...Multicultural Issues Professor V. Vila Cathy Bairfoot July 31, 2014 Introduction The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was revolutionary piece of legislation in the United States that outlawed discrimination against African-Americans and women, including forms of segregation. The Civil Rights Act also terminated all unequal applications in regards to voter registration requirements and all forms of segregation in schools, in the workplace and any facilities that offered services to the general public. The American people before the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was treated differently and was segregated. The blacks had to sit in the back of the bus, eat outside of restaurants if they were not in their own section of town. In schools blacks had their own water fountains, bathrooms, lockers, etc. Blacks in some areas had to get up as early as 5:00 a.m. to get the bus to get to school. The purpose of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 is to enforce the Constitutional rights to vote, to confer jurisdiction upon the district courts of the United States to provide injuctive relief against discrimination in public accomodations to authorize the attorney general to institute suits to protect Constitutional rights in public facilities and public education, to extend...
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...Lawson May 13, 2012 Women's Rights, The Struggle Is Far From Over. During the course of history, women have always fought to improve esteem, equivalence, and to have equal rights as men. Nevertheless, this mission has been challenging because of the notion in which men are higher to and have the right to rule over women. This way of life has saturated the societal construction of civilizations all the way through since the creation of man. The free-for-all of women rights was even more problematic for women. Wifehood and parenthood were considered to be the women's most important jobs. In the 20th era, however, women in some countries won the right to vote and improved their educational and job opportunities. Conceivably most significant, they took an enormous step by changing everyone’s thinking of the customary visions of their roles in society. This value has drenched the social structure of societies throughout the world. Even in today’s times, women are still struggling for rights that men take for granted. The struggle of women rights was even more problematic for women of color because not only did they have to deal with issues of sexism. They also had to deal with discrimination. The first known women’s right conference was held in Seneca Falls, New York in July 1848. Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott grew an organized group of women to deliberate antislavery and willpower. Stanton also formed her draft of The Declaration of Sentiments on the...
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...discrimination had their start much earlier. Soon after, other southern states passed similar laws prohibiting blacks from being seated with whites on railway cars. After studying the history of Jim Crow, Kantrowitz believed that the Jim Crow system was based on the assertions that whites believed themselves to be superior to blacks intellectually and morally. Sexual relations between blacks and whites were also a big issue because many whites believed that the mixing of races would produce a mongrel race and would destroy the fabric of America (35-38). On the other hand, George conveys that the main idea behind the Jim Crow laws was two-fold because Jim Crow was established to keep blacks separate and to make them believe that they were an inferior race (9). Jim Crow had the law on its side because no matter what, the law made it clear that discrimination against the blacks in the Southern states was okay. Many whites did not have a personal problem associating with blacks, as long as, they were able to demonstrate that they were superior and blacks did not perceive themselves as being equal (Litwack 16-17). At the conclusion of the Civil War in 1865, the Government agreed with the North, forcing the defeated Confederacy to assimilate freed slaves into society and to treat them equal. Federal troops were in place to enforce this equal opportunity for blacks. By...
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...presidential campaign machine will kick into gear By Anne Gearan and Philip Rucker April 10 Hillary Rodham Clinton will formally enter the presidential race with an announcement on Sunday followed by appearances on the campaign trail next week, three people familiar with her plans said on Friday, ending months of anticipation surrounding the overwhelming favorite for the Democratic nomination. Clinton plans to launch her campaign via social media and with a video on Sunday articulating her rationale for seeking the White House. She'll then travel to the first-in-the-nation caucus state of Iowa early next week for campaign events, these people said. She is expected to hold mostly small discussion events with voters designed to help the former secretary of state connect with ordinary Americans and listen to their concerns, forgoing the large rallies and traditional announcement speeches of some of her Republican rivals. Behind the scenes, meanwhile, Clinton's fundraising machine is revving up. Her top bundlers are plotting aggressive outreach to thousands of Democratic donors over the weekend and into next week urging them to immediately send checks and make donations online as soon as the Clinton campaign's Web site goes live. Democratic strategists, advisers and fundraisers described Clinton's plans only on the condition of anonymity because she and her team have not yet finalized all aspects of her campaign rollout. Her official spokespeople declined...
