...Bladder cancer is not a disease, but a group of abnormal cells that can turn into a disease. These cells can grow rapidly or slowly and can affect males and females at any age. There are many risk factors to take into consideration concerning bladder cancer. Any person with questions or concerns should immediately contact their doctor to receive screenings for this cancer. There are several current and future behaviors I can perform to improve my chances of not getting bladder cancer, since my range is from very high to very low. A group of diseases that have an uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells attached to the inside or outside of the bladder is bladder cancer. It can form a tumor, and can become benign or malignant. A benign tumor does not spread and sometimes goes away on its own. Malignant tumors have cells that spread and can literally ‘eat’ the bladder and surrounding organs. Any person, man, woman, or child are susceptible to bladder cancer, yet the percentage seems to be higher in younger age groups. Anything that affects a person’s chances of getting bladder cancer is known as a risk factor. Some risk factors are uncontrollable, such as family genetics, exposure to environmental chemicals, or past health choices. Anyone can change their risks of getting bladder cancer by exercising, having a nutritional diet, and change current behaviors (drinking more water and less carbonated soft drinks and stop smoking). In watching your health one must realize this is not...
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...Bladder cancer, in the nature of, most other cancers, has a long list of factors that can attribute to the risk of someone getting bladder cancer rising. Smoking tobacco based products, such as cigarettes and cigars and pipes, have the ability to cause detrimental chemicals to gather in urine. Because of the fact that when people smoke, the body processes the chemicals and expels a number of them through the urine. Age is also a great factor. Bladder cancer is less common in people under the age of 40, but people over the age of 60 are more likely to have bladder cancer (Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research). White people are two times as likely to get bladder cancer as African Americans are. Hispanics, Asians, and Native Americans share a lower rate of bladder cancer, and the reasons for these differences are uncertain (American Cancer Society)....
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...13-Year Follow-up: A Comparative Propensity-score Matched Analysis of Complications Between Neobladder and Ileal Conduit", Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2014. Calene Roseman NUR / 544 Nursing Research Utilization Project August 18, 2014 Dr. Margarret Colucceillo 2 Nursing Research Utilization Project Proposal Clinical issue: The improvement of morbidity and improved recovery for patients with bladder cancer. Undergoing radical cystectomy with ileal conduit (Castle. & Pruthi,2013) The problem that I identified and needs a solution is the improvement of post-operative outcomes and morbidity for bladder cancer patients undergoing radical cystectomy with ileal conduit (Kim.Yu.Jung.Lee.& Lee.2013)With the aim to discharge patients using fast track and clinical pathways and improve quality of life and morbidity. Radical cystectomy is a serious and extensive surgery not without risk and complications, hence the fact that complications occurs frequently. (Kulkarni. 2011) the standard care for bladder cancer is cystectomy. (Kulkarni.2011) During this major surgery the bladder is removed along with seminal vesicles, the prostate and lymph nodes (Ohio State University, department of surgery,) The diversion or ileal conduit is shaped by removing a small part of the...
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...Bladder cancer treatment(s) and pre/post nursing care:pg.1702 Therapy for the client with bladder cancer usually begins with surgical removal of the tumors for diagnosis and staging of the disease. For tumors extending beyond the mucosa, surgery is followed by intravesical chemotherapy or immunotherapy. High-grade or recurrent tumors are treated with more radical surgery plus intravesical chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or both. Systemic chemotherapy is reserved for clients with distant metastases. Nonsurgical management: Prophylactic immunotherapy with intravesical instillation of bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG), a compound used to vaccinate against tuberculosis in some countries, is used to prevent tumor recurrence of superficial cancers. This procedure is more effective than single-agent chemotherapy. Mutliagent chemotherapy and radiation therapy are also useful in prolonging life. Surgical Management: The type of surgery for bladder cancer depends on the type and stage of the cancer and the client's general health. Complete bladder removal (cystectomy) with additional removal of surrounding muscle and tissue offers the best chance of a cure for large, invasive bladder cancers. Four alternatives are used after cystectomy: ileal conduit, continent pouch, bladder reconstruction also known as neobladder, and uretersigmoidostomy. Preoperative Care: Coordinate education before the surgery with surgeon and enterostomal therapist. Discuss the type of planned urinary diversion and the selection...
