...Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions in cells. They break down molecules called substrates. Each enzymes have only one substrate that breaks down. Enzymes are produced in the cells of the body and affect the rate of almost all the chemical reactions which take place in living organisms. The rate of enzymes activity is influenced by temperature, pH, and substrate concentration. The purpose of this lab was to determine the affects of enzyme activity under specific temperature changes, pH values and substrate concentration. Since heat increases the rate of most chemical reactions, the addition of heat causes faster molecular movement. Most enzymes active in living tissue becomes denatured, their secondary or tertiary protein structure breaks down, at the temperature above 40 degrees C. In the effects of pH, it is expected that the changes in pH would have an effect on the action of enzymes. Lemon juice helps keep the apple from growing, because its full of ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) and it has a low acidic pH level. But extreme high levels of low pH values can result in a complete loss of enzymes activity thus leaving the apple to brown. The effects of substrate concentration, an enzyme substrate complex is formed when a substrate fits into active of an enzyme. The velocity, the rate of speed, at which the enzymes works will increase until it reaches a maximum. If the substrate is present in excess amounts, the reaction rate will increase enzyme concentrate, so...
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...system of the body: digestive, cardiovascular (respiratory and circulatory), immune, skeletal/muscular, endocrine, reproductive, and nervous. Digestive breaks down food for enery. 2. Compare and contrast how positive and negative feedback mechanisms are used to maintain homeostasis. Use these concepts to describe: * The maintenance of blood glucose levels When there is too much glucose in the body, insulin us used to bring it back to the normal level. This uses negative feedback because it is bringing the blood glucose levels back to normal. * The release of platelets to form blood clots. The first platelets will bind to the area of the wound and will release a signal that recruits more platelets tot come to the site. This is an example of positive feedback- the output enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus. 3. What does it mean if an organism is an ectotherm? Endotherm? Give an example of each. An ectotherm does not regulate its own temp and depend on the envirmental temp. and endortherm can control its temp. 4. Herbivorous mammals tend to have extremely long digestive systems, especially the intestines; omnivores have intermediate length intestines; and carnivores have extremely short intestines. What might be a logical explanation for this pattern? It takes longer to digest plants because of the cell wall. Thus there needs to be a longer digestive tracks so that herbivores can get all the nutrients that need foe their body. 5. Why...
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...TYPE YOUR FULL NAME: Ericka Burton TYPE YOUR FULL NAME: Ericka Burton UMUC Biology 102/103 Lab 4: Enzymes Experiment 1: Effect of Enzyme Concentration Table 1: Effect of Enzyme Concentration on the Production of Gas Tube | Amount of yeast | Balloon circumference (cm) After 1 minute | Balloon circumference (cm) After 3 minutes | Balloon circumference (cm) After 5 minutes | Final Circumference (cm) | Time Required to Complete | 1 | 0.05 g | 15.5 cm | 17.2 cm | 20.5 cm | 21.9 cm | 11 mins | 2 | 0.005 g | 13.8 cm | 15.1 cm | 19.6 cm | 20.1 cm | 12 mins | 3 | 0.0005 g | 8.8 cm | 10.5 cm | 13.1 cm | 13.1 cm | 9 mins | Questions 1. What is the enzyme in this experiment? What is the substrate? Yeast is the enzyme. Sugar as the substrate. 2. Did you notice a difference in the rate of reaction in the tubes with different concentrations of enzymes? Why or why not? It is yes, since there is change in balloon size. More the concentration of the enzyme more will be the consumption of substrate. That indicates the rate of reaction is more. 3. What was the effect of using less enzyme on your experiment? There is less size of the balloon for less enzyme concentration. There is less production in the gas. 4. Do you expect more enzyme activity if the substrate concentration is increased or decreased? Draw a graph to illustrate this relationship. If you increase the substrate concentration the rate will also increase up to a...
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...Biology Units 3 &4 Notes -Chapter 1- The Chemical Nature of Cells | |Protein |Carbohydrates |Fats |Nucleic acid | |Monomer |Amino acids |Monosaccharaide |Fatty acids, glycerol |Nucleotide | |Example |2o Amino acids |Glucose, Fructose, Ribose |Triglycerides |Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine | | | | |Steroids, Phospholipids |&Thymine/ Uracil | |Diagram | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Bonding (how units combine – |1st structure-strong covalent |Strong covalent glycoside |Rarely ever forms polymer |covalent bonds b/w sugar | |polymers ...
