...There are many types of surety bonds. In general, a surety bond is a written obligation in which a third party, guarantees one party in a business relationship. They are contracts between three parties; in which it is issued by one party on behalf of the other to guarantee an obligation to the final party. If a person or company, the oblige, hires a company, the principal, to transport freight across the country, the surety is the party that would guarantee that the freight company would fulfill their obligation to the obligee. The surety becomes financially responsible if the freight company fails to complete the job. A surety is not insurance. While they are similar, and many times surety bonds are underwritten by insurance companies; surety bonds are designed to protect the obligee; not the insured. In addition, insurance companies usually do not expect to be repaid by the insured for claims. A surety is a line of credit; therefore, the principal is responsible for paying back any claims. In this way, a surety company only offers surety to qualified companies....
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...|PROBLEMS |OTHER | |LO1: Account for current liabilities. |1,2,3,4 |34,35,36,37, 38,39 |53,54 | | |LO2: Measure and account for long-term |5,6,7,8,9,10, 11,12,13, |38,39,40 |54,55,56, |87,91 | |liabilities. |30,31 | |84,85 | | |LO3: Account for bond issues over their entire |14,15,16, |41 |57,58,59, 60,61,62, | | |life. |17,31 | |63,64,65, 66,67,68, | | | | | |69,70 | | |LO4: Value and account for long-term lease |18,19,20, |42 |71,72,73,74, 75,76,77 |89,91 | |obligations. |21,22 | | | | |LO5: Evaluate pensions and other postretirement |23 |43 |78,79 |88,91 | |benefits. | | | | | |LO6: Interpret deferred tax liabilities. |24,25,26,27 |44...
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...Condition Allows the insurer or any of its representatives to immediately suspend the insurance against loss to that equipment. Joint or Disputed Loss Agreement If multiple insurers provide an organization’s equipment breakdown insurance and its commercial property insurance coverage disputes may occur. Jurisdictional Inspections Condition Condition typically states that if any covered equipment requires inspection to comply with state, county, or municipal boiler and pressure vessel regulations, the insurer will perform jurisdictional inspections on the insured’s behalf. Adverse Selection The tendency for people with the greatest probability of loss to be the ones most likely t purchase insurance. Bankers Blanket bond Combination of a bond and insurance contract which provides the broadest coverage Seasonal Increase Provision Provision include BOP that address fluctuatin personal property values by automatically increase the amount of insurance certain time periods Crop Hail Insurance Insurance offered by private insurer that covers crops agains loss caused by hail. Multiple Peril Crop Insurance(MPCI) Insurance offered by the federal government that covers unexpected production losses due to natural causes such as drought, excessive moisture/ Animal Mortality Insurance Insurance that covers loss of valuable animals, death resulting from accident….. Feedlot...
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...one year or the operating cycle; whichever is longer (Kimmel, 2007). (7) What are long-term liabilities? Give two examples. What is a bond? Long-term liabilities are obligations that a company expects to pay after one year (Kimmel, 2007). Property, plants, and equipment are examples of long term liabilities. Bonds are a form of interest-bearing note payable issued by corporations, universities, and governmental agencies (Kimmel, 2007). (8) Contrast these types of bonds: (a) Secured and unsecured. (b) Convertible and callable. Secured bonds are bonds that have specific assets of the issuer pledged as collateral. Unsecured bonds are bonds that are issued against the general credit of the borrower. Large corporations with good credit ratings use unsecured bonds extensively (Kimmel, 2007). Bonds that can be converted into common stock at the bondholder’s option are convertible bonds. Bonds that the issuing company can retire at a stated dollar amount prior to maturity are callable bonds. Convertible bonds have features that are attractive both to bondholders and to the issuer (Kimmel, 2007). (19) Valentin Zukovsky says that liquidity and solvency is the same thing. Is he correct? If not, how do they differ? No they are not the same. Liquidity ratios measure the short-term ability of a company to pay its maturing obligations and to meet unexpected needs for cash. Solvency ratios measure the ability of a company to survive over a long period of time (Kimmel,...