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...Chapter 46: Nursing Management: Renal and Urologic Problems Test Bank MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. A 46-year-old female patient returns to the clinic with recurrent dysuria after being treated with trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim) for 3 days. Which action will the nurse plan to take? |a. |Teach the patient to take the prescribed Bactrim for 3 more days. | |b. |Remind the patient about the need to drink 1000 mL of fluids daily. | |c. |Obtain a midstream urine specimen for culture and sensitivity testing. | |d. |Suggest that the patient use acetaminophen (Tylenol) to treat the symptoms. | 1. A patient returns to the clinic with recurrent dysuria after being treated with trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim) for 3 days. Which action will the nurse plan to take? |a. |Remind the patient about the need to drink 1000 mL of fluids daily. | |b. |Obtain a midstream urine specimen for culture and sensitivity testing. | |c. |Teach the patient to take the prescribed Bactrim for at least 3 more days. | |d. |Suggest that the patient use acetaminophen (Tylenol) to treat the symptoms. ...
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...The urinary bladder is located in the abdominal cavity and is a hollow, muscular, balloon-like organ that stores urine. In females it is located anterior to the uterus and upper vagina. The male’s urinary bladder is located anterior to the rectum and above the prostate gland and is much higher than the females. Urine travels from each kidney down the ureter and drains into the bladder. The bladder is designed to store urine at low pressures and when it is full it empties, it does however need to be able to stretch to accommodate for increasing amounts of urine. Some bladder problems may be as simple as an over active bladder or urinary incontinence which there are various treatments for. Other problems can be allot more serious and can result in a cystectomy or a partial cystectomy, which is the removal of the bladder. Reasons for a cystectomy can include, problems with nerve-muscle control of the bladder, damage from radiation or chemotherapy, damage or bleeding from other conditions, treatments, or injuries, and bladder cancer. If a person were to have no bladder there would be no way for them to pass urine out of their body. So some type of urinary assistance must be put in place. A doctor could use a section of the small intestine to divert urine to a stoma, which is an opening to the outside of the body. The patient would then have to attach a bag to the stoma to collect and drain their urine. In some cases a neobladder can also be used, which is when a part of the small...
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...PPR 6006: MEDICATION REGIMEN REVIEW ASSIGNMENT Mr. L is an 84-year-old man with dementia and a medical history of atrial fibrillation, diabetes mellitus (type 2), chronic kidney disease, gastritis, and gastro-esophageal reflux disease. His past surgeries include a bladder resection for bladder cancer resulting in urinary incontinence in 2010 and a lumbar decompression for spinal stenosis in 2008. He lives with his wife of 51 years, Mrs. L, who cares for him. His biggest concerns are forgetfulness, difficulty walking and falling while his wife reports that he does “almost nothing” besides watching television and following her around the house. He requires considerable help with bathing and dressing, some assistance with toileting and transferring, and was dependent in most instrumental activities of daily living, including shopping, housekeeping and meal preparation. He reports no significant pain or discomfort relative to his back problems. They are able to afford a home health aide for several hours a day to help alleviate the burden of care for Mrs. L. At this visit the examination and subsequent labs reveals the following data: BP 130/65mm Hg Pulse 58 Hemoglobin A1C 5.9% Hemoglobin 13g/dl Estimated creatinine clearance via Cockcroft/Gault 42ml/min Folstein Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) 13/29 – consistent with moderately severe cognitive impairment Current Medications: Glyburide 2.5mg Q AM Digoxin .125mg Q AM Warfarin titrated to INR of 2-3 Celebrex...
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...This assignment reflects on one day’s care delivered to a patient during my practice as a healthcare support worker (HSW). It presents anatomy and physiology of the urinary system and focuses on the patient’s catheter use, urinalysis, regular intake of medication and legal issues associated with delivery of care to the patient without mental capacity to make crucial decisions in his life. For the purpose of this care study, I use the pseudonym Chris for the patient in order to protect his identity and maintain confidentiality (NMC, 2008). There is also a legal obligation under Data Protection Act (1998) not to disclose patient’s personal details. Chris is a 73 year old male, who I worked with in a residential home for people with learning disabilities and challenging behaviour, where he was residing. Chris has been diagnosed with a learning disability (LD), which means that he has significantly. reduced ability to understand new or complex information and learn new skills (Department of Health, 2002). He has a reduced ability to cope independently due to recent leg amputation and the LD. Amputation is the surgical removal of a limb or body part (Mosquera, 2010). It was performed on Chris’s right leg above the knee to relieve the recurring pain caused by a severe case of peripheral artery disease (PAD). The PAD is a form of peripheral vascular disease in which there is partial or total blockage of an artery, caused by deposits of fat built up along its walls (Patient UK...
