...Bodily Systems and the Spatial-Functional Structure of the Human Body Barry Smith, PhD1,2, Igor Papakin1, Katherine Munn1 1Institute for Formal Ontology and Medical Information Science Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany 2Department of Philosophy, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA Abstract. The human body as conceived by medical science is a system made of systems. The body is divided into bodily systems proper, such as the endocrine and circulatory systems. These are subdivded into many subsystems at a variety of levels whereby all systems and subsystems engage in massive causal interaction with other systems and subsystems. In this essay we offer an explicit definition of bodily system, and explicit means for understanding these causal interactions. Whereas informality is acceptable in documentation created for human beings, it falls short of what is needed for computer representations. In our analysis we will define bodily system, and will take some first steps toward understanding the causal relationships bodily systems have with their subsystems. 1. Introduction Ontology plays an increasingly significant role in work on terminology and knowledge management systems in the domain of biomedical informatics, and we hold that it will play an essential role in biomedical research of the future. The term ‘ontology’ must, however, be understood in the right way [1]. The dominant paradigm might be referred to as ‘applications...
Words: 12460 - Pages: 50
...BTEC 90 Credit/Extended Diploma in Public Services Unit 5 Physical Preparation, Health and Lifestyle for the Public Services Learner Resource Pack Introduction The human body is a very complex piece of machinery. It is made up of many different systems that work together to allow us to take part in a wide range of sports and everyday activities. It is important that anyone working with clients in the sport and exercise industry has a good understanding of how each of these systems works and copes with the stresses of exercise. This unit will explore the structure and the functions of the skeletal, muscular, cardiovascular and respiratory systems and how each of them is affected by exercise. It will also focus on the energy systems and their role in sport and exercise performance. Section One - The Structure and Function of The Skeletal System and How it Responds to Exercise Part 1.1: The structure of the skeleton system The skeleton provides us with a complex framework of bones, joints and cartilage without which we could not stand upright or move. It consists of 206 bones which can be divided into the axial and appendicular skeleton. The axial and appendicular skeleton The axial skeleton provides the supportive structure of the skeleton and is made up of the skull, vertebral column, sternum and ribs. The appendicular skeleton is made up of the upper limbs, shoulder girdle, lower limbs and hip girdle and provides...
Words: 6709 - Pages: 27
...and the body system are related closely. There are many systems in the body rely on the diet, there are specific nutrients each human being should have to stay healthy. The digestive system breaks down food and separates it to different nutrients to let other systems in the body to use them. The largest body system is the integumentary system, which is connected to the skin. The skin requires several vitamins from food such as vitamin A, C, and zinc to repair damage like burns or cuts. Moreover, water is an important compound that should be taken a lot; it is responsible for many different functions in the body such as at the urinary system water helps the system to get rid of waste products and in the kidneys. Water is used to filter...
Words: 1327 - Pages: 6
...Systems of the Human Body There are many systems in the human body. These systems include the circulatory system, respiratory system, immune system, skeletal system, excretory system, urinary system, muscular system, endocrine system, digestive system, nervous system and the reproductive system. I will give the basics on each system. The circulatory system includes the heart and blood vessels. It pumps blood to the body which sends oxygen to the cells and takes away waste. The respiratory system includes the nose, trachea and lungs and is needed to deliver oxygen to the blood and also to take away carbon dioxide from the body. Then, there is the Immune system which helps to keep the body stay well and free from diseases. In the immune system, are different kinds of cells, proteins, organs and tissue like our skin which is the very first line of defense for the immune system. The skeletal system includes the bones and helps us stay upright and able to move and protects the body’s organs along with the muscular system which is made up of the muscles. The excretory system includes the lungs, large intestine and kidneys. Its job is get rid of the waste that the body makes in the form of exhaling carbon dioxide from the lungs, feces from the large intestine and urine from the kidneys. . The urinary system is made up of the bladder and kidneys and is actually part of the excretory system as it rids our bodies of waste in the form of urine. The digestive system includes...
Words: 398 - Pages: 2
...Body Systems Preparation Part III In the reading from the book, Human Body Systems, team A will give a brief overview of the skeletal, muscular, encoring and male and female reproductive systems and explain what we did or did not already know, what we found interesting and why, as well as what we learned from this week that can help team A with week five presentation. In chapter eleven, on the skeletal system, the human skeleton consists of 206 bones and provides support to our bodies. After reading this chapter team A learned about rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatoid arthritis is a disorder of the skeletal system. The most interesting finding about rheumatoid arthritis is that it is not a disease that results from wear and tear; rheumatoid arthritis is the result of an autoimmune disease. This is extremely interesting to Angelina because she would like to continue her education to help treat patients. Anyone can be affected by this disease at any given time and learning about it can help her understand the symptoms. The endocrine system consists of small glands that are strategically place throughout the body. These glands produce and release chemical substances called hormones. Hormone is a chemical that travels through the blood to cause effect in other areas of body function. What is interesting about hormones is that these chemicals affect five different areas of the body, homeostasis, growth and development, reproduction, energy production and behavior (Chiras, 2013)...