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...costs associated with and attributed to the intangible asset during its development Ch13. Understanding Non-Financial and Current Liabilities Liability: an obligation that arises from past transactions or events, which may result in a transfer of assets or provision of services. Embody a duty or responsibility Entity has little or no discretion to avoid the duty The transaction that obliges the entity has occurred Measurement and recognition: financial liabilities are typ `ically recognized initially at their FV. After acquisition, most financial liabilities that are discussed in this chapter are accounted for at their amortized cost. Consistent with the cost based method: Transaction costs that are a direct result of the issue of the liability are debited (deducted from) its original FV. A company can reclassify a short term obligation if it intends to refinance the obligation on a long term basis and demonstrates an ability to consummate the refinancing nonfinancial liabilities and their recognition method; typically measured initially, and at each subsequent reporting date, at the best estimate of the amount the entity would rationally pay at the date of the statement of financial position to settle the present obligation. (This is usually the PV of the resources needed to fulfill the obligation, measured at the expected value or...
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...Investment Vocabulary A Accretion of a Discount: A type of portfolio accounting in which there is a straight-line accumulation of capital gains on discount notes and bonds. Accrued Interest: The interest accumulated on a security since the issue date or since the last coupon payment. The buyer of the security pays the market price plus accrued interest. Active Market: A securities market in which a high volume of trading activity takes place. Advance Refunding: A treasury operation that offers owners of outstanding federal obligations the opportunity to exchange securities for longer-term issues that may bear a higher yield to maturity. Advance refunding on a municipal bond refers to the sale of a refunding issue several years prior to the issue's first call date, with the proceeds being held in trust. Also called prerefunding. Advancing Market: A market in which prices are generally rising. Agent: Executes an order for or acts on behalf of someone else, the principal. The agent, whether a firm or an individual, is subject to the control of the principal and does not have title to the principal's property. The agent may charge a fee or commission for this service. All or None (AON): An all or none order requires that none of the order be executed unless all of it can be executed at the specified price. An AON order usually involves an offering of new securities. American Stock Exchange: A leading securities exchange located in New York City. Also called AMEX or ASE. Amortization:...
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...CORPORATE DEBT AND BOND COVENANTS Corporate debts may be short term or long term in nature. Short - term debts are incurred by the company in relation to its supplies of raw materials categorized as accounts payables and are normally paid within the accounting cycle or within one year. In the balance sheet, they fall under the current liabilities. These are supposed to be financed through the company’s current assets. Long term debts are those acquired by the company from banks and through issuance of bonds. For loans from banks, the requirements of the lenders are normally: evidences of the company’s sound financial standing as reflected in its financial statements, effective management, nature of products (quality), and good track record of credit relationship with other fund providers. At times, they must be backed by collaterals. Another option by which a company acquires addition funds is to issue bonds. This is a long term obligation of the company (issuer) to the bondholder to pay fixed interest rates periodically until the maturity date when the company must have to return the par value to the bondholder and terminates or redeem the bond. Hence, the financial obligation of the issuer or the company who opted to issue bonds for additional funds are: periodic fixed interest payments until the maturity date and the payment of the par value of the bond on the maturity date. The income of the bondholder is the periodic interest received (for coupon bonds) or the difference...
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...Questions for students 1. Exhibits 1 and 2 report the income statements and excerpts from the notes to Marks and Spencer’s financial statements for the fiscal years ending between March 31, 2005 and March 31, 2009. Critically analyze M&S’s accounting choices. What choices may have helped the company to overstate its net profits between 2005 and 2009? 2. Exhibit 3 provides information about the liability that Marks and Spencer reclassified as equity. Do you agree with the decision to reclassify? What will be the effect of this decision on future financial statements? Case analysis Question 1 Exhibit 2 shows various note disclosures related to Marks and Spencer’s accounting choices for non-current assets, leases and pensions. Following is a discussion of some of the accounting methods that Marks and Spencer may or could have used to boost accounting performance during the past years. Depreciation of fixtures, fittings & equipment Marks and Spencer’s depreciation policy for fixture, fittings & equipment is to depreciate the assets to their residual values over a period of 3 to 25 years. Although it may be difficult to evaluate whether the company’s useful life estimates are reasonable without more detailed information, the analyst can evaluate trends in depreciation expenses as a percentage of assets’ initial cost. TABELA It appears that Marks & Spencer gradually reduced its depreciation expense (as a percent of average cost) from close to 8 percent in 2006...
