...BMS192 Lab Report marking sheet for 201360 Lab Report Marking Criteria Marks awarded Section total Abstract (4 marks) 2 Approx 2 lines introducing the topic (and aims) (1 mark) 1 Approx 2 lines for methods (1 mark) 0.5 Approx 2 lines summarising results (1 mark) 0 Approx 2 lines concluding (1 mark) 0.5 Introduction (11 marks) Note: use your text and the supplied journal articles to justify and support the development of the aims and hypothesis of the study. 5.75 What is blood pressure (BP)? (1 mark) 1 What is normal blood pressure? (1 mark) 0.5 Explain and Define mean arterial pressure (MAP) and pulse pressure (PP)and what they represent without showing their calculation (2 mark) 1 What can cause changes in blood pressure? (1 mark) 0.25 How is blood pressure regulated? (Focus mainly on the short term regulation of blood pressure, but also briefly mention long term regulation) Include the following: • What receptors detect changes in blood pressure? (1 mark) • Where is the signal transmitted? (1 mark) • What is the output and effectors? (1 mark) • What is the final result of effector action(s)? (i.e. Increased or decreased BP)? (1 mark) You do not complete your argument by including this information. 1 1 0.5 0 Aims and hypothesis. Explain what the study is testing and why (2 marks). Note: a hypothesis is a statement that you can test as being true or false so your results will either support the hypothesis or show it to be incorrect...
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...BIO 202 Blood Vessels & Blood Circulation HW 1. Site where blood vessels have the greatest peripheral blood resistance? Arterioles 2. Site with the lowest blood pressure? Large Veins 3. Site where velocity of blood is the slowest? Capillaries 4. Site where blood volume is the greatest? Large Veins 5. Briefly describe 4 different shock conditions related to cardio-vasculature pathology. 1. Circulatory Shock- occurs when the blood vessels are inadequately filled and the blood cannot circulate normally. The tissues suffer due to the lack of blood flow. As a result, cells may die and organs may fail 2. Hypovolemic Shock- occurs to due heavy blood loss (hemorrhages, burns, severe vomiting & diarrhea). -During this type of shock, the heart rate increases trying to help and the blood vessels decrease in diameter but blood pressure ends up dropping if the blood loss is not stopped or blood volume is not restored. 3. Vascular Shock- blood volume is normal but circulation is poor due to extreme vasodilation; blood pressure plummets as does resistance. -Common causes are anaphylactic shock, septic shock(bacterial infection that causes vasodilation) and neurogenic shock (failure of ANS). 4. Cardiogenic Shock- pump failure; occurs when the heart cannot circulate blood properly; usually caused by myocardial damage; MI’s (heart attacks) are likely to follow to due to heart damage 6. System for fast(short term) blood pressure...
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...Mean arterial blood pressure is the average arterial pressure in a cardiac cycle. It is set by cardiac output and total peripheral resistance; it sets the average driving pressure and controls the flow. The pulse pressure is the difference between the highest and lowest pressure (systolic and diastolic blood pressure) readings during a subject’s cardiac cycle. Both mean arterial pressure and pulse pressure are detected by baroreceptors. The baroreceptors respond to stretching of the arterial wall so that if arterial pressure suddenly rises, the walls of these vessels passively expand, which stimulates the firing these receptors (Ottesen et. al., 2011). If arterial blood pressure suddenly falls, decreased stretch of the arterial walls lead to a decrease in receptor firing. Baroreceptors are found in the main arteries, the aortic arches and carotid arteries. The addition of different chemicals into the bloodstream causes changes to occur in the heart rate, mean arterial pressure and pulse pressure. These changes are detected by the baroreceptors. Adrenaline and noradrenaline cause similar responses to the cardiovascular system. They have a sympathetic effect, causing an increase in the mean arterial pressure, pulse pressure and heart rate. Conversely, acetylcholine has a parasympathetic effect, the heart rate and blood pressure drops. The aim of the experiment was to see the changes in the cardiovascular parameters of mean arterial pressure, pulse pressure and heart rate...
