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Tun Abdul Razak dilahirkan di Pulau Keladi, Pekan, Pahang serta merupakan anak sulung kepada Dato' Hussein bin Mohd Taib dan Hajah Teh Fatimah bt Daud. Beliau juga merupakan keturunan bangsawan yang selama ini menjadi ketua-ketua bagi suku kaum di Pahang.

Tun Hussein Onn juga merupakan abang ipar kepada beliau serta berperanan untuk menjadi penggantinya sebagai Perdana Menteri yang ketiga. Manakala anak sulungnya, Dato' Seri Mohd Najib bin Abdul Razak, menjadi Perdana Menteri Malaysia yang keenam setelah menggantikan Tun Abdullah bin Ahmad Badawi pada tahun 2009. Anak-anaknya yang lain ialah Datuk Ahmad Johari Razak, Mohamed Nizam, Mohamed Nazim dan Mohamed Nazir.

Sejak dari sekolah rendah lagi, beliau telah menunjukkan kepintaran dan kecemerlangan dalam bidang pelajaran dan sukan. Beliau kemudian dipilih untuk menyambung pelajaran di Maktab Melayu Kuala Kangsar, Perak.

Selepas pendidikannya tamat di Kolej Melayu Kuala Kangsar, beliau bertugas dengan Perkhidmatan Pentadbiran Tanah Melayu. Pada tahun 1939, beliau ditawarkan biasiswauntuk menuntut di Kolej Raffles, Singapura pada 1940. Bagaimanapun, pendidikannya terpaksa ditamatkan sewaktu pencetusan Perang Dunia II.

Selepas peperangan, beliau pergi ke Britain pada tahun 1947 untuk belajar jurusan undang-undang. Sewaktu menuntut di England, beliau bertemu dengan Tunku Abdul Rahman yang sedang membuat percubaan yang ketiga untuk memperoleh ijazah undang-undangnya. Abdul Razak menjadi ahli Parti Buruh British dan sebagai ahli Kesatuan Melayu United Kingdom (KMUK), dipilih sebagai setiausaha di bawah Tunku yang dipilih sebagai presiden kesatuan itu. Di samping itu, beliau juga menubuhkan "Forum Malaya", sebuah wadah untuk perbincangan persoalan-persoalan politik negara untuk penuntut-penuntut di Malaya. Pada tahun 1950, beliau menerima ijazahnya daripada Lincoln's Inn di London.

Selepas kepulangannya, beliau menyertai Perkhidmatan Awam Malaya dan bergiat dalam bidang politik. Disebabkan keupayaan politiknya, beliau dilantik menjadi ketua pemuda Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Melayu Bersatu UMNO. Dua tahun kemudian, beliau berkhidmat sebagai Penolong Setiausaha Negeri Pahang dan kemudian, pada Februari 1955, beliau menjadi Pemangku Ketua Menteri Pahang sewaktu berumur hanya 33 tahun.

Selepas memenangi pilihan raya umum yang pertama di Malaya pada Julai 1955, beliau dilantik sebagai Menteri Pelajaran. Beliau juga menyertai misi Februari 1956 yang diketuai oleh Tunku Abdul Rahman ke London untuk menuntut kemerdekaan Malaya daripada pihak British.

Selepas pilihan raya umum 1959, beliau menjadi Menteri Pembangunan Luar Bandar di samping memegang portfolio Timbalan Perdana Menteri Malaysia dan Kementerian Pertahanan Menteri. Pencapaian-pencapaiannya yang utama termasuk perumusan dasar pembangunan yang dikenali sebagai "Buku Merah".

Selepas Peristiwa 13 Mei 1969, puaknya di dalam UMNO menggulingkan Tunku Abdul Rahman serta mengisytiharkan Keadaan Darurat dan beliau memerintah melalui dekri sehingga 1970. Pada 22 September 1970, beliau mewarisi Tunku Abdul Rahman sebagai Perdana Menteri Malaysia yang kedua.

Beliau menjadi terkenal terutamanya selepas pelancaran Dasar Ekonomi Baru (DEB) pada tahun 1971. Beliau dan "generasi kedua" ahli-ahli politik Melayu memperlihatkan keperluan untuk mengendalikan ketidaksamaan ekonomi dan sosial yang telah membangkitkan antagonisme perkauman. DEB menetapkan dua sasaran yang asas, iaitu menghapuskan kemiskinan dan menghapuskan pengenalpastian fungsi ekonomi antara kaum.

Beliau telah menubuhkan Barisan Nasional pada 1 Januari 1973 untuk menggantikan Parti Perikatan. Beliau juga menambah ahli-ahli parti untuk mengasaskan apa yang dikatanya "Ketahanan Nasional" melalui kestabilan politik.

