...Memo To: President of Quality Assurance CC: Chief Operating Officer From: Vice President of Quality Assurance Date: [ 5/12/2014 ] Re: Costs of quality; trade-offs As you know, when dealing with quality issues, we must consider the costs associated with quality. According to Stevenson (2008), there are three categories of these costs: appraisal, prevention, and failure. Appraisal costs may be defined as "Costs of activities designed to ensure quality or uncover defects" (Stevenson, 2008, p. 421). We incur appraisal costs when we inspect or test products, or conduct other activities to reveal defects in our products or to assure that they are free of defects. These costs include the costs of the inspectors, quality audits, tests, test equipment, and field testing. Each time someone takes a mechanical pencil off the conveyor belt and tests its functionality, he or she is inspecting, or appraising, our products. Each such occurrence causes appraisal costs. Prevention costs are the costs "of preventing defects from occurring" (Stevenson, 2008, p. 421). We pay prevention costs when we plan ways to prevent defects: planning and administration systems, training, quality control, working with vendors, and attempting to decrease defects by paying extra attention to design and production. Every hour that designers spend working on ways to improve our mechanical pencils we pay prevention costs. The same is true when our procurement people attempt to get better materials and when...
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...Stanley Matter WGU, BMA1 Task 304.4.4-01 INNOVATION AND CHANGE The highly competitive marketplace of today forces most companies to innovate if they want to keep a competitive advantage. Innovation is the driving force that is shaping the majority of successful corporations. A company that builds a culture of innovation will find itself on the offensive and the corporation will continue to grow. Innovation can generally be regarded as innovations concerning process and innovations concerning product. Most companies are trying to innovate in both parameters. Large corporations are endeavoring to develop an entrepreneurial spirit as found in smaller companies, start-ups, and sole proprietorships. This gives them greater flexibility and greater creativity, allowing them to develop and market new products or services more quickly. Companies who can achieve this are generally rewarded with four main advantages. 1. First Mover Advantage By being the first to enter a new market, bring a new product to market, or radically improving an existing product the company can gain an advantage over the existing market or potential market. While contrary to popular thought Apple did not invent the smart phone. However, they did radically improve it with many innovative features. In its initial launch in 2007 they sold 270,000 iphones in the first 30 hours. The iphone set the benchmark for the industry. Through continuous innovation it has been a leader in...
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