and black culture” as it provided a new outlet that helped “galvanise many young blacks.” This can be seen two years later as in Karriema Jordan’s school she saw how “everyone adopted African names” as they wanted to embrace their heritage and not be held back by the “physiological entrapments of white supremacy.” Verney supports this view as during this time, black Americans were seeking to “rediscovery their African roots… by adopting Afro-style haircuts and African dresses.” This showed that black people were not afraid to “embrace black nationalism” and for the first time show off their race and heritage with “new celebrations of blackness that had been absent from civil rights struggles.” It is clear from this, in just a short amount of time, how influential Black Power was on raising...
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...How far is it accurate to say that Black Power movements of 1960s achieved nothing for Black people? In the 1960s many groups such as the Nation of Islam (NOI) and Black Panthers (BP) rose up to support “black power”, largely due to being dissatisfied by Martin Luther King’s adamant belief in peaceful protest. With Jim Crow gone and Vietnam looming many former civil rights protesters no longer had any interest or time to continue with Black Rights. As a result things began to slow down. The Black Power movement did less than perhaps it could have done, unrealistic aims meant in it was difficult to achieve some things. However it did somewhat has success and did a lot to increasing the self-esteem of Black people. One well known Black Power group is The Black Panthers. Black panthers were reasonably successful in helping coloured people living in Ghettos. They organized breakfast and Medical care for Black people living in poor areas. By doing this they were not only helping them to sustain themselves but also attempting to raise their self- esteem. The BP also encouraged black people to “stand up” to white people and defend themselves. The BP’s were dedicated to arming one’s self and defending themselves from racial hatred, although in concept it aims to aid black people in the fight against racism it didn’t have the overall desired effect as the next paragraph will discuss. As a result Bp did have minor successes but they did not come without problems. BP’s violent retaliation...
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...you agree that the black power movement hindered black civil rights in the 1960s? (30) - How did it damage the civil rights movement? 2 paragraphs - How did it help the civil rights movement? 2 paragraphs Help Hinder - Working class were actually brought into the civil rights movement – bigger than king had been able to achieve. - Profile through media attention of James Meredith. - Protected the people, particularly in ghettos with 1) Patrol the pigs and 2) survival campaigns (health education) – which brought lots of confidence. - They were very violent – white people were stopping pitying them and turned their backs on the blacks. - Division in the black community and criticising each other: Malcolm X and MKL, ‘Uncle Tom’ and very different goals for blacks. - The black power movement had hints of communism and yet America was capitalist. This is key - They failed to work with the government something that was essential King had been successful in. Intro - The BPM, undoubtedly the most controversial wing of the civil rights, advocates of the slogan favoured aggressive, rhetorical and emphasised the pride in the hope of changing the economic problems the blacks had to face. - BPM use of bold tactics back fired and caused more hindrance than helpfulness, forcing many white people and even some of their own to turn away. - But what we can’t argue with was the effects were more of a help than a hindrance. Paragraph 1 - The black power hindered the progress...
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...Negative impact- Ben Walsh Book ‘The black power movement was also criticised by some civil rights leaders such as Ray Wilkins because it gave law enforcement authorities the opportunity and the excuse to crack down on all African American activists.’ ( Page 19 ) ‘There is much evidence from the time that the m0ore radical elements of black power groups alarmed moderate opinion and alienated many white Americans. Who might otherwise have been sympathetic towards the Civil Rights movement.’ (Page 19) ‘The black power movement was seen as at least party responsible for the race riots.’ ( Page 19) ‘The cause of riots in most cases were poor relations between the police and black people.- (Page 18) ‘Aside from widening the split between peaceful faction of the civil rights movement, radical violence also turned away many potential supporters.’ ( GCSE Hindsight Magazine, april 2014, Article by Scott Reeves) Point- Black power had a big negative impact because of its violence- and negative image it gave for African Americans. Positive impact – ‘Civil rights strugglers are rightfully acknowledge as having earned black Americans a historic level of dignity. ‘Black power’ accomplished a no less remarkable task, fuelling the casually assertive identify and culture pride that is part of America-American life today’- An extract from black power ‘s quiet side by assistant professor penile E Joseph of the state University of New York, 2006 ( Ben Walsh book) Essay structure-...