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...arising from present obligations that are not payable within a year or the operating cycle of the company, whichever is longer (2007, p.672). There are three types of long term debt and different requirements for reporting each debt. Per corporation’s bylaws, the company must get approval from the board of directors as well as stockholders before a note or bond can be issued. Long-term debts have covenants that are meant to protect lenders and borrowers. Long term debts have indentures or agreements that have all information about the debt. Companies disclose the features of the indenture within the body of its financial statements so that end users can have a precise understanding of the company’s financial positioning and its operations results. Bonds and Notes Payable According to Kiesco, the main purpose of bonds is to borrow for the long term when the amount of capital needed is too large for one lender to supply (2007, p. 673). Bonds allow more than one lender to partake in a company’s debt. When reporting bonds the issuing companies have to follow certain procedures that could take months to have a bond published to the public. When publishing bonds the issuing company has to have an underwriter to help market and sell bonds. Then the SEC has to approve the bond, it goes through audits, and issue prospectus (brochures). Bond rates are set by the issuer but are predicted by the market or economic climate. The accounting procedures for bonds and long term notes...
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...to provide the lowest cost of funds if the exchange rate risk is hedged. The case is designed to serve as an introduction to topics in international finance. Topics of discussion include foreign-currency borrowing, interest-rate parity, currency risk exposure, derivative contracts (in particular forward and swap contracts), and currency risk management. Students are tasked with exploring (1) motives for borrowing in foreign currencies, (2) the exposure created by such financing policy, and (3) strategies for managing currency risk. Suggested Questions for Advance Assignment to Students 1. Why should Carrefour consider borrowing in a currency other than euros? 2. Assuming the bonds are issued at par, what is the cost in euros of each of the bond alternatives? 3. Which debt issue would you recommend and why? Hypothetical Teaching Plan 1. What is going on at Carrefour? 2. Is the Swiss-franc issue, at 3⅝%, a “no-brainer”? 3. What can a firm do to manage the exchange-rate risk of foreign-currency borrowing? 4. Using appropriate forward rates, what is the cost of borrowing in Swiss francs? British pounds? U.S. dollars? What should Carrefour do? As reference material, broad empirical evidence of the managerial question in the case can be found in Matthew R. McBrady and Michael J. Schill, “Foreign currency denominated borrowing in the absence of operating...
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...to provide the lowest cost of funds if the exchange rate risk is hedged. The case is designed to serve as an introduction to topics in international finance. Topics of discussion include foreign-currency borrowing, interest-rate parity, currency risk exposure, derivative contracts (in particular forward and swap contracts), and currency risk management. Students are tasked with exploring (1) motives for borrowing in foreign currencies, (2) the exposure created by such financing policy, and (3) strategies for managing currency risk. Suggested Questions for Advance Assignment to Students 1. Why should Carrefour consider borrowing in a currency other than euros? 2. Assuming the bonds are issued at par, what is the cost in euros of each of the bond alternatives? 3. Which debt issue would you recommend and why? Hypothetical Teaching Plan 1. What is going on at Carrefour? 2. Is the Swiss-franc issue, at 3⅝%, a “no-brainer”? 3. What can a firm do to manage the exchange-rate risk of foreign-currency borrowing? 4. Using appropriate forward rates, what is the cost of borrowing in Swiss francs? British pounds? U.S. dollars? What should Carrefour do? As reference material, broad empirical evidence of the managerial question in the case can be found in Matthew R. McBrady and Michael J. Schill, “Foreign currency denominated borrowing in the absence of operating...
