...Introduction The history of psychology dates as far back as ancient Greece. The philosophers since the 4th century BCE have been trying to define exactly what it is that makes us, us. Plato proposed four groupings (artistic, sensible, intuitive, reasoning) and Aristotle hypothesized four factors (iconic i.e. artistic, pistic i.e. common sence, noetic i.e. intuition and dianoetic i.e. logic) and contributed to ones social order in society. (blog. tiptaplab.com). Personality psychology is a branch of psychology that governs the personality and its variations between individuals. The areas of focus include; construction of a coherent picture of the individual and their major psychological processes, investigation of individual psychological differences, investigation of human nature and psychological similarities between individuals. Personality also refers to someone’s public image (blog. tiptaplab.com). The word personality is a Latin word personae, which is the mask actors wore in ancient Greek plays. They changed personae to let audience know they were assuming different roles (www.reading fanatic.com). Key contributors of Personality There are several contributors to school of personality psychology who explore personality in different contexts. They include Gordon Alport, who believed personality is something within an individual that leads to characteristics of behaviour and thought. Carl Rogers on the other hand thought it is a self organized consistent pattern...
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...there is no particular stated definition for the word leadership. According to Yukl (2010) Leadership is such a broad subject than can range or vary from personality traits, behavior, influence, interaction, patterns, roles and relationships, and even the occupation of an administrative position (pg.2). Since leadership is so complex even though it has been studied for years researchers have not been able to come up with a particular definition for it. As Burns (1978) stated “Leadership is one of the most studied and less understood phenomena on Earth” (Bahreinian & Soltani, 2012, pg. 7). Therefore, different theories and approaches on this area of study have aroused over the years. But not all leadership approaches focus on the same assumptions. For example when we talk about the Trait Approach we emphasize on the particular attributes of leaders such as personality, motives, values, and skills. We have heard from time to time that anybody can be a manager but not everybody can be a true and effective leader. Since leaders are more related into influencing and inspiring rather than directing and giving orders as normal managers do some people tend to assume natural leaders are born with that specific instinct. The most intuitively appealing aspect that the Trait Approach uses is in terms of personality traits. The personality of effective leaders can influence an...
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...Biological and Evolutionary Theory Newspaper Article Jamie Ragland PSY/ 405 Professor Robert Irizarry October 12, 2015 University of Phoenix Abstract Why are dispositional, biological and evolutionary theories important? What are the differences between the three styles of theories? What are the strengths and limitations of each of these theories? Dispositional theory assumes that there are a finite number of personality traits that can be measured, evaluated and observed. Biological theory suggests that genetics are responsible for personality. Evolutionary theory asks how the evolved mind and present – day environment connect to shape human behavior. Dispositional Theories Dispositional theories explain the relationship between traits and personality. Two of the most well-known dispositional theories are Allport’s Psychology of the Individual Theory and Trait and Factor Theories. Gordon Allport, Hans Eysenck, Robert McCrae, and Paul Costa Jr are the more common of the dispositional theorists. The assumptions vary from those of the other theorists. However, just as the other theories, the dispositional theories provide a basis for the study of personality. Retrieved from: http://intothedepthsofthehumanmind.blogspot.com/2013/05/theoretical-perspectives-dispositional.html Dispositional Theory Limitations “All theories have strengths and limitations. One criticism of Allport’s theory is that it was not based...
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...http://managementhelp.org/blogs/leadership/2010/04/21/leadership-theories/ Leadership Theories By Steve Wolinski on April 21, 2010 191 63 118 There is a wide and ever growing variety of theories to explain the concept and practice of leadership. I will provide a brief overview of the more dominant or better known theories. I hope that others will share their thoughts on whether this list neglects any theories of note. In the future we can discuss some of the emerging leadership theories/approaches such as adaptive, authentic, and appreciative. It is important to note that this submission attempts to provide an overview of leadership theories versus models. I view models as attempts to functionalize the more theoretical aspects of leadership and make them easier to put into play by organizations and consultants. This is, in and of itself, an important activity. Most theories view leadership as grounded in one or more of the following three perspectives: leadership as a process or relationship, leadership as a combination of traits or personality characteristics, or leadership as certain behaviors or, as they are more commonly referred to, leadership skills. In virtually all of the more dominant theories there exist the notions that, at least to some degree, leadership is a process that involves influence with a group of people toward the realization of goals. I will say on the front end that, in my opinion, leadership is a dynamic and complex process, and that much...
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...Ever wonder why someone decides to get engages in criminal activity? Throughout this class and my juvenile delinquency class we’ve been trying to answer this question. We are going to discuss the theories that can help explain as to why someone engages himself or herself in a criminal activity. First of all we are going to discuss the two main perspectives and the theories made by our theorist in the past. The developmental perspective of criminality has two main perspective and those perspectives get broken down to theories made by some theorists. The first perspective we are going over is the life course perspective. The life course theory suggests that criminal behavior is a very dynamic process that is influence by the individuals’...