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... I. Factors Involved in Blood Circulation A. Blood Flow - the actual VOLUME of blood moving through a particular site (vessel or organ) over a certain TIME period (liter/hour, ml/min) B. Blood Pressure - the FORCE exerted on the wall of a blood vessel by the blood contained within (millimeters of Mercury; mm Hg) blood pressure = the systemic arterial pressure of large vessels of the body (mm Hg) C. Resistance to Flow (Peripheral Resistance) - the FORCE resisting the flow of blood through a vessel (usually from friction) 1. viscosity - a measure of the "thickness" or "stickiness" of a fluid flowing through a pipe a. V water < V blood < V toothpaste b. water flows easier than blood 2. tube length - the longer the vessel, the greater the drop in pressure due to friction 3. tube diameter - smaller diameter = greater friction D. Relation Between Blood Flow, Pressure, Resistance difference in blood pressure ( P) Blood Flow (F) = peripheral resistance (R) a. increased P -> increased flow b. decreased P -> decreased flow c. increased R (vasoconstriction) -> DECREASED flow d. decreased R (vasodilation) -> INCREASED flow II. Systemic Blood Pressure A. Blood Pressure Near the Heart ...
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...commonly known to many people as high blood pressure. Hypertension is a condition in which the arteries in the body have elevated blood pressure. When heart beats, it will pump blood throughout the body your body from your arteries. The blood pressure stems from the force of blood that pushes against the blood vessel walls. When an individual has elevated blood pressure, the harder the heart has to work to pump blood. The normal range for blood pressure is below 120/80. “The 120 in the blood pressure represents the systolic measurement, or the peak pressure in the...
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...function there is an increase in respiratory activity. This increase in respiratory activity leads to an increase in cardiovascular activity. The primary role of the heart is to pump oxygenated blood throughout the body. When exercising the skeletal muscles require more oxygen to aid in metabolic processes and the heart has to beat harder and faster to ensure the muscles have sufficient oxygen. The aims and objectives of this practical experiment were to record the effects of exercise or work on cardiovascular parameters and to record the effects of exercise on body temperature. The cardiovascular parameters measured in this lab include, heart rate (HR), blood pressure (systolic and diastolic), duration of the PR segment and RR interval. Materials and Methods: The materials and methods were followed as per EQ4058 Equine Exercise Physiology Practical Manual, Lab 4 the Effect of Exercise on the Human Cardiovascular System. Results: Table 1 shows the results obtained when group b measured the cardiovascular values of a subject at rest, after 5 minutes exercise, after 10 minutes exercise, after 15 minutes exercise, after 5 minutes post pull and 10 minutes post pull up. The values measured in this experiment include the heart rate, systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, the mean arterial pressure, temperature, duration of the PR segment and the...
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...The Pharmacology of Aliskiren, and its Safety and Efficacy in the Treatment of Hypertension Kiandra Arnold PHM 813, Summer 2015 Hypertension is a common condition in which blood pressure in the arteries is elevated. A number of conditions can cause blood pressure to spike, but in hypertension there is a chronic elevation of blood pressure. There are two types of hypertension; primarily (essential) and secondary hypertension. 90-95% of patients have essential hypertension, which is a form with no identifiable underlying cause. Essential hypertension can be treated with drugs in addition to lifestyle changes. The remaining 5-10% of hypertensive patients have secondary hypertension, that is caused by an indefinable underlying condition such as renal artery disease, thyroid disease, primary hyperaldosteronism, pregnancy etc. Patients with secondary hypertension are best treated with drugs that alleviate the underlying disease or condition, however they still may require antihypertensive drugs. This paper will focus on essential hypertension since it is more common ( Jackson 2015) . Decreasing cardiac output, systemic vascular resistance, or central venous pressure can reduce arterial pressure. Therefore, antihypertensive drugs either reduce blood volume(which reduces central venous pressure and cardiac output), reduce systemic vascular resistance, or reduce cardiac output by depressing heart rate and stroke volume. One particular class of anti-hypertensive drugs;...