Disebabkan sebahagian daripada penyakit leukemia, beliau meninggal pada tahun 1976 sewaktu mendapat rawatan perubatan diLondon. Beliau disemadikan di Makam Pahlawan yang berdekatan dengan Masjid Negara, Kuala Lumpur. Selepas kematiannya, beliau dianugerahkan dengan gelaran Bapa Pembangunan.

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Dato’ Onn Jaafar pernah bertugas sebagai Pegawai Daerah dalam pentadbiran penjajah British, tetapi kemudian berhenti kerana membantah dasar-dasar jajahan.

Pada 1 - 4 Mac 1946, 41 buah persatuan Melayu telah berhimpun di Kelab Sultan Sulaiman, Kuala Lumpur untuk menghadiri Kongres Melayu pertama yang diadakan untuk menentang Malayan Union yang diperlihatkan sebagai ancaman terhadap hak istimewa orang Melayu dan kedudukan sultan-sultan Melayu. Hasil daripada mesyuarat ini, sebuah badan yang mewakili orang Melayu telah ditubuhkan ketika Kongres ketiga diadakan di Johor Bahru pada 1 Mei 1946. Disebabkan beliau amat aktif dalam gerakannasionalisme Melayu, kongres itu melantik beliau sebagai presiden pertama.

Pada 1 Jun 1947, beliau dilantik menjadi Menteri Besar Johor. Tiga tahun kemudian, beliau meletakkan jawatan untuk menumpukan masanya kepada UMNO. Di bawah kepimpinannya,UMNO berjaya memaksa kerajaan British untuk membubarkan Malayan Union dan diganti dengan Persekutuan Tanah Melayu. Persekutuan Tanah Melayu 1948 mengekalkan kedudukan Raja-raja Melayu dan memperketatkan syarat-syarat kerakyatan, serta memberi hak istimewa Melayu.

Beliau kemudian berasa kecewa dengan apa yang beliau anggap sebagai dasar-dasar perkauman UMNO serta mencadangkan bahawa keahlian parti dibuka kepada semua penduduk Tanah Melayu tanpa mengira kaum dan nama UMNO ditukarkan menjadi "Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Penduduk Tanah Melayu Bersatu". Oleh sebab cadangan itu ditentang, beliau meletakkan jawatan sebagai presiden UMNO apabila persidangan Majlis Mesyuarat Agung Keenam diadakan pada 25 hingga 26 Ogos 1951.

Beliau kemudiannya menubuhkan Parti Kemerdekaan Malaya (IMP) pada 26 Ogos, 1951. Malangnya, parti tersebut tidak mendapat sokongan daripada orang Melayu. Pada tahun1954, beliau meninggalkan parti itu untuk menubuhkan Parti Negara bagi tujuan bertanding dalam pilihan raya umum yang pertama di Persekutuan Tanah Melayu pada tahun 1955. Parti Negara menyekatkan keahlian bukan orang Melayu dalam satu percubaan untuk memperoleh sokongan daripada orang-orang Melayu. Walaupun demikian, partinya masih gagal mendapat sokongan dan tidak memenangi sebarang kerusi dalam pilihan raya itu. Bagaimanapun, Dato Onn masih berusaha untuk mendapatkan tempat dalam politik. Akhirnya, beliau berjaya mendapat satu kerusi di kawasan parlimen Kuala TerengganuSelatan dalam Pilihan Raya Umum 1959 dengan bantuan parti PAS.

Beliau mendirikan rumah tangga bersama Datin Halimah Hussein, dan salah seorang daripada anak mereka ialah Allahyarham Tun Hussein Onn. Beliau meninggal dunia pada tahun 19 Januari 1962 dan dikebumikan di Makam Mahmoodiah, Johor Bahru, Johor.

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Dilahirkan di Jalan Heeren, Melaka, Tan ialah anak ketiga dalam sebuah keluarga yang terdiri daripada tujuh adik beradik. Pada tahun 1899, beliau memperoleh pendidikan Inggeris di Sekolah Tinggi Melaka, dan kemudiannya di Institusi Raffles di Singapura.

Selepas persekolahan, Tan bertugas sebagai seorang guru selama enam tahun sebelum meletakkan jawatannya untuk menjadi Penolong Pengurus di Ladang Getah Bukit Kajang Berhad, sebuah ladang getah yang dimiliki oleh saudara sepupunya. Pada tahun1909, beliau memulakan syarikat sendiri yang mula-mulanya digelarkan Ladang Getah Melaka Pindah Berhad dan kemudiannya, Ladang Getah Melaka Bersatu Berhad dan akhirnya Ladang Ayer Molek Berhad.