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...a living system, with internal and external environment Information and matter exchange continuously from one environment to the other. With in the body itself each organ, tissue , or cell is a system or subsystem with internal and external environment Each exchange information. This communication/interaction- dynamic balance or steady state. Health promotion is impt =fostering awareness influencing attitudes and identifying alternatives so that people can make choices to achieve optimal level of physical and mental health. Health of man are affected by diff risk factors such as Genetic or biologic= age, race and family history Behavioral its lifestyle- stress/diet/lack of exercise/smoking/drugs/uncleanliness Internal Constancy Constancy – ( Fluid bathing the cells) is maintained by both physiologic and biochemical processes Homeostasis –necessary adjustment body can rapidly make to maintain its internal composition Adaptation –responses the individual make to function adequately under changed conditions of the environment Maintenance of steady state to the health of man is under the control of the body regulating processes. The compensatory mech are always on operation to...
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...A2 level Biology notes Unit 4- Populations and the Environment 1. Populations 3 1.1 Populations and ecosystems 3 1.2 Investing populations 3 1.3 Variation in population size 5 1.4 Competition 6 1.5 Predation 8 1.6 Human populations 10 2. ATP 12 2.1 Energy and ATP 12 3. Photosynthesis 14 3.1 Overview of Photosynthesis 14 3.2 The Light- dependent reaction 16 3.3 The Light Independent Reaction 17 3.4 Factors Affecting Photosynthesis 18 4. Respiration 20 4.1 Glycolysis 20 4.2 Link reaction and Krebs cycle 21 4.3 The electron transport chain 23 4.4 Anaerobic respiration 24 5. Energy and Ecosystems 25 5.1 Food chains and Food webs 25 5.2 Energy Transfer between Trophic Levels 26 5.3 Ecological Pyramids 27 5.4 Agricultural Ecosystems 28 5.5 Chemical and Biological Control of Agricultural Pests 29 5.6 Intensive Rearing of Domestic Livestock 31 6. Nutrient Cycles 33 6.1 The carbon cycle 33 6.2 The greenhouse effect and global warming 34 6.3 The Nitrogen Cycle 35 6.4 Use of Natural and Artificial Fertilisers 36 6.5 Environmental consequences of using nitrogen fertilisers 36 7. Ecological Succession 37 Succession 37 7.2 Conservation of Habitats 38 8. Inheritance and Selection 39 8.1 Studying inheritance 39 8.2 Monohybrid Inheritance 40 8.3 Sex Inheritance and Sex Linkage 41 8.4 Co-dominance and Multiple...
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...Medication Report Hope Mares CSUSM Nursing 325 Abstract To further apply pharmacologic concepts and broaden understanding of drug therapy, students are required to write-up a comprehensive report on two medications administered to one of their patients. At least one of the medications had to be an antiarthymic and part of the patient’s scheduled drug list. Students were asked to describe the etiology and pathophysiologic process that this drug is prescribed to correct in the patient. Also to describe the mechanism of action for these drugs, as it is indicated for the patient. Review common adverse reactions for these drugs as well as a list of additional medications and drug interactions they may occur. Finally any special nursing administration considerations regarding the drug and an education plan to discharge the patient on. My patient was admitted into the hospital after an accidental fall. She was on two medications that I was intrigued to find out more about. The first was digoxin...
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...circulation. If a pet is in shock, their blood pressure is very low. This can be critical if the pet’s vital organs and brain is not getting enough blood flow. There are many reasons why a pet may go into shock. Often it is due to a trauma to the body and or loss of blood. A pet that has been hit by a car can present to the hospital in shock, or a dog fight. Severe allergic reactions, heart failure, or excessive vomiting and diarrhea...