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...Geriatrics Geriatrics Jennifer P. Dugan, Pharm.D., BCPS Clinical Assistant Professor University of Colorado Colorado, Denver Updates in Therapeutics: The Pharmacotherapy Preparatory Review and Recertification Course 31 Geriatrics Learning Objectives: The following case pertains to questions 2 and 3. J.T. is an 82-year-old community-dwelling woman with a history of stage III Parkinson disease, hypertension, and urinary incontinence (UI). She is receiving carbidopa/levodopa, pramipexole, selegiline, tolterodine, diazepam, metoprolol, and hydrochlorothiazide. When she comes to your pharmacy to get her prescriptions, she walks slowly with a cane, and she is stooped over. 1. Identify age-related pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes in older people. 2. Evaluate the pharmacotherapy regimens of older people to support the maintenance of optimal physical and mental function. 3. Identify inappropriate medication prescribing in older people. 4. Recommend appropriate pharmacotherapy for patients with dementia. 5. Evaluate the risks and benefits of the use of antipsychotics (APs) (including atypical APs) in older patients with dementia. 6. Recommend appropriate interventions for patients suffering from behavioral symptoms related to dementia. 7. Identify the types of urinary incontinence and recommend appropriate treatments. 8. Given a patient’s American Urology Association Symptom Index for benign prostatic hyperplasia, recommend...
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...smoking is the major single cause of cancer mortality (death) in most of the countries in the world. Tobacco use is responsible for nearly 1 in 5 deaths in the world. Because cigarette smoking and tobacco use are acquired behaviors − activities that people choose to do – smoking is the most preventable cause of death in our society. About half of all Americans who keep smoking will die because of the habit. Each year about 480,000 people in the United States die from illnesses related to tobacco use. Smoking cigarettes kills more Americans than alcohol, car accidents, suicide, AIDS, homicide, and illegal drugs combined. Cigarette smoking accounts for at least 30% of all cancer deaths. It’s linked with an increased risk of these cancers: * Lung - Lung cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells that start off in one or both lungs; usually in the cells that line the air passages. The abnormal cells do not develop into healthy lung tissue; they divide rapidly and form tumors. * Larynx (voice box) - Cancer of the larynx, can also be called laryngeal cancer, can develop in any part of the larynx, but most begins in the glottis. The inner walls of the larynx are lined with cells called squamous cells. Almost all laryngeal cancers begin in these cells. * Oral cavity (mouth, tongue, and lips) – mouth cancer, tongue cancer or lips cancer * Nose and sinuses – sinus or nasal cavity cancer * Pharynx (throat) - Throat cancer refers to cancerous tumors that develop...
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...However, in some cases, gallbladder conditions can result in serious, even life-threatening complications, such as pancreatitis, biliary cirrhosis, and jaundice. The most common complication of the gallbladder however is cholecystitis. Which is a condition when calcifications and stones build up in the gallbladder lumen potentially causing blockage at any point in the biliary tree. The rarest condition is carcinoma of the Gallbladder. Gallbladder cancer is known to be most common in women and in people who have had a history of gallstones or other gallbladder conditions. Early gallbladder cancer often causes no symptoms and is usually discovered unexpectedly when someone has surgery to remove gallstones. About 1 in 5 gallbladder cancers are found in this way. Most tumors are unfortunately only discovered at an advanced stage. The stage of a cancer describes its size and whether it has spread beyond its origin. Knowing that most tumors of the gallbladder are found at an advanced stage (stage 4) by the time of discovery, the cancer has most likely already metastasized to other organs of the body. At such a...
