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Blackfish

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El efecto "Blackfish": ¿llegará el fin de los parques acuáticos?
Jaime GonzálezBBC Mundo, Los Ángeles, @bbc_gonzalez
26 marzo 2014
Dawn Brancheau era una experimentada entrenadora de orcas cuando en febrero de 2010, frente a un numeroso grupo de espectadores, falleció durante un espectáculo en el parque acuático SeaWorld de Orlando, en Florida.
Brancheau, de 40 años, murió después de que la orca Tilikum la agarrara en sus fauces y la arrastrara en repetidas ocasiones al fondo de la piscina en la que estaba realizando el show.
Pese a que Tilikum -un macho de siete metros de longitud y 5.400 kilos de peso- ya había estado involucrado en la muerte de otras dos personas, en esa época seguía siendo una de las principales atracciones de SeaWorld.
¿Qué llevó al animal a matar a Brancheau? ¿Fue culpa de la entrenadora, como dieron a entender los responsables del parque en los días posteriores a su muerte? ¿Tuvieron algo que ver las condiciones en las que las orcas son mantenidas en cautividad o simplemente se trataba de un espécimen agresivo?
Todas estas incógnitas fueron las que llevaron a la cineasta estadounidense Gabriela Cowperthwaite a embarcarse en la producción "Blackfish", un documental que desde que se estrenó a principios de 2013 en el Festival de Sundance ha desatado un encendido debate en Estados Unidos sobre la manera en las que las orcas viven el los parques acuáticos.
El filme -que ha tenido una amplia repercusión después de que el canal CNN lo emitiera en repetidas ocasiones- muestra como estos animales, que en libertad están acostumbrados a desenvolverse en un entorno social complejo y a nadar a diario decenas de kilómetros, sufren las secuelas de ser separados de sus familias y verse obligados a pasar el resto de sus vidas en enormes tanques de agua.
Además, en el documental -que SeaWorld ha calificado de "vergonzoso, engañoso y sin ninguna base científica"- aparecen varios exempleados de la compañía que ponen en entredicho las normas de seguridad de los parques y acusan a sus antiguos jefes de ocultar los accidentes que se producen para no dañar el lucrativo negocio que supone mantener a las orcas en cautividad.
Dawn Brancheau falleció en febrero de 2010 en el SeaWorld de Orlando.
Reacción del público
La reacción que ha producido "Blackfish" en la opinión pública ha hecho que se multipliquen los llamados para que SeaWorld ponga fin a los espectáculos con orcas y libere a la veintena de ejemplares de esta especie que mantiene en cautividad en sus parques de Orlando, San Diego (California) y San Antonio (Texas).
Igual que sucedió en 2009 con el documental "La Cueva" -que narraba las matanzas de delfines en Japón- el filme de Cowperthwaite ha hecho que muchos ciudadanos se planteen si las labores "educación, estudio y conservación" que según los responsables de SeaWorld se realizan en sus instalaciones, justifican que se prive de libertad a las orcas.
En los últimos meses, debido a la presión popular, han sido varios los artistas que han decidido cancelar sus actuaciones musicales en los parques de SeaWorld para mostrar su rechazo a las condiciones en las que viven estos mamíferos marinos.
Al mismo tiempo, en internet se han multiplicado las peticiones ciudadanas que, inspiradas por "Blackfish", piden la liberación de los cetáceos y que las compañías turísticas y las aerolíneas dejen de promocionar los parques acuáticos.
El documental "Blacksish" ha hecho que aumenten las protestas contra la cautividad de las orcas.
SeaWorld Entertainment, la matriz del grupo, ha respondido con una agresiva campaña de relaciones públicas, enviando emails a los periodistas detallando las "falacias" que contiene el documental y publicando artículos y anuncios a toda página en la prensa en los que se elogian las labores de conservación que se realizan en sus parques.
Ahora, el que algunos medios han bautizado como "el efecto Blackfish", ha llegado a la arena de la política, después de que Richard Bloom, legislador demócrata de Santa Mónica, en California, anunciara la presentación de un proyecto de ley que prohibiría que se realicen en ese estado espectáculos con orcas como los de SeaWorld.
La norma también vetaría los programas de cría en cautividad de los cetáceos, así como la importación y exportación de estos animales. Al mismo tiempo, haría que, siempre que fuera posible, las orcas cautivas fueran trasladadas a piscinas marinas y permitiría que los animales fueran exhibidos pero no que participaran en espectáculos.
Oposición
El anuncio de la presentación del proyecto legislativo ha causado la reacción airada de SeaWorld y de los responsables políticos de San Diego, ciudad que ingresa cada año decenas de millones de dólares gracias al parque acuático, del que depende en gran medida su industria turística.
SeaWorld es una de las instituciones zoológicas más respetadas del mundo, comprometida con el bienestar de todos los animales. (...) Proporciona una valiosa experiencia de educación y entretenimiento que ha ayudado a que se aprecie a los mamíferos marinos en todo el mundoDavid Koontz, responsable de comunicación de SeaWorld en San Diego
Según le explicó a BBC Mundo Sean MacNeil, jefe de gabinete de Richard Bloom, la idea de la ley surgió después de que la oficina del legislador fuera contactada por numerosos ciudadanos que, tras ver "Blackfish", le pidieron que echara un vistazo al asunto de las orcas en cautividad.
"La película conmovió a Bloom, pero como es una persona que hace las cosas con cautela, antes de tomar una decisión, pidió la opinión de varios científicos y expertos en el tema y visitó SeaWorld, donde se entrevistó con sus responsables. En base a todo eso decidió que valía la pena legislar sobre el asunto", explicó MacNeil.
