...Re-advance of the last British- Irish Ice Sheet during Greenland Interstade 1 (GI-1): the Wester Ross Re-advance, NW Scotland The importance and nature of glacial records in terms of global climate and environmental situations has become apparent in recent years, and over a century’s worth of investigation has greatly aided the scientific community in their understanding, and thereafter in the reconstruction of paleoclimate, environmental influences and extent thereof (Broecker, 2002). Glacial records are commonly known as proxies: Proxy data is the indirect measure of past environmental and climatic conditions, usually gathered from natural recorders of climate variability (NGDC, 2008). Glacial Landforms such as drumlins, ribbed moraines and end moraines provide a record of the nature, scale and timing of ice-sheet oscillations. There are many uncertainties surrounding the last British-Irish Ice-Sheet (BIIS), as extensive amounts of glacial records are hidden beneath the sea. Most evidence would suggest that two dynamic ice lobes came offshore across the shelf from both Ireland and Scotland, resulting in the entire North West shelf to be extensively glaciated during the ice age. Data shows that an extensive ice sheet margin extended offshore onto the shelf, and may have reached the shelf edge at the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). The deglaciation of the Last BIIS was helped by the Minch paleo-ice stream at the Late Devensian glaciation, which drained the North-West...
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...Evidence for a Snowball Earth Imagine a world so barren and so cold that life as we know it today could not exist. Some researchers have been able to track Earth’s glacial deposits to predict just that; a time in which our planet was coated with snow and ice extending from the poles all the way to the equator (Kaufman). We call this period of Earth a “snowball earth.” Scientist Paul Hoffman and his colleagues used Joseph Kirschvink’s suggestion that earth was once completely frozen during the Neoproterozoic period roughly 580-750 million years ago to research glacial deposits. Inherently they found thick deposits of calcium carbonates (cap carbonates) overlaying glaciers suggesting the snowball earth (Hoffman). It is evident in scientific debate that not everyone is able to accept the idea of a frozen Earth as other researchers such as Andrew Knoll and Martin Kennedy have rejected the idea as they pose other solutions for cap carbonate deposits. This is a perfect example of the progress of science as a whole; scientists are constantly making new observations to develop solutions which are then accepted, rejected, and retested by others. The snowball earth hypothesis and controversy together reveals the significance of innovation and scientific debate to the progress of science. The snowball earth hypothesis was first introduced by Joseph Kirschvink after years of other scientists finding peculiar continuous layers of limestone (calcium carbonate rock) or dolostone (magnesian...
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...Chamberlain English 063 16 Oct, 2012 My Hate for Work We all deal with some sort of issue that makes our work experience negative. In my case its cooking at a restaurant where all you hear is kids screaming uncontrollably from the control point window in the grill, the fog coming from both the fryer and grill, and last, but not least the “pushing and shoving” from the grill team when we’re pulling off a thousand dollar hour. If you haven’t guessed yet, its Friendly’s “Where ice cream makes the meal”... and my hate for people. I’m just kidding, but I don’t like rude people; like if I’m nice to you why can’t you return the nice gesture? Anyways (back on track) its crazy how many sounds you hear, things you see and objects you feel within a five hour shift that actually feels like two because of working through a rush period. Children children children, I hate them. Hate is a strong word? Trust me I KNOW! I cannot fathom the loud screaming that sounds like metal to metal screeching; all because mommy won’t them get ice cream. The sad part is that I work in the grill and its sort of tucked away in the back. Imagining the intensity of the screaming? Quite horrible isn’t it? As if the loud grinding gears of their voices isn’t enough, I have the pleasure of watching them run around like its free game day at chuck e cheese or something. The only part I enjoy of them running around like maniacs is seeing the huge bright shiny smile on their faces, it makes me all like tingly inside, but then...