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...Biol 121 lecture introduction 23rd feb : Pass program Little groups * Learning notes topics discussions * Informal * opens Friday 27th feb 5.00 Studies: How the body works Anatomy Gross anatomy – internal structures Microscopic anatomy- study of cells, study of tissues (microscope) Physiology- cellular physiology – e.g. nerves and muscle fibres Integrative physiology- different tissues and organs, functions e.g. cardiovascular Levels of organisation e.g. tissues, organs, organ systems organism levels Go through link called echo – access lecture recordings My unit- weekly feedback quiz Biology and chemistry lessons Textbook folder mastering a&p Lecture d 3rd week on a Tuesday Labour day (Monday) good Friday Assessments In class tests (30%) Quiz a (10 %) quiz b (20%) Worksheet questions (30%) Final exam 40% See unit outline for due dates, methods, extensions Quiz a Week 3 (early feedback) 30 mins to complete Opens 3pm Tuesday 10th Closes 3am Thursday 12th Quiz b Week 7 semesters Week 3 up to lecture 16 (muscles) 60 mins marked out of 50 Worksheet questions (30%) due week 11 of sem Set of questions provided online in week 8 Week 1-10 Final exam Mix mcq and sa Material from whole semester Higher weighting of 11 &12 Feedback about progress: Quizzes weekly Review assessments EIP BIOL 121 TUTORIAL 1 CHEMISTRY: Reading: pages 53-61 notes * Science of structure that...
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...feelings, beliefs, emotions and ideas of the sender. The message can be transmitted in many ways such as words, sounds, body language and other behavioral features. This said, demonstrative communication, a form of communication, “includes nonverbal and unwritten communication and involves such things as facial expressions, tone of voice, body language, and so forth.” (University of Phoenix BCOM275 Syllabus, 2012, pg. 4). Other examples include eye contact and nervousness as well as other physiological features. To define further, demonstrative communication is communication we share with one another visually and through vocal inflection. The following is from an internet article by Life123. Manero (n.d.), “It is estimated that only seven percent of communication is composed of words, 38 percent is tone of voice, while 55 percent is physiology. This 93 percent is known as demonstrative communication, or nonverbal communication.” (para. 1). It is interesting to consider that a mere seven percent of our communication is spoken and written. Demonstrative communication can have positive and negative effects that vary in severity from one end of the spectrum to the other. To provide positive demonstrative communication, one must assume a non-confrontational, friendly, and relaxed demeanor. Further, a pleasant tone of voice combined with eye contact and comfortable body language (suitable to the conversation) can elicit a more positive effect to the receiver and thereby allow increased...
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...Which river does NOT begin in the Champaign Urbana area. * Sangamon River CHAPTER 6, 11, 12, 14 * Flood probability is constant over time while risk of future eq is very low right after major eq and then will increase slowly as pressure builds CLIMATE CHANGE Climate- Long term average of daily weather conditions. Extremes * Early Earth = Very Warm * End of Paleozoic = Very Cold * End of Mesozoic = Very Cold * End of Ceonzoic = climate oscillations from very cold to very ward Importance of Studying Climate Change A.) Effect on sea level- * If current glaciers were to melt, that water would drain into oceans and cause sea levels to rise (result in flooding) Alternatively if glaciers were to become much larger, water from oceans gets transferred to ice on leand and reduces sea level B.) Large Change in Climate- * If significant global warming occurs, some areas will become much drier (others wetter) causing deserts and also possibly worse severe weather and greater disease. If glaciers advance over large areas, it will force some people to migrate C.) Glaciers’ effect on landscapes/floods- * formed great lakes, flattens landscapes in other areas, rich soil of Midwest due to deposition of glacial debris. Can cause catastrophic floods. D.) Predict Future Climate- * Understand geologic past to help predict future (Inverse uniformitarianism) * Gas by abundance * Nitrogen, Oxygen, Argon, Carbon Dioxide, Others ...
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...starts to become warm. You can get hot packs from where you get your groceries, online, pharmacies, etc. Inside of the hot pack are sodium acetate crystals which trigger the device to become warm. This process is called exothermic, meaning release of heat/energy. Hot packs can potentially soothe your injuries or sore spots. Hot packs and cold packs are different devices, but they can be used to heal/soothe the same sore spot or injury on your body. When you first activate a hot pack it takes time for it to actually start to get warm. When you place the hot pack into warm/hot water the heat flow is usually high temperature to a low temperature, when the water has reached the hot pack. There is a balance of systems for the hot pack. Cold packs are the opposite of a hot pack but can do the same thing as a hot pack, which is heal an injury. Cold packs and hot packs are different, but both types of packs can heal you....