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...Summary of post war coalition 1918-1922 The problems of post war reconciliation * Demobilisation * Health facilities * Unemployment * National insurance& pensions * Housing * Set against grim economic circumstances – high inflation and falling demand in British goods. The Anglo Irish question * Legacy of the Easter rising 1916 * IRA VS The Black and Tans * The Anglo Irish treaty * Treaty was major achievement, but essentially a compromise. * Mutual bitterness remained between LG and IRA. * Civil war in the New Ireland. * End of the 1918-22 coalition * It fell because 1) Policy failures – economic (Geddes axe) ,social, foreign affairs, 2) LG corruption ( using power of patronage to sell honours on a commission basis) 3) Conservative had labour doubts. 4) The coalitions decline in reputation. 5) Foreign affairs (chanak) 6) Conservative abandoned LG – (Carlton club meeting, Baldwin described LG as a dynamic force. Summary of the conservative government 1922-24 * A government burdened by debt. * Chamberling’s housing act (1923) was the only major measure * Baldwin fought elections on the protection ticket * 1923 election left labour as the larger opposition party. 1) Decline in liberals. * Split between Asquith and LG during war created a breach within the labour party – never properly healed. * Liberal values such as freedom of individual, been compromised by restrictive Gov. measures...
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...United States Prison System: The War on Drugs The United States of America is no longer the home of the free. It is the home of the locked up and caged. How can this nation embrace the concept of freedom when over 2.4 million of its citizens are locked up in prison? How can Americans have the nerve to utter the words, “racial equality” when over 10% of all African-American men is incarcerated? How can we take pride in a nation that locks up its citizens that suffer from the disease of addiction? This should be an embarrassment to all Americans. The criminal justice system must be reformed and surrender the “War on Drugs.” According to the June 2008 Bureau of Justice Summary, Americans make up only four and a half percent of the world’s population yet boasts twenty-two percent of the world’s incarcerated population. According to the same report, the American Criminal Justice System imprisons six times more of its population than other free nations such as Canada, Australia, Germany, Spain, and Italy. America incarcerates ten times more of its population than Japan, France, and Finland. We have the highest rate of incarceration in the world, much higher than China, Russia, Iran, Cuba, and North Korea whom we consider fascias police states. The 2009 statistics reported in the Prison Index showed that one third of African-American men will serve time in prison at some point in their life. The Bureau of Justice statistics reported, “The number of inmates in...
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... 607-625 Page Scan Article PDF Article Summary Journal * 2. The Killing of the Father: The Background of Freud's Group Psychology Jaap van Ginneken Political Psychology, Vol. 5, No. 3 (Sep., 1984), pp. 391-414 Page Scan Article PDF Article Summary Journal * 3. The Secret Lives of Liberals and Conservatives: Personality Profiles, Interaction Styles, and the Things They Leave Behind Dana R. Carney, John T. Jost, Samuel D. Gosling, Jeff Potter Political Psychology, Vol. 29, No. 6 (Dec., 2008), pp. 807-840 Page Scan Article PDF Article Summary Journal * 4. A Kohutian Analysis of President Bush's Personality and Style in the Persian Gulf Crisis Robert H. Swansbrough Political Psychology, Vol. 15, No. 2 (Jun., 1994), pp. 227-276 Page Scan Article PDF Article Summary Journal * 5. Personality and Development in Childhood: A Person-Centered Approach Daniel Hart, Robert Atkins, Suzanne Fegley, Richard W. Robins, Jessica L. Tracy Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, Vol. 68, No. 1, Personality and Development in Childhood: A Person-Centered Approach (2003), pp. i-iii+v+vii+1-122 Page Scan Article PDF Article Summary Journal * 6. Flight into Security: A New Approach and Measure of the Authoritarian Personality Detlef Oesterreich Political Psychology, Vol. 26, No. 2, Special Issue: Authoritarianism (Apr., 2005), pp. 275-297 Page Scan Article PDF Article Summary Journal * 7. When Do Individual...