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...Bladder Cancer Cancer is just not one disease, but it has multiple disease that all have in common of the uncontrolled growth (bad) cells. Any abnormal cells are known as tumors, or a benign tumor that doesn’t spread further than their location. Cancer is the leading cause of over 20% of all deaths in the United States of America. Cancer is still being research to this very day so they don’t know what exactly causes the cancer. They do know how to identify people that are at a higher risk of developing specific cancers. It has been proven that a lot of people don’t know about risk factor or evening how to get a screening test done. There are two types of risk factors some you can control and some you can not control. The risk factors you can control is dieting and exercise, tobacco and other chemicals. Dieting alone can help protect your heart rate by eating foods that lower you blood pressure. There are also ways you can contribute to your diet by eating food that have low index carbs like fruit and vegetable. Exercise is also a strong suit that can help lower you risk of become a bladder cancer or any cancer at that. It is a must that you move a round and to stay active whether it at work or at home. Just walking up the stairs can be a good exercise to do everyday just to get your blood pressure and diabetes down. Bladder cancer also comes from holding your urine to long or for a long time period, staying away from sodas and juices play a big role in staying health too....
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...However, in some cases, gallbladder conditions can result in serious, even life-threatening complications, such as pancreatitis, biliary cirrhosis, and jaundice. The most common complication of the gallbladder however is cholecystitis. Which is a condition when calcifications and stones build up in the gallbladder lumen potentially causing blockage at any point in the biliary tree. The rarest condition is carcinoma of the Gallbladder. Gallbladder cancer is known to be most common in women and in people who have had a history of gallstones or other gallbladder conditions. Early gallbladder cancer often causes no symptoms and is usually discovered unexpectedly when someone has surgery to remove gallstones. About 1 in 5 gallbladder cancers are found in this way. Most tumors are unfortunately only discovered at an advanced stage. The stage of a cancer describes its size and whether it has spread beyond its origin. Knowing that most tumors of the gallbladder are found at an advanced stage (stage 4) by the time of discovery, the cancer has most likely already metastasized to other organs of the body. At such a...
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...for common cancers • Monitoring of cancer survivors after treatment • Diagnosis of specific tumor types particularly in brain tumors and instances where biopsy is not feasible • Determining the effectiveness of cancer treatment • Determining recurrent cancer Useful markers used to determine recurrent cancer • Prostate specific antigen ( PSA ) – prostate cancer • Human Chorionic gonadotrophin ( HCG ) for gestational trophoblastic tumors and some germ cell cancers • Alpha-feto protein – germ cell cancers • CA 125 – for epithelial ovarian cancer • Carcinoembryonic antigen ( CEA) for colon & rectal cancers • CA-15 – 3 – for breast cancer Two groups 1. Cancer specific markers 2. Tissue specific markers 1. Cancer specific markers • Related to the presence of cancerous tissues • Useful in follow-up of treated patients & progress of the disease • Examples are : CEA , CA 19-9 , CA 125 2. Tissue specific markers • Related to tissues which have developed cancers • May not be related to tumors & maybe elevated when no cancer is present • Examples are : PSA , beta-HCG , AFP, • AFP-L3 , thyroglobulin Specimen for detection • Blood • Urine • Fluids • Biopsy Reporting : ng/mL , U /mL ( units / milliliter ) Specific tumor markers • AFP – alpha-feto protein • B2M – beta -2- microglobulin • Beta – HCG • BTA – Bladder tumor antigen ...
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...have lived with at least two smokers in my family so I experience second hand smoke majority of my life. Many people don’t realize the chemicals in the cigarette are all hazardous and dangerous. All cigarettes have Polonium-210 a radioactive chemical element and Cadmium, Beryllium a toxic metal. These chemicals are the main causes of cancer in cigarettes from there known 250 chemicals. Smoking causes many diseases from cancer to aortic aneurysm (a balloon-like bulge in an artery in the chest). Pregnancy smoking can causes pre-mature birth and an abnormally low birth weight. Women who end up smoking before or after their pregnancy increase the chance of their child getting Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. Smoking causes around 440,000 premature deaths every year in the United States. Smoking is the leading cause of premature, preventable death in this country. The cancers that smoking causes acute myeloid leukemia, bladder cancer, cancer of the cervix, cancer of the larynx (voice box). Acute myeloid leukemia is a cancer of the blood and bone marrow and can get worse if left untreated. Bladder cancer begins in the liming of your bladder. It can remain but has been reported to spread around the body. Other effects of smoking can cause stillbirth, low birth weight, and preterm delivery. The main ingredient in a cigarette is called nicotine that is found mostly in the tobacco plants. When smoking the nicotine is absorbed from the lungs, and quickly enters the blood...
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