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...Ice Ages Glaciations are long lasting periods during which temperatures around the entire earth down considerably resulting in the expansion of the continental ice of the polar ice caps and glaciers. "In periods of glaciation are more severe conditions and others a little more temperate glacial and interglacial periods called periods respectively." There have been several periods of glaciation throughout the life of our planet Earth, The Huronian (2400-2100 thousand years), Cryogenic (850-635 ty), the Andean-Saharan Africa (450-420 ty) Karoo (360-260 ty) and Quaternary (2.58 ty-present). Within each of those years of glaciation may have subdivisions depending on the geographical scope and the time of glaciation. The Huronian glaciation glaciation is the oldest known and most lasting. The second glaciation known as Cryogenic was considered the most severe and is believed to date produced more than one SNOWBALL EARTH in the balloon terraque froze completely. It is known as SNOWBALL EARTH to a series of global glaciations where oceans and continents were covered by thick ice sheets reaching temperatures of -50 degrees Celsius. His impact was so strong that he thinks that life was about to disappear from the planet. It is believed that periods of intense cold were obstacles to the evolution of multicellular life. The oldest known embryos appear a million years after completion of the global glaciation. It is assumed that the ice and the cold prevented the...
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...by Stephen Oppenheimer In all our cells we have genes. Genes are made up of DNA, the string-like code of life that determines what we are, from our fingernails to our innate potential for playing the piano. By analysing genes, we can trace the geographic route taken by our ancestors back to an ultimate birthplace in Africa, at the dawn of our species. Further, if we take any two individuals and compare their genes, we will find that they share a more recent ancestor - living, in all probability, outside Africa. What is more, I believe that we can now prove where those ancestors lived and when they left their homelands. This remarkable proof has become fully possible only within the last decade, as a result of pioneering work by a number of people. Many of us have wondered what we would find if we could perhaps board a time machine and travel back through the generations of our ancestors. Where would it take us? Would we find ourselves to be distantly related to some famous or notorious person? How many generations would we pass through before we arrived at the first humans? Does our line continue back to monkeys, and beyond to worms and single-celled creatures, as Darwin maintained? We know from dry biology lessons at school that this ought to be so, but as with the uncertainty of what happens to us after we die, it is hard to fully grasp. We are now so used to the pace of technical advances that the sense of wonder fades with each new one. Yet, until very recently,...
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...The journey of mankind starts from pre150k until 8000 years and there is a big change on human population, culture and lifestyle within these years. Based on the view of Stephen Oppenheimer in the ‘journey of mankind’, we know that the modern human who recognizes as Homosapien, live in Africa over 160000 years ago. The archeological evidence has showed that our mtDNA and Ychromosome ancestors are found in East Africa.[1] From 160000 to 135000 years, there were four groups of traveller who known as hunter-gatherer carried the first generation of mtDNA gene types ‘L1’by started their routes from south to the Cape of Good Hope, south-west to Congo Basin and west to Ivory Coast.[2] There was a creature could adapt well with the environmental changes is prehistoric man. They lived in the grasslands of Africa, the tropical rainforest of South-East Asia and the more temperate areas of southern Europe. The changing in climate, amount of free water and rainfall had affected the amount of lands that used by prehistoric man for feeding the herds and growing the plants. Climatic changes had lead to the evolution of prehistoric man himself such as development of stone tools, site organization, the building of shelter and the use of clothing. From 135000 to 115000 years, a group traveller across a green Sahara via the open of northern gate, up the Nile to the Levant.[3] According to The 1st Exit written by Stephen Oppenheimer, humans had moved out from Africa in the end. The timing and...
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...On February 1st, the participants of Duke of Edinburgh, I being one of them, were sent to Thumamah Desert located on the outskirts of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The purpose of Duke of Edinburgh is to give students a taste of how it feels like to live in nature and away from the modern world. Experiencing the climb of sharp and hilly mountains, learning how to use a GPS and how to calculate bearings as well as timings. Duke of Edinburgh was a wonderful experience for me, it also gave me a good excuse to spend two days with my friends! A desert is a massive land where little precipitation occurs and living conditions are hostile for plant and animal life. A desert is formed by weathering processes as large variations in temperature between day and night put strains on the rocks which consequently break in pieces. Our aim, as the group, was to find out how fossils were produced in the desert. After doing a lot of research and exploring, we came up with a conclusion that these desert fossils were produced a very, very long time ago when the ground was covered with sea. As years went by, water dissolved leaving all the plants and sea shells behind as well as the seabed. This then turned into desert and all the sea shells turned into fossils. There is evidence that this desert was covered by sea because when we were walking, we observed wave strokes on sand and in some parts the sand was weaker than others. A desert is packed with adventures and obstacles for people to challenge. Our...