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...Weaknesses of Quantitative and Qualitative Research :: UXmatters. [online] Uxmatters.com. Available at: http://www.uxmatters.com/mt/archives/2012/09/strengths-and-weaknesses-of-quantitative-and-qualitative-research.php Betterthesis.dk, (2015). Strengths and limitations | Better Thesis. [online] Available at: http://betterthesis.dk/research-methods/lesson-1different-approaches-to-research/strengths-and-limitations Jerry, B. (2015). ModelBenders - Encyclopedia. [online] Modelbenders.com. Available at: http://www.modelbenders.com/encyclopedia/encyclopedia.html Idea.ucr.edu, (2015). The_Scientific_Method_3. [online] Available at: http://idea.ucr.edu/documents/flash/scientific_method/story.htm Lucy, F. (2015). Freudian Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality....
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...the factors that influence an individual’s personality. After reading this essay, the essayist wants readers to have clarity on the theory of personality. Defining Personality The word personality originates from the “persona”, meaning the covering that an actor can wear during Greek and Roman drama performances (Feist & Feist, 2006). The reason for them to wear the mask is to cover a deceptive appearance to portray the character in which they are playing. The present-day description of personality is not the deceitfulness of character or appearance; however, it is the action of apparent behavior that can be the label of certain physiognomies and traits of an individual. The physiognomies give the understanding of an individual, to include intelligence, physical ability, and attitude. According to Theories of Personality, personality involves, “…a pattern of relatively permanent traits and unique characteristics that give both consistency and individuality to a person’s behavior” (Feist & Feist, 2006, p. 4). Understanding personality is imminent in this course and this week’s reading to get the complete understanding of personality. This is essential in examining the theoretical approaches in studying of personality. Theoretical Approaches Quantifiable Human Nature. In psychology the research of personality is built on the theory of simple human...
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...it is the ability to gauge people’s abilities and your own in given situations. David Goleman, science journalist for The New York Times, first introduced his theories on “Emotional Intelligence” in 1995. His book titled “Emotional Intelligence: Why It can Matter More Than IQ” was on The New York Times bestseller list for a year-and-a-half. Ninety percent of top performers have high Emotional Quotient (EQ) and people with high EQ make $29,000 more annually than their low EQ counterparts (Talent Smart, 2012). Emotional intelligence has been considered a strong indicator of how an employee will perform on the job and has also been an indicator of leadership behaviors (TNS Blog, 2012). Emotional Intelligence has argued that human competencies such as self-awareness, social awareness, self management, and relationship management all contribute to being a better person and performer in life. These traits, like emotional intelligence, can be learned or acquired throughout the lifespan of a person. It is beneficial for both the individual and the corporations to develop emotional intelligence. A leader with a high emotional intelligence increases productivity and steers the team to greater heights and in hurdling obstacles. References Talent Smart (2012). Retrieved from http://www.talentsmart.com TNS Blog (2012). Employee Insights. Retrieved from http://blog.tnsemployeeinsights.com/?tag=emotional-intelligence Wikipedia (2012). Emotional Intelligence...
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...Introduction In this report first i introduce the organisation that i choose for research. Then I will try to evaluate the theories of leadership and motivation those used in the organization or match with the behave of the organization. After that i will compare and contrast different leadership styles and motivation techniques in selected organization. Company profile Ryan air is an Europe’s only ultra low cost carrier. Ryan air has second largest airline in europe after Lufthansa. It was set up by Ryan familyin 1985. It started with the share capital of £ 1 and the member of staff was 25. Ryan air curently operaing 1600 daily flights from 57 bases, and connecting 180 destinatinons in 29 countries. Evaluate Leadership Theories used in Ryan Air Leadership is process in which leaders gives the resolution to his followers and ask them to take actions beside him. Leader’s have some capabilities to tackle with some issue and problems. Leader is a person who has some born qualities and some of them he adopts from the daily life. Ryan air has used Contingency/ Situational theories of leadership. Contingency theory support no one will fit in all situation. There is a natural relation between contingency and situational theory. Both theories suggest that there is no best method to lead an organisation, except best course of action is dependent on the internal and external circumstances. According to Northouse(2004) Leader...
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...book Mr. Coyne stated it so well and to the point: Accepting evolution needn’t turn you into a despairing nihilist or rob your life of purpose and meaning. It won’t make you immoral or give you the sentiments of a Stalin or Hitler. Nor need it promote atheism, for enlightened religion has always found a way to accommodate the advances of science. In fact, understanding evolution should surely deepen and enrich our appreciation of the living world and our place in it. (Coyne, 2009, p. xx) With this introduction to the text and Mr. Coyne’s calming of my fears that I would not burn in hell or be betraying my religion by opening my mind and heart to the information that is being provided. Why not open my mind to the possibility that the Theory of Evolution has some truth that is proven by scientific facts, I believe in medicine and that is based on scientific facts and research. The journey through each of the chapters covered in, Is Evolution True? Your Inner Fish; has been one of revelations, confusion and understanding. Come with me on my journey through, Is Evolution True. Chapter 1 – What is Evolution? This chapter begins with Mr. Coyne breaking down the meaning of evolution. He states that evolution is the idea that a species goes through varies changes in its genetic makeup through many generations which evolves it into...