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...Drug Brand Name: Synthroid Drug Generic Name: Levothroxine Classification: Thyroid hormone Action: Controls protein synthesis; increases metabolic rate, cardiac output, renal blood flow, O2 consumption, body temp, blood volume, froth, development at cellular level via action on thyroid hormone receptors. Adult Dose: PO 1.7 mcg/kg/day Side Effect: Life Threatening: Thyroid storm, cardiac arrest. Common: Anxiety, insomnia, tremors, headache, excitability, tachycardia, palpitations, angina, dysrhythmias, hypertension, nausea, diarrhea, increased or decreased appetite, cramps, menstrual irregularities, weight loss, sweating, heat intolerance, fever, alopecia, decreased bone mineral density. Contraindication: Adrenal insufficiency, recent MI, thyrotoxicosis, hypersensitivity to beef, alcohol intolerance (injonly) Nursing Implications (lab value, V/S, ect.): • Determine if the patient is taking anticoagulants, antidiabetic agents; document on chart, • Take B/P, pulse before each dose; monitor I&O ratio and weight every day in same clothing, using same scale, at same time of day. Nursing diagnoses: • Knowledge, deficient (teaching) • Noncompliance (teaching) Patient Education: • Teaching patient that product is not a cure but controls symptoms and that treatment is long term. • Instruct patient to report excitability, irritability, anxiety, sweating, heat intolerance, chest pain, palpitations, which indicate overdose. Drug Brand...
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...produce energy by reaction • Ex) reaction of glucose with oxygen=produce energy for animal and plant. Burning of fossil fuel. CARBON DIOXIDE: essential for photosynthesis. Absorbs IR emitted by the earth with water vapor. Not pollutant but also greenhouse gas. 1. AIR POLLUTION : COx, SOx, NOx, HYDROCARBONS, O3, POISONOUS METAL COMPOUND, PM CO: come from incomplete combustion, very colorless and poisonous gas ← EX)Organic matter+O2=CO2+H2O+energy (CO2 old. için complete combustion) Organic matter+O2= CO2+H2O+CO+another organic matter+energy (CO old. için incomplete combustion) SOx, NOx: Sulfur comes from coal; nitrogen comes from gasoline in the fossil fuel. ← They react with water in the atm. and form acid. POISONOUS LEAD: Gasoline includes for better performance. Lead is cause mental disabilities in child and stays in the body. OZONE: effective for damaging plastic and rubber also plant and animal tissue. CONTRIBUTION OF DIFFERENT FUELS TO AIR POLLUTION: GAS FUELS: Least polluting. Natural gas is largely methane, the smallest hydrocarbon, it burns completely. LIQUED FUELS:Co(from incomplete combustıon),NOx,Ozone,Lead SOLUTIONS FOR LIQUID FUELS: make ideal engines, use catalytic converter SOLID FUELS:wood and coal. 2. CATALYTICAL CONVERTER The honeycomb structure means that the surface of catalyst exposed to exhaust gases is about the same as two football pitches. ← Reactions:- oxidations...
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...DO NOT delegate what you can EAT! E - evaluate A - assess T - teach addisons= down, down down up down cushings= up up up down up addisons= hyponatremia, hypotension, decreased blood vol, hyperkalemia, hypoglycemia cushings= hypernatremia, hypertension, incrased blood vol, hypokalemia, hyperglycemia No Pee, no K (do not give potassium without adequate urine output) EleVate Veins; dAngle Arteries for better perfusion A= appearance (color all pink, pink and blue, blue [pale]) P= pulse (>100, < 100, absent) G= grimace (cough, grimace, no response) A= activity (flexed, flaccid, limp) R= respirations (strong cry, weak cry, absent) TRANSMISSION-BASED PRECAUTIONS: AIRBORNE My - Measles Chicken - Chicken Pox/Varicella Hez - Herpez Zoster/Shingles TB or remember... MTV=Airborne Measles TB Varicella-Chicken Pox/Herpes Zoster-Shingles Private Room - negative pressure with 6-12 air exchanges/hr Mask, N95 for TB DROPLET think of SPIDERMAN! S - sepsis S - scarlet fever S - streptococcal pharyngitis P - parvovirus B19 P - pneumonia P - pertussis I - influenza D - diptheria (pharyngeal) E - epiglottitis R - rubella M - mumps M - meningitis M - mycoplasma or meningeal pneumonia An - Adenovirus Private Room or cohort Mask 1 CONTACT PRECAUTION MRS.WEE M - multidrug resistant organism R - respiratory infection S - skin infections * W - wound infxn E - enteric infxn - clostridium difficile E - eye infxn - conjunctivitis SKIN INFECTIONS VCHIPS ...
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