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...Wegener knew that a mainland ice sheet secured parts of South America, southern Africa, India, and southern Australia around 300 million years prior. Chilly striations on rocks demonstrate that icy masses moved from Africa toward the Atlantic Ocean and from the Atlantic Ocean onto South America. Such glaciation is probably if the Atlantic Ocean were missing and the landmasses joined. In the event that the mainlands were sufficiently frosty with the goal that ice secured the southern landmasses, why is no proof found for ice in the northern landmasses? Basic! The present northern landmasses were at the equator at 300 million years back. The disclosure of fossils of tropical plants (as coal stores) in Antarctica prompted the conclusion this solidified land beforehand more likely than...
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...Deserts, Glaciers, and Climate: Landscapes and Changes Deserts, Glaciers, and Climate: Landscapes and Changes It is no great mystery that the Earth is always changing. Talk of global warming is inescapable, making it a moral imperative to become educated about the Earth’s climate cycles and watch for changes and signs in Earth’s diverse landscapes. The following is a brief sketch of desert and glacial landscapes, as well as a look at historical and future climate changes. Deserts VS Glacial Landscapes Desert and glacial landscapes are very much on opposite sides of the landscape spectrum; however in terms of adjective depiction they are related: “abstract, beautiful, immense, remote ... and vulnerable” (Murck, Skinner, & Mackenzie, 2008, p. 376). Deserts The desert landscapes are primarily fashioned by wind and sand, however they are truly defined by the region’s annual rainfall. The landscapes in the desert are full of sand, alluvial fans, playas, oases, arroyos as well as deposits of salt. Eolian, better known as wind erosion, is the type of erosion seen in the desert. Desert is constantly altered and changing based on the direction of the wind. A highly noticeable example of a changing geological feature in a desert landscape would be the dunes. Dunes are hills or ridges of sand that are produced when the wind blows. These mounds of sand are irregular, yet they come in five common types, barchan, transverse, star...
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...nightingale, and the pain of leaving it, as symbolized by death. I choose the first three stanzas because its draw my attention to keep on reading this poem. The first stanza shows us that the poet feels two different feelings which is pain as we can see in the first line “My heart aches, and a drowsy numbness pains”. He also feels joy and happy in his line “But being too happy in thine happiness”. The poet heard and enjoyed bird’s singing a song. The bird represents art, while the poet describes to us that the bird like a Greek word nymph make us think that the bird represents and symbolizes nature. Let’s move on to the second stanza, the poet mentioned about wine in his line “O, for a draught of vintage! that hath been, Cool’d a long age in the deep delved earth”. He wishes he had a whole “beaker full” of wine so that he could get drunk and lose consciousness. He also wishes to disappear into another world that can make him happy than the real one. That happier world is represented by the nightingale. In the stanza three, the bird’s world is different and contrasted to all the pain such as getting old, disease and despair that every single human will experience it. The poet wants to be in the nightingale’s world that are happy. He continues explain why the world of the human is such a bad place. Both of a beauty and a lover can survive in human world for a long time. A beauty loses her glowing and younger face as she’s aging. A new love cannot lasting forever once they have...
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...Chea Lin Lim 141 History 15 July 2017 The Little Ice Age started from the 14th to the mid-19th century and was a period of cooling. The Little Ice Age occurred after the Medieval Warm Period, and some scientist believes that Little Ice Age took place when the natural forces disrupted the large flow. Throughout the history, Little Ice Age effect on history was huge. Over the course of the warming period, many things were improving that there’s a sense of growth, creativity, and vitality in the society. In this time, everyone was dependent on agriculture. If the crop failed, then people had to starve. The food production rose because the swamps dried up, all the mosquitoes were gone, and malaria went away. In this short time of period, the...