Words: 753 - Pages: 4
...The Digestive System is made up of organs that break down food into protein, vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, and fats, which the body needs for energy, growth, and repair. After the food is chewed and swallowed, it goes down the throat and enters the stomach. It is further broken down by powerful stomach acids. From the stomach the food travels into the small intestine. This is where your food is broken down into nutrients that can enter the bloodstream through tiny hair-like projections. The excess food that the body doesn't need or can't digest is turned into waste and is eliminated from the body. The digestive system is a key component of everyday life due to the fact it handles all the intake of water and food sources. The Endocrine System is made up of a group of glands that produce the body's long-distance messengers, or hormones. Hormones are chemicals that control body functions, such as metabolism, growth, and sexual development. The glands, which include the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, thymus gland, pineal body, pancreas, ovaries, and testes, release hormones directly into the bloodstream, which transports the hormones to organs and tissues throughout the body. This system is not a major component but does play an important role in the growth process. The Lymphatic System is also a defense system for the body. It filters out organisms that cause disease, produces white blood cells, and generates disease-fighting...
Words: 1044 - Pages: 5
...Human Body Systems By: Thomas McDonough 5/1/15 Biology Period 5A Table of Contents Chapter 1 The Skeletal System Chapter 2 The Muscular System Chapter 3 The Integumentary System Chapter 4 The Circulatory System Chapter 5 The Respiratory System Chapter 6 The Digestive and Excretory Systems Chapter 7 The Nervous System Chapter 8 The Immune and Endocrine Systems Introduction The human body. A collection of organ systems that make up you, a living thing. But how does that work? How does your body function? The goal of this book is to help you understand all of that. As previously stated, the human body is a collection of organ systems. But what is an organ system? An organ system is a...
Words: 1508 - Pages: 7
...Human Body System Research Skeletal System Functions: The Skeletal system performs vital functions; supports movement, protection, blood cell production, calcium storage and endocrine regulation. That enables the human body to survive. Main Parts / Structures and Functions: The skeleton is divided into two major parts: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton forms the central axis of the body and includes skull, spine, ribs, and sternum. The appendicular skeleton includes the appendages, which are the shoulders, arms, hips, and legs. Example of Cell Specialization: Osteoprogenitor Cells: Osteoprogenitor cells are immature cells that are mainly based in the bone marrow (a soft fatty substance in the...
Words: 1243 - Pages: 5
...Body Systems Preparation 2 We learned human eyes are spherical organs. Six small muscles attach the eye to the socket. According to Chiras(2013) “The wall of the human eye consists of three layers. The outermost is a durable, fibrous layer, which consists of the white off the eye(sclera). In front, this layer is clear and forms the cornea. The cornea lets light into the interior of the eye. The middle layer consists of cells containing a large amount of a dark pigment, known as melanin. In front, the pigmented layer forms the iris, the colored portion of the eye visible through the cornea. Looking in a mirror; you can see a dark opening in the iris called the pupil. The pupil allows light passing through the cornea to enter the eye. The blackness you see through the pupil is the pigmented region, just mentioned, and the pigmented section of the retina, discussed shortly. The iris contains smooth muscle cells. These cells contract and relax to adjust the amount of light entering the eye. When it is dark, for example, the muscles relax, which allows the pupils to dilate so more light enters. In bright light, just the opposite occurs. The innermost layer of the eye is the retina. The retina consist of an outer, pigmented layer and an inner layer consisting of photoreceptors. The photoreceptors of the retina are highly modified nerve cells that detect light. Two types of photoreceptors are present in the retina; rods and cones. The rods, so named because of...
Words: 546 - Pages: 3
...gross structures of the main body systems and I would also be saying what the system is made out of with a diagram. Main body system • Skeletal System • Muscular System • Nervous system • Respiratory system • Digestive System • Male Reproductive System • Female Reproductive system • Cardiovascular system • Urinary system • Endocrine system 1. Skeletal system The skeletal system is muscle that is connected to the skeletal to make a part of the mechanical system which moves the limbs and other parts of the body. The skeletal also relates the cartilages and joints of the human body which then creates the human skeleton. It is one of the main and important systems in the body. The joints are very important because they allow different types of movements at different locations to happen. However there are three components; • Bones • Cartilages • Joints Bones: Bones is a tough and frim form of connective tissue. It is the responsibility is to almost all strength of skeletal. Bone is the mineralization factor. Bones are highly mineralized with calcium salts Cartilages: The cartilage is a form of the connective tissue however it is not as tough and frim as the bone and the main difference in the cartilage and bone is the mineralization factor. This is because the bones are highly mineralized with calcium salts whereas cartilages are not. Joints: the joints are important components of the human body because they allow the body to move about, the joints...