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...Economics University of Maryland College Park, MD 20742 Vmail: 301-442-1785 Email: moore@econ.umd.edu August 2008 Abstract Candidates in major political contests are commonly endorsed by other politicians, interest groups and celebrities. Prior to the 2008 Democratic Presidential Primary, Barack Obama was endorsed by Oprah Winfrey, a celebrity with a proven track record of influencing her fans’ commercial decisions. In this paper, we use geographic differences in subscriptions to O! – The Oprah Magazine and the sale of books Winfrey recommended as part of Oprah's Book Club to assess whether her endorsement affected the Primary outcomes. We find her endorsement had a positive effect on the votes Obama received, increased the overall voter participation rate, and increased the number of contributions received by Obama. No connection is found between the measures of Oprah's influence and Obama's success in previous elections, nor with underlying local political preferences. Our results suggest that Winfrey’s endorsement was responsible for approximately 1,000,000 additional votes for Obama. JEL Classification Numbers: D7; D72 We are grateful to Bill Evans for his comments and guidance. We also would like to thank Kerwin Charles, Allan Drazen, Mark Duggan, Kyle Handley, Judy Hellerstein, Dan Hungerman, Melissa Kearney, Brian Knight, Sebastian Miller and seminar participants at the University of Maryland for useful suggestions. For access to their data, we thank the...
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...of eighteen share a fundamental human right: the right to vote and to have a voice in the democratic process. But this right is only the result of a hard fought battle. The suffrage campaigners of the nineteenth and early twentieth century struggled against opposition from both parliament and the general public to eventually gain the vote for the entire British population in 1928. ------------------------------------------------- Who took part in the campaign? The first women's suffrage bill came before parliament in 1870. Soon after its defeat, in 1897, various local and national suffrage organisations came together under the banner of the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS) specifically to campaign for the vote for women on the same terms 'it is or may be granted to men'. The NUWSS was constitutional in its approach, preferring to lobby parliament with petitions and hold public meetings. In contrast, the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU), formed in 1903, took a more militant view. Almost immediately, it characterised its campaign with violent and disruptive actions and events. Together, these two organisations dominated the campaign for women's suffrage and were run by key figures such as the Pankhurstsand Millicent Fawcett. However, there were other organisations prominent in the campaign, including the Women's Freedom League (WFL). These groups were often splinter groups of the two main organisations. ------------------------------------------------- ...
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...How far were the actions of the African Americans the main reason for the advancement of the Civil Rights in the period 1865-1980? “Power concedes nothing without demand, it never has and it never will”[1]. Said by Fredrick Douglass in 1857, an escaped slave who had bearded the brunt of the slave years. He had come to the realisation that African Americans had a fountain of “power”; however that power that they possessed would never establish anything without a “demand”. Fredrick Douglass awoke the conscious of African Americans to make them realise that wanting to be free and wanting to achieve full civil rights was not enough, neither was enduring a life under white supremacy waiting for life after death to see a new dawn .Believing and hoping was not enough. “Power concedes nothing without demand” the solution is to be willing to work hard to establish it yourself by demanding what belongs to them. However using power in order to concede civil rights was a struggle which was acknowledged by Fredrick Douglass “Without struggle there is no success”. To achieve advancement in African American Civil Rights, African Americans had to undergo a process of struggle. A rainbow is not made without rain; you can not want rain without thunder and lightening being accompanied by it. To achieve full civil rights African Americans had to pay the price along the way which was persecution, de-humanisation and scrutiny. Martin Luther King being inspired by Fredrick Douglass said “Freedom...
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...Affirmative action has been the topic of some debate because people wonder if it has outlived its usefulness. It is a very controversial topic. This paper will address this issue, is affirmative action still needed in today’s world? This paper will tell what affirmative action is, the history, the legal history of it, the people for it, the people against it, the benefits of affirmative action, the cons of affirmative action, and finally how I feel about affirmative action What is Affirmative Action? Affirmative action is only applied to those who have 15 or more employees, or a government contract of fifty or more employees or a contract over $50,000. The following summary describes affirmative action: Born of the civil rights movement three decades ago, affirmative action calls for minorities and women to be given special consideration in employment, education and contracting decisions. Institutions with affirmative action policies generally set goals and timetables for increased diversity – and use recruitment, set-asides and preference as ways of achieving those goals. In its modern form, affirmative action can call for an...