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...VS stable, but pt remains confused, weak, & complains of some dizziness and palpitations. Physician referred pt for admission to nursing home with admitting chief complains: chest pain, palpitations and frequent falls. PRESENT ILLNESS HISTORY: Patient currently has a diagnosis of essential (primary) hypertension, chest pain, palpitations, chronic kidney disease, dementia w/o behavioral disturbances, hyperlipidemia, and anemia. *Give a brief definition/description of each diagnosis. Essential hypertension is another term for high blood pressure. It is a systolic reading that is above 140 or a diastolic reading that is above 90 continuously. 120/90 is a normal blood pressure reading. (Burton & Ludwig. 2015, Pg. 345) Hyperlipidemia is a condition where high levels of fat accumulate in the blood (Hopper & Williams. 2015, pg. 471). Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is a disease that damages the hearts major blood vessels when fat deposits (plaque) build up in the...
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...or High blood pressure is a prevalent cardiovascular disease in the United States and other nations around the world. It is estimated that 1 billion is affected with the disease and about 7.1 million hypertension related mortalities annually. It is a condition in which the long-term force of blood against artery walls is high enough to ultimately cause heart attack, aneurysm, stroke or left ventricular hypertrophy leading to congestive heart failure. Many people with hypertension do not realize they have because the symptoms are subtle and that it generally develops over a long period of time. Most often, vital organs like the kidneys and eyes may damage or other diseases may occur before it is detected; for this reason, it is often called the "silent killer (American Heart Association, 2014). According to Woo & Wynne (2012), a report from the World Health Organization indicates that suboptimal blood pressure higher than 115mm Hg (systolic) is liable for 62% of all cardiovascular disease and 49% of all ischemic heart disease. A normal blood pressure level is systolic reading of blood pressure (SBP) less than 120mmHg with diastolic level (DBP) less than 80mmHg. Hypertension disease has the following stages. A pre-hypertensive level is SBP 120-139, and DBP 80-89. Hypertension stage 1 is SBP 140-159, with DBP of 90-99. Hypertension stage 2 is SBP greater than or equal to 160 with DBP of 100 or more. Stress and emotional tension may temporarily increase blood pressure; but it...
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...I. INTRODUCTION A. Number of cases/Statistic data of the disease A.1 Statistics Accurate pre-eclampsia statistics are difficult to obtain because the condition ranges from extremely mild to severe. Mild cases are sometimes not included in official figures. Furthermore, mild cases may have no effect on pregnancy, which is why the figures for pre-eclampsia as a whole are higher than for those that actually complicate pregnancies. Around 10% of pregnant women develop pregnancy-induced hypertension (high blood pressure) or pre-eclampsia (high blood pressure with protein in the urine).Worldwide more than four million women per year will develop pre-eclampsia, and over 63,000 maternal deaths are due to pre-eclampsia. Action on Pre-Eclampsia estimates that every year in the UK pre-eclampsia is responsible for the deaths of six mothers and 500 to 600 babies. A 2005 to 2006 study showed a promising fall in the numbers of women developing eclampsia since 1992, from 4.9/10,000 to 2.7/10,000. This has arisen as a result of the introduction of management guidelines for eclampsia and pre-eclampsia. Pre-eclampsia is much more common in first pregnancies, and there is a reduced incidence of pre-eclampsia in the second pregnancy. The risk of women who have had pre-eclampsia developing it again in future pregnancies is 16 percent, and 25 percent if they suffered from severe pre-eclampsia, eclampsia or they delivered pre-term. This rises to 55 percent if their baby was delivered before...
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...MATERNAL PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES A. Changes in Blood Volume Parturients undergo remarkable changes during pregnancy, labor, and the immediate postpartum period that can directly affect anesthetic techniques; hence a broad knowledge of these changes is essential for proper management of these women. Maternal blood volume increases during pregnancy, and this involves an increase in plasma volume as well as in red cell and white cell volumes. The plasma volume increases by 40% to 50%, whereas the red cell volume goes up by only 15% to 20%, which causes a situation that is described as “physiological anemia of pregnancy” (normal hemoglobin, 12 g/dL; hematocrit, 35). Because of this apparent hemodilution, blood viscosity decreases by approximately 20%. The exact mechanism of this increase in plasma volume is unknown. However, several hormones such as reninangiotensin-aldosterone, atrial natriuretic peptide, estrogen, and progesterone may be involved in this interesting phenomenon. Two current hypothesis attribute the increase to (1) an underfill state caused by initial vasodilation, which stimulates hormones such as renin, angiotensin, and aldosterone or (2) an overfill state characterized by an early increase in sodium retention (due to an increase in mineralcorticoids) that retains fluid, causing an increase in blood volume. Levels of clotting factors I, VII, VIII, IX, X, and XII, and the fibrinogen count are elevated during pregnancy as well. At present the majority of observers...