Pese a que el alcalde de San Diego, Kevin Faulconer, y varios legisladores han mostrado su rechazo al proyecto, que todavía está en sus fases preliminares, Sean MacNeil asegura que son muchos los ciudadanos de la ciudad del sur de California que se oponen al cautiverio de las orcas.
SeaWorld tuvo unos ingresos récord de US$1.500 millones en 2013.
En un email enviado a BBC Mundo, el responsable de comunicación de SeaWorld en San Diego, David Koontz, aseguró que la propuesta legislativa contiene "fallos en varios niveles" y "su validez es muy cuestionable en base a las Constituciones de California y EE.UU.".
Según Koontz, los expertos que han asesorado a Bloom "son activistas de los derechos de los animales extremistas", que hacen campaña contra SeaWorld de manera habitual.
Koontz también señaló que SeaWorld es "una de las instituciones zoológicas más respetadas del mundo", comprometida "con el bienestar de todos los animales" y "que proporciona una valiosa experiencia de educación y entretenimiento que ha ayudado a que se aprecie a los mamíferos marinos en todo el mundo".
Entre esos activistas de los que habla el responsable de comunicación de SeaWorld se encuentran los miembros de la organización Personas por el Trato Ético de los Animales (PETA, por sus siglas en inglés).
Anuncio polémico
PETA presentó recientemente junto a la Unión de Libertados Civiles de EE.UU. (ACLU, por sus siglas en inglés) una demanda contra los responsables del aeropuerto de San Diego, después de que estos se negaran a exhibir uno de sus anuncios en los que la actriz Kathy Najimy animaba a los turistas a que no visitaran el parque de SeaWorld.
Lo que ha hecho 'Blacksfish' es fantástico. Ha habido un cambio increíble en la opinión pública. Cada vez más gente es consciente de que en el siglo XXI no hay razón para mantener a estos animales inteligentes y sensibles encerrados en tanques de concretoLindsey Rajt, representante de PETA en California
"Es una cuestión de libertad de expresión. No pueden evitar que nuestro mensaje llegue al público", le dijo a BBC Mundo Lindsey Rajt, representante de PETA en California.
"Cuando hablamos de un espacio público como el aeropuerto, no puede ser que se permitan anuncios que glorifiquen a SeaWorld y animen a que la gente visite el parque, contribuyendo así a alargar el sufrimiento de los animales, y al mismo tiempo se nieguen a exhibir un anuncio pide al público a que ayude a los animales no yendo al parque", señaló Rajt.
La activista aseguró que desde su organización han estado trabajando desde hace años para que se libere a los animales marinos y en los últimos meses han hecho todo lo posible para promocionar el documental "Blackfish" entre sus socios y simpatizantes.
"Lo que ha hecho 'Blacksfish' es fantástico. Ha habido un cambio increíble en la opinión pública. Cada vez más gente es consciente de que en el siglo XXI no hay razón para mantener a estos animales inteligentes y sensibles encerrados en tanques de concreto".
Rajt también mostró el apoyo de su organización al proyecto de ley presentado por Richard Bloom, ya que quieren que California se convierta en el primer estado de EE.UU. que prohíbe mantener a las orcas en cautividad.
Pese a que Rajt reconoce la labor que SeaWorld hace en la recuperación de animales como las tortugas marinas o los manatíes, sostiene que si a la compañía "realmente le importara la conservación lo que haría sería trabajar para rehabilitar las orcas cautivas y liberarlas".
"Documental lleno de falacias"
Aún está por ver el efecto a largo plazo que puede tener el documental "Blackfish".
La posición que mantienen los integrantes de PETA no es compartida por biólogos como el doctor Grey Stafford, quien hace dos décadas trabajó como entrenador en SeaWorld.
"El hecho de que la vida que estos animales tienen en SeaWorld sea diferente a la que tendrían si vivieran en libertad no la hace peor. Si se satisfacen sus necesidades físicas, sociales y nutricionales creo que los beneficios educacionales y de conservación compensan de sobra cualquier preocupación sobre su bienestar".
"Me parece absurdo que los activistas y algunos científicos crean que sitios como SeaWorld no tienen ningún valor cuando la mayoría de lo que sabemos sobre las orcas lo hemos aprendido gracias a los parques acuáticos", señaló Stafford en conversación con BBC Mundo.
"Los animales reciben todos los cuidados veterinarios que necesitan y la estimulación mental y física que requieren. Las orcas en cautividad sirven de embajadoras de su especie (…). Sólo hay que ver la empatía y la conexión que SeaWorld promueve hacia estos animales entre el público".
Utilizar 'Blackfish' como ejemplo es una equivocación ya que es una obra de ficción. El documental está lleno de falacias Tiene una agenda tendenciosa muy clara y presenta mucha información sacada de contextoGrey Stafford, biólogo
Stafford cree que la ley presentada en California "es absurda", ya que a la larga haría que disminuyera el bienestar de las orcas y que la economía de la ciudad de San Diego se resintiera.
"Utilizar 'Blackfish' como ejemplo es una equivocación ya que es una obra de ficción. El documental está lleno de falacias. Tiene una agenda tendenciosa muy clara y presenta mucha información sacada de contexto".
"Nuestra misión colectiva para educar al público y crear empatía hacia los mamíferos marinos y todos los animales salvajes no ha terminado", apuntó el biólogo.
Por el momento, la batalla entre los defensores y detractores de los parques acuáticos en EE.UU. no ha terminado y aún está por ver el efecto a largo plazo que tendrá el documental "Blackfish" y si la presión popular se mantendrá.
Lo que está claro es que el interés por ver a las orcas en cautividad no ha disminuido, como demuestran los ingresos récord de US$1.500 millones que obtuvieron el año pasado los parques de SeaWorld.

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