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... African American Stereotypes in Movies Introduction There once was a time when everyone expected the black man to be the first actor to die in every movie that possessed a black man in its cast. However, over time the assumption of the black man being the first to die has changed. Currently in the year 2012, there are progressively more movies in which black men portray leading roles. This change in black men as leading characters in movies is a welcome change. In the past, supporting or backup roles were considered the best role a black man could achieve. In this paper, the researcher will conduct information by means of content analysis. Content analysis is the most commonly used methodology because of its ability to measure human behavior, assuming that the verbal behavior is a form of behavior. This study will examine specific media products and define these products by determining smaller elements that complement these products. This document will address a wide view of concerns regarding the African American culture, and will provide assumptions on how this issue can be addressed in the future. The stereotype of African Americans in movies today, is the topic of this research paper. Why do African Americans face stereotypes in the media? Why do black actors and actresses have difficulty obtaining roles that are not stereotypical black roles? Why do African Americans accept stereotypical roles? When will African American roles stop having negative...
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...relationships. Society was held together by networks of personal loyalties, obligations and dependencies. In this hierarchical society, the elite or aristocrats ruled. The aristocrats (also called gentlemen) used their wealth and their hereditary advantages to keep the common people as dependents. The aristocrats lived a life of leisure which meant that they were not expected to labor. Their income was supposed to come from their landed estates. They used these landed estates to control the issuance of government offices and created laws that would keep their estates in the family. Most estates were passed on to the first born male, wives did not inherit the estate upon death of the husband but had lifetime use of it unless they remarried. Women were considered to be legally like children. People who were dependent could not be free and were excluded from participation in public life which was handled by the Patriarch (Father). Republicanism Republicanism challenged the practices of monarchy-“its...
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...US/AZ Government-Pre-Test Section 1 of this examination contains 100 multiple-choice questions. Therefore, please be careful to fill in only the ovals that are preceded by numbers 1 through 100 on your answer sheet. After you have decided which of the suggested answers is best, COMPLETELY fill in the corresponding oval on the answer sheet. Give only one answer to each question. If you change an answer, be sure that the previous mark is erased completely. 1) The Preamble to the Constitution begins A) "We the People . . ." B) "Four score and seven years ago . . ." C) "When in the course of human events . . ." D) "In order to form a more perfect Union . . .” E) "These are the times that try men's souls . . .” 2) A social contract theory of government was proposed by A) Plato and Aristotle. B) Aquinas and Luther. C) Newton and the separatists. D) Locke and Hobbes. E) Plato and Luther. 3) Locke's Second Treatise on Civil Government sets out a theory of A) the divine rights of kings. B) aristocracy. C) democracy. D) republicanism. E) natural rights. 4) Indirect democracy is based on A) consensus. B) unanimity. C) the system of government used in ancient Greece. D) representation. E) "mob rule." 5) Republics are A) representative democracies. B) direct democracies. C) a hallmark of unitary governments. D) frequently found in totalitarian regimes. E) another name for states. 6) Who was the major author of the Declaration of Independence? A) George...
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...RESEARCH - ANALYSIS - SOLUTIONS CCPA R e v i e w E c o n o m i c & S o c i a l Tr e n d s September 2012 Income Inequality in Canada: How does Manitoba compare? Can we do better? The Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives has been documenting the rise in inequality in Canada since 2006. More recently, the Conference Board of Canada and the OECD have confirmed this trend. These organizations also report that inequality in Canada is now increasing faster than is the case in many other countries. In their highly acclaimed 2009 book The Spirit Level: Why More Equal Societies Almost Always Do Better, Wilkinson and Pickett showed the impact of inequality on a variety of measures such as levels of crime, teenage pregnancies, life expectancy and educational achievement (to name a few). The study concluded that countries that are most equal do best. If Canada wants to measure up to more equal countries, the growing gap between rich and poor will need to be addressed. The federal government has the most important role to play in redressing the imbalance. CCPA and others have suggested how poverty and inequality can be tackled through improved policies and programs, and better redistribution of wealth through taxes and transfers at the federal level. But provincial governments also have a responsibility. A recent study in Ontario shows that province to be the most unequal. Our analysis looks at the trend in inequality across Canada with a focus on measuring progress in Manitoba...
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