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...* * Fundamentals of Nursing (NSG 1355) Care Plan * * * ------------------------------------------------- Admission History * ------------------------------------------------- * ------------------------------------------------- Patient Information: Age: 60 Gender: Male Weight and Height: 390 lbs, 76” BMI: 47.47 (Morbidly Obese) * ------------------------------------------------- * ------------------------------------------------- Primary Language: English Religion: Latter-Day Saint Culture: Caucasian * ------------------------------------------------- * ------------------------------------------------- Resusiciation Status: Full Code * ------------------------------------------------- * ------------------------------------------------- ...
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...Hypertension Blood pressure is determined by the amount of blood your heart pumps and the amount of resistance to blood flow in your arteries. The more blood your heart pumps and the narrower your arteries, the higher your blood pressure. Hypertension is the consistent elevation of systemic arterial blood pressure. It is also the most common primary diagnosis in the United States (Brashers, 2010). It is one of the most common worldwide diseases afflicting humans. Because of the associated morbidity and mortality and the cost to society, hypertension is an important public health challenge. Over the past several decades, extensive research, widespread patient education, and a concerted effort on the part of health care professionals have led to decreased mortality and morbidity rates from the multiple organ damage arising from years of untreated hypertension. I. Prevalence of disease (in US) and risk factors Hypertension is a major U.S. health problem affecting some 50 million individuals. Approximately 65% of Americans older than age 60 have hypertension. Of those diagnosed with hypertension, over 30% do not have their hypertension adequately treated and controlled. Ninety to ninety-five percent of hypertension is idiopathic and called primary hypertension. Five to ten percent of hypertension is the result of an identifiable etiologic cause and is called secondary hypertension. According to Center of Disease Control (CDC) the prevalence of hypertension, 45.3% had been treated...
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...Running Head: THE HEALTH BENEFITS OF MEDITAION The Health Benefits of Meditation Article Critique Part two Paper Rasheedah Long Grand Canyon University NSG 325: Evidence Based Practice 03/30/2015 The purpose of composing this paper is to review one article that supports the PICOT statement. This paper will be written as an essay and will scrutinize major components of the study such as the introduction, the review of literature, the methods used, the findings, and lastly the discussion. This paper will provide an analytical view of the chosen article, determining the applicability of the findings, the clinical importance, the validity and the reliability of the issue addressed in the article. There are many different types of mediation practices. Transcendental meditation and mindfulness based stress reduction meditation are two of the most commonly researched. Meditation is now widely accepted into mainstream and is being used as a way for maintaining health and wellness. Several medical and rehabilitation facilities have proved meditation to be a safe and effective tool for treating: “stress, fatigue, depression, anxiety, fibromyalgia, hypertension, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, tinnitus, congestive heart failure, general pain, as well as many other health ailments. (Natural Medicine Database, 2014) Article Introduction The introduction to the study was clear and concise. It clearly identified what the researchers were looking to establish. The introduction...
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...Major life threatening disorders in developed countries like deep vein thromboembolism , cardiovascular diseases, cerebral infarction, pulmonary embolism are associated with the thromboembolism .They are the resultant of excessive bleeding , formation thrombus (blood clot) caused due imbalance in hemostasis [1]. The Haemostatic regulation is to balance the coagulation cascade and fibrinolytic cascade ,it involves the constriction of blood vessels, rapid platelet plug formation at the site of injury ,formation of blood clot and finally dissolution of thrombus . The coagulation cascade involves fibrinogen protein getting converted into fibrin forming a mesh like structure inorder to prevent the blood loss mediated by the enzyme thrombin....
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