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...Corrected sunspot history suggests climate change not due to natural solar trends In a recent study by The International Astronomical Union (IAU), a long time discrepancy between two different models dealing with climate change and its direct correlation to solar activity or flares has been found to be somewhat inconclusive now after one of the longest going scientific experiments on the subject. Based on the 70 plus year period of the Maunder Minimum which has shown through data that earth’s harsh winters coincided with a higher frequency of sunspots has been believed to been a large factor in what we today believe has to do with climate change. The Maunder Minimum is a measurement of the suns activities between the years of 1645 and 1715. Basically, some scientists have believed that global warming has been connected to this effect and the fact that since this time, solar activity has increased and especially in the 20th century. According to EScienceNews.com, ‘The two methods of counting the sunspot number -- the Wolf Sunspot Number and the Group Sunspot Number [2] -- indicated significantly different levels of solar activity before about 1885 and also around 1945. With these discrepancies now eliminated, there is no longer any substantial difference between the two historical records’. These new findings were disclosed on August 10th at the IAU XXIX General Assembly in Honolulu, Hawaii. Also according to the same article, ‘The new correction of the sunspot number, called...
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...Problems at JetBlue 1.27.12 XBIS 219 Axia College of Univeristy of Phoneix In the case of JetBlue, I believe a combination of both the management and the technological part of the company was the main cause of the meltdown. In any airport that you visit today, there are systems that log all of your information. However, I think the management staff and the technical staff were at fault when this crisis was happening. With the managerial perspective, I feel that they did not train the workers properly on how to deal with a crisis like the one they dealt with. I would have thought that they would do more to commidate the passengers to reschedule their flights. I also think that the management staff would have worked harder to help the passengers locate their bags. The technical perspective is that the workers did not have a data base to work from. All of their information was written down on paper. If the airport had a computer with a system that they could log the passengers, their number of bags, and their information it would have went more smoothly. There are many problems that went wrong with the JetBlue Airport. The main problems that I would deal with and change would be the system and the cross training. Even though any business does not plan on having any crisis at any time. All businesses should be aware of how to handle the dilemias. If I were a part of the management team I would install digital dashboards with every desk associate. I would have reschedule...
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...The Little Ice Age: How Climate Made History 1300-1850. By Brian Fagan. (New York. Basic Books. 2000. 246 pg. $12.34) The Little Ice Age: How Climate Made History 1300-1850 written by Brian Fagan is a well thought out theory of how European history (specifically 1300-1850 A.D.) relates to and in ways was affected by climate change. Brian Fagan provides us with in-depth details of the weather and climate at the time of certain events in our past to make connections and put a kind of reasoning behind why those people reacted in the way they did. Brian gives us these examples of ways peoples adapted to the climate with legitimate explanations that are hard to ignore as a realistic possibility. The book follows a theme of occurrences that happened prior (Medieval warm period) and during the time...
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...Government 2305 Chapter 1 1. Describe the different early inhabitants and settlements or the New World: -Jamestown The founding of Jamestown, America’s first permanent English colony, in Virginia in 1607 – sparked a series of cultural encounters that helped shape the nation and the world. The government, language, customs, beliefs and aspirations of these early Virginians are all part of the United States’ heritage today. The colony was sponsored by the Virginia Company of London, a group of investors who hoped to profit from the venture. Chartered in 1606 by King James I, the company also supported English national goals of counterbalancing the expansion of other European nations abroad, seeking a northwest passage to the Orient, and converting the Virginia Indians to the Anglican religion. Initially, the colony was governed by a council of seven, with one member serving as president. Serious problems soon emerged in the small English outpost, which was located in the midst of a chiefdom of about 14,000 Algonquian-speaking Indians ruled by the powerful leader Powhatan. Relations with the Powhatan Indians were tenuous, although trading opportunities were established. An unfamiliar climate, as well as brackish water supply and lack of food, conditions possibly aggravated by a prolonged drought, led to disease and death. Many of the original colonists were upper-class Englishmen, and the colony lacked sufficient laborers and skilled...
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