Pada tahun 1913, Tan berkahwin dengan Yeo Yeok Neo, anak kepada Yeo Tin Thye, Presiden Persatuan Hokkien Melaka. Mereka dikurniakan dengan seorang anak lelaki, Tun Tan Siew Sin (bakal Menteri Kewangan Malaysia) dan empat orang anak perempuan.

Pada tahun 1912, Tan dilantik oleh kerajaan British sebagai Pesuruhjaya Majlis Melaka serta Jaksa Pendamai Melaka. Beberapa bulan kemudian, beliau dilantik sebagai Pesuruhjaya Majlis Bandar untuk bandar-bandar dan Pelabuhan Melaka.

Pada tahun 1914, Tan menghidupkan semula pertubuhan Sukarelawan Cina Melaka dan menjadi ahli biasanya sehingga 1919. Pada tahun berikutnya, iaitu 1915, beliau menghidupkan semula Persatuan Orang Cina Peranakan-British (SCBA), sebuah persatuan diMelaka yang bertujuan untuk melindungi kepentingan orang Cina Peranakan di Negeri-negeri Selat, dan dipilih sebagai Presidennya. Pada tahun 1923, Tan dipilih sebagai Ahli Tak Rasmi Majlis Perundangan Negeri-negeri Selat, satu "jawatan" yang beliau menyandang sehingga 1934.

Ketika Jepun menduduki Tanah Melayu pada tahun 1942, Tan melarikan diri ke India [1] dan tinggal di sana sehingga 1946. Semasa di sana, Tan melahirkan gagasan untuk mencipta sebuah parti politik Cina di Tanah Melayu. Beliau kemudian memulakan Persatuan Cina Perantauan India (OCAI) yang mengirimkan memorandum kepada Pejabat Penjajah untuk memberikan kewarganegaraan kepada mereka yang bukan dilahirkan di Tanah Melayu. Persoalan ini kemudian dimasukkan oleh pihak British sebagai salah satu prinsip dalam penubuhan Malayan Union.

Malayan Union dibentuk secara rasmi pada 1 April 1946. Penentangan orang-orang Melayu terhadap Malayan Union menyebabkan Tan dan Parti Komunis Malaya (CPM) bekerjasama dengan Parti Kebangsaan Melayu Malaya (PKMM) untuk menentang UMNO di bawah pimpinan Datuk Onn Jaafar. Bersama-sama dengan rakan-rakannya, Tan menubuhkan Majlis Tindakan Bersama Tanah Melayu(AMCJA) dan bekerjasama dengan Pusat Tindakan Rakyat (PUTERA) di bawah pimpinan PKMM.

Disebabkan penentangan oleh orang-orang Melayu, pihak British membubarkan Malayan Union dan membentuk Persekutuan Tanah Melayu pada tahun 1948. Dasar ini dibantah oleh komuniti-komuniti perniagaan. Parti Komunis Malaya memulakan pemberontakan bersenjata dan memaksakan kerajaan Tanah Melayu mengisytiharkan Keadaan Darurat. Semua pemimpin parti politik sayap kiri ditangkap. Oleh sebab Tan bukan dianggap sebagai seorang sayap kiri, beliau terselamat.

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...Ryan Pilatowski IT 250 linux 1/23/13 1. A. make the file executable : $ chmod +x filename.sh Run the script: $ ./filename.sh B. it reads the name from stdin and cats it to journal-file rather than stdout. 2. If you replace "$@" with "$*" in the out script, cat or less would be given a single argument: a list of all files you specified on the command line enclosed within single quotation marks. This list works when you specify a single filename. When you specify more than one file, the shell reports No such file or directory because there is not a file named the string you specified on the command line (the SPACEs are not special characters when they are enclosed within single quotation marks). 3. Sort,tsort diff, patch,diff3, sdiff, cmp, comm, uniq, expand, unexpand, cut, colrm, paste, join, head, tail, grep, look, sed,awk, sed, awk, wc, tr, fold, fmt, ptx, column, nl, pr, gettext, iconv, recode, groff, gs, TeX, lex, yacc, 4. $ function pores } * Chmod u+x $1 * } * a. When might such a function be useful? * When you are writing many shell scripts, it can get tedious to give many * chmod commands. This function speeds up the process. * b. Revise the script so that it takes one or more filenames as arguments * and adds execute permission for the user for each file argument. * $ function perms { * > chmod u+x $* * > } * c. What can you do to make the function available every time you log in? * Put the...

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