...Economic impact approaches Page #1 Approaches to Estimating the Economic Impacts of Tourism; Some Examples Daniel J. Stynes Updated January 1999 Introduction The purpose of this bulletin is to present examples of different approaches to estimating the economic impacts of tourism. In a previous bulletin (Stynes 1997), I summarize economic impact concepts and methods as they apply to tourism. Here we apply the methods to illustrative cases in order to demonstrate some practical approaches. Three specific examples are presented. These represent a range of alternatives for estimating the economic impacts of visitor spending. The techniques covered range from methods based largely on judgement, to methods that utilize secondary spending data and published multipliers, to the use of visitor surveys and input-output models. A third bulletin in this series discusses survey methods for measuring visitor spending and includes sample spending instruments. While the construction and operation of tourist facilities also has economic impacts, we will restrict our attention here to the impacts of visitor spending. Review of Basic Approach and Levels of Analysis The economic impact of visitor spending is typically estimated by some variation of the following simple equation: Economic Impact of Tourist Spending = Number of Tourists * Average Spending per Visitor * Multiplier This equation suggests three distinct steps and corresponding measurements or models: (1) Estimate the change...
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...The Rise of “Economic Consequences” – Notes The impact of accounting reports on decision making may be the most challenging accounting issue of the 1970s. By Stephen A. Zeff Notes by Tyler Shivers Introduction There are increasing “outside forces” in the standard setting process since 1960s. Two parallel developments marking this trend * Individuals and groups rarely had shown interest in setting accounting standards but then started intervening actively & powerfully in the process * New arguments had be brought up and the term “economic consequences” has been used to describe them Economic consequences – the impact of accounting reports on the decision making behavior of business, government, unions, investors, and creditors. * Accounting standards setters must take into consideration of detrimental consequences when deciding on accounting questions. Until recently, accounting policy making was deemed neutral in effect or was considered not responsible. Policy makers have been aware since 1960s that there was a third party intervention issues but not the Economic Consequences argument till 1970s When management began intervening, its true position was probably disguised This is the tactical rhetoric suggested by examination of arguments 1. The traditional accounting model, where management was genuinely concerned about unbiased and “theoretically sound” accounting measurements. 2. The traditional accounting model, where management was really seeking...
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...Economic Impact Analyses analyze the economic effects of a particular project in a particular area. This analysis can cover a region as small as a neighborhood and as large as the world. The main variables analyzed include revenue, profits, wages, and jobs. They consider the direct impact the economic impact has on an area as well as indirect impacts. For instance, you can analyze the total number of employees a firm will hire if it builds a new factory. You can also analyze what this increase in employment will do to other non-related industries in the area. These newly employed workers will have more money to spend at a local store which will in turn create more profits and potentially more jobs. It typically analyzes activity before the project and after the compare the changes and the impact of the project. This is typically done by measuring the difference in economic activity assuming the economic event occurs and then assuming it does not occur. This is called the counterfactual case. An economic event can be defined as a new business moving into a region, a new policy or government program, or any other activity that produces some sort of profit. This is useful to determine if a particular project is worth investing in (Southwestern Oklahoma State University, 2012) . The main types of impact analysis include output impact, value added impact, labor income impact, and employment impact. There is also a property value impact. An output impact measure the total increase...
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...Economic impacts of Tourism Page # 1 Economic Impacts of Tourism Daniel J. Stynes Businesses and public organizations are increasingly interested in the economic impacts of tourism at national, state, and local levels. One regularly hears claims that tourism supports X jobs in an area or that a festival or special event generated Y million dollars in sales or income in a community. “Multiplier effects” are often cited to capture secondary effects of tourism spending and show the wide range of sectors in a community that may benefit from tourism. Tourism’s economic benefits are touted by the industry for a variety of reasons. Claims of tourism’s economic significance give the industry greater respect among the business community, public officials, and the public in general. This often translates into decisions or public policies that are favorable to tourism. Community support is important for tourism, as it is an activity that affects the entire community. Tourism businesses depend extensively on each other as well as on other businesses, government and residents of the local community. Economic benefits and costs of tourism reach virtually everyone in the region in one way or another. Economic impact analyses provide tangible estimates of these economic interdependencies and a better understanding of the role and importance of tourism in a region’s economy. Tourism activity also involves economic costs, including the direct costs incurred by tourism businesses...