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...The Black & Decker Corporation (A): Power Tools Division Black & Decker, the creator of the power tools industry, caters to the three major segments of the power tools business namely, Industrial, Tradesmen, and Consumer. D&B’s market share is almost the same as Milwaukee and Makita in the Industrial and Consumer segment but with regards to the Tradesmen segment, B&D is behind. Despite its major presence in the industry, it faces a problem in the Tradesmen segment which only holds about a 9% share. This problem has been caused by a bad perception of the tradespeople regarding B&D due to its expansion into the Consumer segment shown by its successful Dustbuster® hand-held vacuum. D&B’s expansion to the Consumer segment has proved to be successful but it has also affected D&B’s image with the tradesmen who worked on residential construction. One tradesman stated, “. . . Black & Decker makes a good popcorn popper, and my wife just loves her Dustbuster, but I’m out here trying to make a living. . .” Tradesmen such as, electricians, plumbers, framers, roofers and etc are workers who are expected to show up to work with their own tools and this segment usually purchase their tools from home centers; and they regularly purchase tools for replacement basing their choices on conversations between co-workers at the job site. The fact that the households of these tradesmen use D&B as house appliances makes them think that D&B products won’t...
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...Timothy B. Tyson The article, "Black Power, and the Roots of the African American Freedom Struggle," written by Timothy B. Tyson, was a biography of Robert F. Williams and his past experience dealing with his views on blacks in the south. The author announces his argument on page 541 in the second paragraph. The thesis in the article states how Robert F. Williams revealed his views on "armed self-reliance" with blacks in the south. Robert Williams past experiences help him announce legal efforts against blacks and nonviolent protest. Timothy argued that Robert The author uses quotations throughout the entire article. Quotations in this article are used as emotional, direct, and informal usage when referring to Robert Williams past. Footnotes...
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...idea of self defence whereas Martin Luther King taught the way to completely turn the other cheek. They also even criticized there main goal of the end to segregation and wanted completely separate states for each of the races. However, it is debateable as to whether Black Power decreased the success of the civil Rights movement, to increase it. There split of certain issues made it difficult to organise a national campaign. This included support for the Vietnam War. Leaders of the NAACP supported the war as they believed any criticism of it would drive a wedge between the civil right movement and the government, and that they would then be less willing to cooperate. However groups such as the SNCC were very critical of the war as they believed it was a racial war however they felt that King did not support there ideas as he refused to criticize the war. He later changed his mind as he said it violated his commitment to peace. I was also argued that King undermined the SNCC when he said that they should become a student wing of the SCLC. The split on political issues and the growling dislike of Martin Luther King made it to easy for the groups to be successful as a whole, so you could therefore argue that Black Power did damage the civil rights...
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...How far was the effectiveness of the civil rights movement in the 1960s limited by Internal divisions? Firstly mention the successes of the 1960s * Greensboro Sit-ins 1960, This protest was very effective; it successfully desegregated the Woolworths store by the end of 1960 and all of Woolworths by 1961. By the end of 1962, 700k people protested and 810 southern towns desegregated something which helped to start the erosion of the Jim Crow Laws. But, the foundations for divisions were set, SNCC accused the SCLC of keeping donations and they were displeased with Kings top-down leadership. NAACP lawyer Thurgood Marshall called SNCC a ‘group of crazy coloured’. Although this didn’t affect this campaign, the co-operation was unsustainable and could be seen as the beginning of the end. * Freedom rides 1961, This again was successful in the respect that Supreme Court rulings MORGAN V VIRGINIA 1946 and BOYNTON V VIRGINIA 1960 were upheld, but divisions remained, CORE insisted that the SCLC said that CORE originated the freedom rides, cracks were beginning to widen. * The failure at Albany also helped with the radicalisation of SNCC and CORE, people started to question the effectiveness of peaceful protest. Talk about how when there is collaboration there is usually success, e.g. March on Washington which helped the 1964 Civil rights act go through. Tangible successes (dejure) * Civil Rights Act 1964 outlawed racial discrimination in employment and all forms of segregation...
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...King differed from those of Black Power activists. King was peaceful and wanted integration with whites while Black Power activists confronted violence and believed in black supremacism and separatism. But they were also similar in some ways, such as speaking out on the Vietnam War. The aims of MLK differed significantly from those of Black Power activists. The aims and methods of MLK did differ from those of Black Power activists. For example, King’s campaigns such as the Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1955 and Birmingham 1963 were very peaceful, despite facing violence. King’s peaceful message was due to him being a devout Christian and believing in love for all mankind. As a result, they were successful because they drew on the support from white people. In contrast, was Black Power Activists who some like Malcolm X, believed that blacks should defend themselves because it made them look weak and allowed whites to take advantage. Malcolm X wasn’t a Christian and so he didn’t believe in King’s Christian philosophy. This is a clear difference in both methods and ideology. King also wanted integration with whites, which can be contributed to his ‘love your fellow man’ philosophy. This was clear in King’s March on Washington 1963, where both whites and blacks marched on Washington to hear speeches from civil rights leaders. King didn’t just want integration with whites, as shown in his Poor Peoples Campaign 1968. In this, King called for a coalition of blacks, Native Americans, Hispanics...