Words: 2143 - Pages: 9
...University of Phoenix Material Body Systems and Diseases Complete the table below for the required systems listed. You are required to list four to six of the main organs of each body system, one or two sentences explaining the function of the system itself in your own words, and a short list of five to six major diseases that afflict each system. This assignment is due in Week One. |System |Organs in the System |Function of the System |Major Diseases Afflicting the System | |Example: |Thymus |Protects the body from disease and|Hay Fever | |Immune System |Lymph Nodes |infection by defending against, |Asthma | | |Skin |attacking and removing pathogens. |Urticaria (Hives) | | |Tonsils |Removes debris from the body, such|Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) | | |Bone Marrow |as dead cells. |Rheumatic Fever | | |Spleen | |Rheumatoid Arthritis | |Required: |Brain |The nervous system allows us to |Multiple sclerosis...
Words: 718 - Pages: 3
...Describe the gross structure and main functions of all major body systems (P5) Reproductive systems Male (Harvard-wm.org, 2014) The male reproductive system is made up of the scrotum, testes, epididymis, spermatic cords, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory duct, urethra, prostate, cowper glands, the penis and the semen. The scrotum is a sac like structure in which the testes are located, it is found in the pubic region and its job is to regulate the temperature of sperm by relaxing when the testes become too warm and contracting when the testes cold to move them closer to the heat of the body. The testes which are located in the scrotum are secured at either end by a structure called the spermatic cord. These are twin oval, grape sized organs which have the function of secreting testosterone which is a male hormone vital for libido, muscle strength and bone density. Within the testes, there are coiled structures called sminiferious tubules which provide the role of producing sperm cells. Lying at the back of each testicle is the epididymis, which is a long tube that transports and stores sperm cells produced by the testes. Connecting to the epididymis is the vas deferens which is a long muscular tube that extends into the pelvic cavity, to just behind the bladder. Its function is to transports mature sperm to the urethra, ready for ejaculation. Attached to the vas deferens, near the base of the bladder, is the seminal vesicles which are sac like...
Words: 5589 - Pages: 23
...Group 3 Respiratory System * Consists of organs responsible for carrying oxygen from the air to the bloodstream and for expelling the waste product carbon dioxide. * Air passes from the nose or mouth via various respiratory passages, to millions of balloons like sacs, the alveoli in the lungs. Respiration -term for the processes by which oxygen reaches body cells and is utilized by them in metabolism bywhich carbon dioxide is eliminated. Parts of the Respiratory System * Nose-The uppermost part of the respiratory tract bearing the nostrils, the outer opening for entrance of air and the organ of smell. Functions of the Nose: * Organ of Smell * Protecting the Lungs * It is also a resonator Parts of the Nose: * Nasal Septum- is the central partition inside the nose that divides it into two cavities, the right and left passages called fossae. * Nasal Cavity- a sticky mucous membrane lines the nasal cavity and traps dust particles. * Nose Hairs- hairs at the entrance to the nose trap the large inhaled particles. * Internal Nares- posterior opening connected to the pharynx. * Facial Sinuses- these are air spaces in the bones of the skull which communicate with nasal cavities and make it lighter. * Sinusitis- the inflammation of the membrane lining the facial sinuses caused by infection. * Rhinoplasty- an operation that alters the structure of the nose to improve its appearance or to correct a deformity caused...
Words: 4658 - Pages: 19
...P4- Explain the physiology of two named body systems in relation to energy metabolism in the body In this assignment I will be explain the physiology of two named body system in relation to energy metabolism in the body. The system that I have chosen is the respiratory system and the digestive system. The respiratory system is where the exchange of gases in the body this is where the oxygen enters into the blood. The lung is the main organ which the lungs intakes oxygen into the body and the carbon dioxide is exported out. The respiration system is made up of many organs which help us to breathe properly. The digestive system is where the organs inside the body break down the food and convert it to energy and nutrients that are needed in the body. The stomach is a tube shaped which has all the food and liquid that we have ate and it makes around the body and it is a mainly long twisted tube that starts from the mouth and comes all the way down to the anus and into few organs such as the pancreas and the liver which stores any chemicals accessible. The metabolic rate...
Words: 1120 - Pages: 5
...Human anatomy is the study of body systems which is made up of cells, tissues, and organs. Human anatomy is important to study to help explain how organs and other structures of the body work. There are eleven systems in the human body that i will discuss. Each system depends on the other to keep the body functioning.The systems of the body are the integumentary,circulatory, immune, skeletal, excretory, muscular, endocrine, digestive, nervous,reproductive and respiratory. It is important to understand how human body systems work together. The first body system is the nervous system.The body has connector neurons that signal throughout the body. Messages are sent through nerves called neurons that are responsible for communication in the body....
Words: 1510 - Pages: 7