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...the Greek debt restructuring deal and bond exchange, or these insurance-like instruments, untested in a sovereign restructuring before Greece and which are used as a protection against losses on bonds, could lose their appeal. An auction held by 14 banks set a market-wide payout of $2.5bn, or 78.5 per cent of the $3.2bn of net outstanding CDS as of March 9, when a so-called “credit event” was declared by the International Swaps & Derivatives Association, the industry body that rules on pay-outs. The payout was considered fair value by many strategists and investors. But these same strategists and investors said that this was more down to luck than design as the Greek debt exchange, under which private sector holdings of Greek debt were written down by about €100bn, failed to consider the potential negative fallout for CDS. Michael Hampden-Turner, credit strategist at Citi, says: “I would like to see the market look very closely at how CDS works in the event of future sovereign restructurings. We had a lucky break with Greece in that the process went smoothly, but it might not do so the next time round.” Portugal could be next major test The next big test for credit default swaps may be Portugal, according to traders and investors, writes David Oakley. Markets are already expecting a Portuguese debt default as bond prices are hovering around 50 per cent of par for benchmark 10-year debt, a distressed level. Portugal has a smaller bond market than Greece, with about €100bn...
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...Chapter 02 Asset Classes and Financial Instruments Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which of the following is not a money market instrument? A. Treasury bill B. Commercial paper C. Preferred stock D. Banker's acceptance 2. Thirteen week T-bill auctions are conducted ____. A. daily B. weekly C. monthly D. quarterly 3. When computing the bank discount yield you would use ____ days in the year. A. 260 B. 360 C. 365 D. 366 4. A dollar denominated deposit at a London bank is called _____. A. eurodollars B. LIBOR C. fed funds D. banker's acceptance 5. Money market securities are sometimes referred to as "cash equivalent" because _____. A. they are safe and marketable B. they are not liquid C. they are high risk D. they are low denomination 6. The most actively traded money market security is A. Treasury bills B. Bankers' Acceptances C. Certificates of Deposit D. Common stock 7. ______ voting of common stock gives minority shareholders the most representation on the board of directors. A. Majority B. Cumulative C. Rights D. Proxy 8. An investor in a T-bill earns interest by _________. A. receiving interest payments every 90 days B. receiving dividend payments every 30 days C. converting the T-bill at maturity into a higher valued T-note D. buying the bill at a discount from the face value received at maturity 9. ______ would not be included in the EAFE index. A. Australia ...
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...points each) – Circle the MOST correct answer 1. Which of the following is NOT true about the discount on short-term notes payable? a. The Discount on Notes Payable account has a debit balance. b. The Discount on Notes Payable account should be reported as an asset on the balance sheet. c. When there is a discount on a note payable, the effective interest rate is higher than the stated discount rate. d. All of these are true. B – Should be reported as a contra liability. 2. Which of the following statements is correct? a. A company may exclude a short-term obligation from current liabilities if the firm intends to refinance the obligation on a long-term basis. b. A company may exclude a short-term obligation from current liabilities if the firm can demonstrate an ability to consummate a refinancing. c. A company may exclude a short-term obligation from current liabilities if it is paid off after the balance sheet date and subsequently replaced by long-term debt before the balance sheet is issued. d. None of these. D – Must have both the intent and demonstrate ability. C would lead to a current classification – must refinance before...
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...Restructuring Debt Name Financial Reporting/ACC 545 Date Professor PART A Long-term debt includes loans and financial obligations due or payable within a year or longer. Long-term debt liabilities appear on the company’s balance sheet and can include bonds payable, long-term notes payable, mortgages payable, pension liabilities, and lease liabilities (Kieso, Weygandt &Warfield). A corporation’s bylaws usually require approval by the board of directors and the stockholders before long-term debt arrangements can be made (Kieso, Weygandt &Warfield). A bond is basically a company’s promise to pay an amount of money at a specific maturity date, including periodic interest at a specified rate on the maturity or face value amount. The bond is valued at the present value of the expected future cash flows. Investors may be willing to pay a different rate the stated rate. This difference between the face value of the bonds and the present value set by the investors’ results in either a discount or premium (Kieso, Weygandt &Warfield). The accounting for notes is very similar to the accounting for bonds. Like a bond, a note is valued at the present value of its future interest and principal cash flows. The company amortizes any discount premium over the life of the note, just as it would the discount or premium on a bond (Kieso, Weygandt &Warfield). The most common form of long-term notes payable is a mortgage note payable. This is a promissory note secured by a mortgage...
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