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...home but serving in the WWII. When a black solider were injured they were treated only by black physicians or not treated properly and even where they camped, they were forced to sleep outside. When the African Americans were being trained, they were trained with their race. Also they were discriminated in different ways by the United States Army, Marine Corps and Navy. For example: The Marine Corps excluded blacks, the Army had them into separate regiment and the Navy had them as cooks or janitors. Even though the African American defended our country, not one was ever rewarded a medal of honor. Regardless of what position and ranks they were in. They were still being discriminated after the war. The African Americans still had no respect or had any rights. Many of African Americans did not go back home, some of them moved to the cities were they could find work. Other went back home, the ones that went back home still had to deal with the Jim Crow law. Which the Jim Crow law was a racial segregation in all public places in the southern states. After the war in 1944, the government offered a billed called the GI Bill of Rights, this was a bill that rewarded whom served in the war (veterans) could get an education, job finding and unemployment that pay $20 week. Even though this bill was passed by the government, the black veterans were denied of some of these benefits. For example; the banks would not make loans or a mortgage to the black veterans. But the black’s veterans...
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...In every rhetorical context, we can evaluate how an author creates a cognitive framework or the process of turning a group of complex elements and data into a simpler, easier to understand format. This framework includes the actor, goal obstacle, and tacts of a story; assumptions about the audience; values that guide the audience; and essential facts. These components can be seen throughout Stokely Carmichael’s “Black Power”, a speech from the 1960s after the assassination Martin Luther King Jr. Although Martin Luther King Jr. believed that peaceful resistance was the best way to combat racial discrimination, Carmichael thought otherwise and shows that belief through his use of this cognitive framework. Although it can go unnoticed at times,...
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...Since the emancipation, movements such as the Harlem Renaissance, the Black power movement, and the natural hair movement have all been positive, yet brief periods where Black features, especially hair, were praised and appreciated. During the 1920s and the 1930s the Harlem Renaissance was a Black cultural movement in which Black arts such as literature, music, dance, and paintings helped Blacks develop Black a new Black identity and also stimulated Black pride. Marcus Garvey, a black nationalist and one of the leaders of the Harlem renaissance movement, advocated Black woman to embrace their natural hair and encouraged Black people to reclaim an African aesthetic; “don’t remove the kinks from your hair. Remove them from your brain.” It wasn’t...
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...respected leader, he was unable to turn the organization's finances around. Roy Innis strongly supported Black Nationalism. CORE supported the presidential candidacy of Richard Nixon in 1968 and 1972. In 1970, CORE voiced its support for racially separate, segregated schools. FREEDOM CITIES: The SNCC attempted to empower black communities by setting up ‘Freedom Cities’. This is where black people were involved in electing school boards and police chiefs. They believed that involving black people in running the services that affected their lives thus improving their lives. SELF HELP: SNCC and CORE embraced Black Power, For Carmichael; this meant that black power should direct their own struggle for freedom, independent of white help. SNCC expelled it’s white members in 1966, CORE did the same in 1968. 1965, organization leader James Forman said he did not know “how much longer we can stay nonviolent” and in 1969, SNCC officially changed its name to the Student National Coordinating Committee to reflect the broadening of its strategies STOKELY CARMICHAEL June 1966, Stokely Carmichael, the chairman of the SNCC, spoke at a rally in Greenwood, Mississippi, and argued for Black Power. Carmichael defined this as "a call for black people in this country to unite, to recognize their heritage, and to build a sense of community". Carmichael encouraged black Americans to form and lead their own...
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...their ancestors entered the US as slaves. African Americans were brought to North America via the middle passage which originated during the fifteenth century. They were enslaved for approximately 400 hundred years until the end of the Civil War in 1865. Although African Americans were enslaved in America, they were determine to survive and one day be freed in this great country. During The African American’s journey to freedom several significant events took place which was inclusive of but not limited to: The Civil Rights Movement of 1865-1877, Separate but Equal Legislation (Plessy vs. Ferguson court case) in 1896, The Harlem Renaissance of 1920, Brown vs. Board of Education in 1954, The March on Washington Movement of 1963, and The Black Power Movement of the late 1960s and 1970. I will discuss the significance of these events in relation to the African American journey to freedom and how they have help shape American society today. THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT OF 1865-1877 Frequently when one hears of the Civil Rights Movement we automatically think of the Civil Rights events that had taken place in the 1950-1970s. However, the Civil Rights Movement actually began in the 1860-1870s immediately following the Conclusion of the Civil War. After hundreds of years of enslavement of African Americans, the Civil War was fought with the intent to abolish slavery. The winning of the...
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