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...Introduction In this report first i introduce the organisation that i choose for research. Then I will try to evaluate the theories of leadership and motivation those used in the organization or match with the behave of the organization. After that i will compare and contrast different leadership styles and motivation techniques in selected organization. Company profile Ryan air is an Europe’s only ultra low cost carrier. Ryan air has second largest airline in europe after Lufthansa. It was set up by Ryan familyin 1985. It started with the share capital of £ 1 and the member of staff was 25. Ryan air curently operaing 1600 daily flights from 57 bases, and connecting 180 destinatinons in 29 countries. Evaluate Leadership Theories used in Ryan Air Leadership is process in which leaders gives the resolution to his followers and ask them to take actions beside him. Leader’s have some capabilities to tackle with some issue and problems. Leader is a person who has some born qualities and some of them he adopts from the daily life. Ryan air has used Contingency/ Situational theories of leadership. Contingency theory support no one will fit in all situation. There is a natural relation between contingency and situational theory. Both theories suggest that there is no best method to lead an organisation, except best course of action is dependent on the internal and external circumstances. According to Northouse(2004) Leader...
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...Review for OB Chapter 1 1.Define Organizational Behaviour (OB) • the study of what people feel think and do in and around organizations • organizations: groups that work interdependantly towards a purpose. • must have structure 2.Explain the foundations of OB theory and knowledge and its research methods • OB is multidisciplinary relates to psychology, sociology, anythropology etc • Three units of analysis: individual, group, orginization • Research Methods : • field studies : real life organizations • case studies : in depth studies of situations • laboratory studies : in controlled environments • survey studies : questionnaires and interviews • meta-analysis : statistics 3.Describe the “systems approach”, the “contingency approach”, and the levels of analysis in understanding behaviour in organizations • Systems approach : • organizations depend upon the external environment • transform inputs into outputs efficiently and effectively • subsystems --> transformation process--> feedback • Contingency approach : OB involves complex relationships, it does not have right or wrong answers just makes hypotheses and uses consistencies to predict behaviour • Levels of Analysis • individual • task performance : goal directed behavior • organizational citizenship : helpfulness above job requirements • counterproductive work behaviours: potentially harms the...
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...organizational psychologist. They were to identify the primary cause for low job satisfaction among stunt performers. Next was change perception of job excitement and challenges within budget constraints. Third was to select a team of three for stunt consultancy. And finally, as an organizational psychologist I needed to address and correct high levels of stress and an increase in absenteeism. MODULE ONE ROOT CAUSE OF LOW JOB SATISFACTION Air Devils quality of performance has plummeted the past two years. Management fears that employees are getting complacent about their achievements. They wish to improve performance and employee satisfaction. By reviewing the JDI (Job Descriptive Index), employee profiles, and the newly discovered blogs we were able to identify a possible root cause for the low job satisfaction. Based on the information provided and the available selection, I chose the primary cause for the low job satisfaction was employees felt that they could not do what they joined the company for and there was a lack of excitement in their current position. The result of my identification was correct based on the simulation. Employee profiles suggested that they were motivated by the challenge of performing stunts. MODULE TWO INCREASE JOB EXCITEMENT AND CHALLENGES Currently...
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...MBA 2017 | Written Case Analysis Aston-Blair, Inc. | Organizational Behavior | | 17010046 | 10/11/2015 | | Synopsis and Summary: The case discusses the role of Henry Tam, a Harvard Business School student who joined a startup company, Music Games International. Dynamic and extremely diverse but very conflicted, the company lacked real world experience and Henry took on the assignment to formulate a strategy and restore harmony amongst the team members. Statement of the Problem: The team faces the issue of cultural and functional diversity hampering their productivity. The responsibilities of the members are not clear and no clear leadership is defined. Causes of the Problems: *Multiculturalism and Functional Diversity: At first sight, the diversity of culture and function in the team seems like a wise choice since more ideas mean better productivity and creativity, before we see the first meeting. The whole team seems like to be functioning like a family with extremely loyal best friends who are capable of handling conflict and are cooperative towards the newcomers – Dana and Henry. However, the team is facing the issue of improper management of multiculturalism and diversity and there is low performance. Sasha does not think Dana has the practical experience and Roman and Igor do not understand what Dana wants from the project. The brainstorming sessions, according to Dana and Henry seem to drag on too long. It has an impact on the team’s processes...
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...different approaches to leadership exist and all are used differently by different people. These methods view leadership through different perspectives. A leadership style refers to the leaders who carry out the roles and responsibilities of the leadership process. Just look around and I bet you can think of a handful of leaders just off the top of your head that are people you look up to. As Brian Tracy states “Leaders are made, not born. Nobody comes into the world as a natural leader. A person becomes a leader by, first of all, deciding to become a leader, and second of all, by learning the skills necessary to “elicit extraordinary performance from ordinary people.”(2014) People not only look up to but also respect leaders. The ideas and theories of leadership have been revealed and introduced to us from thousands of years ago. Leadership is something that started way back in the day and is something that will never go away. The world can be...
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