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...064 Contents Introduction 1 Organisational Analysis 1 Organisational analysis-Business Strategy 2 Cost Leadership Strategy 3 Focus Strategy 3 Differentiation Strategy 3 Organisational analysis-culture 4 Analysis of Issues-Analysis of performance management and reward issues 5 Conclusion 8 References 10 Introduction This report will use organisational analysis, business culture, and performance management cycle models to examine the current situation and its approach to performance management. It will also identify, assess and present issues found to be problematical in Bank of Queensland’s current performance management and rewards approach to the senior management team. Organisational Analysis This section is a presentation of results from the analysis of two major business areas; organisational analysis/culture and analysis of performance management and rewards issues. Porter’s strategy [pic] Porter (1980) According to Miles and Snow Organizational Types model, in order for an organisation to be superior, there has to be a strong and direct correlation between the organization's mission/values by it definition, the organization's functional strategies which are its’ characteristics and behaviours. Of the four type; Reactors, Analyzers, Prospectors and Defender, this theory suggests that BOQ is a Defender simply because it has a narrow product-market domains. In addition...
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...FARSIGHTED PROJECT CONTRACT MANAGEMENT: INCOMPLETE IN ITS ENTIRETY PROFESSOR J RODNEY TURNER, (Department of Marketing and Organization, Rotterdam School of Economics Erasmus University Rotterdam) 1. PROJECT ORGANIZATION: COOPERATION VERSUS CONFLICT There are two ways of viewing a project organization, what I would consider to the correct way, and the normal way, respectively: • • a temporary organization, (Turner and Müller 2003), through which the owner assembles resources and motivates them, in a climate of cooperation, to achieve their objectives; a market place, in which the owner buys the project’s outputs at the cheapest possible price, in a climate of conflict with their contractors, where one will win the other lose. In the more common approach, the client adopts the mindset they are going to buy the project’s outputs in the local bazaar, and negotiates hard to achieve the lowest possible price from the vendor (contractor). The negotiation is viewed as a win-lose game. A climate of conflict and mistrust develops, and this spills over into project delivery, usually leading to a lose-lose outcome. Scott (2001) says this approach results in misalignment between the client's and contractor's objectives, between the objectives of multiple contractors, and between the client's objectives and the contractor's remuneration. Turner and Müller (2003) view the project as a temporary organization, through which the client assembles resources to achieve their objectives. As...
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...International Conference on Economics, Social Science, Arts, Education and Management Engineering (ESSAEME 2015) Study on trade-off of time-cost-quality in construction project based on BIM XU Yongge 1, a, Wei Ya 1, b 1 Xi’an Univ.of arch.﹠Tech., Xi’an 710055, China; a 15829690177@163.com, b631931577@qq.com Keywords: Building information modeling; Construction project; Time-cost-quality trade-off optimization; Genetic algorithm. Abstract. With the development of BIM technology, BIM provides a new direction for the project management of three objectives. Based on the current situation of the project time cost-optimized mass balance studies, pointing out the implementation mechanism of achieving the trade-off of time-cost-quality in construction project based on BIM mainly oriented components of the BIM model based; the use of Structured Query Language query statistics data information needs combined bill of quantities calculation method for the specification, preliminary engineering scale generation; establishment of Project relations system model. In the process duration is subject, for the construction of uncertainty factors such as interest rates and prices, through the establishment of quality, cost and schedule function, the establishment of quality balanced schedule cost optimization model, using genetic algorithm model of the optimal solution are obtained. With BIM case finally proves the rationality of the model and the effectiveness of the...
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...CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction The property development industry is considered one of the major industries contributing significant growth to socio-economic development in Malaysia, as it constitutes an important element of Malaysian economy. The economics of Malaysia has experienced rapid growth with thousands of houses are built every year to fulfill the demand of rising population and economy activities. According to tradingseconomics.com (2011), Malaysia has been undertaking a sustainable economy growth throughout decades, with GDP (Gross Domestic Product) growth of 1.17 percent from 2000 until 2011, achieving an historical high of 5.90 percent in September 2009. Property developers found the potential in property development in Malaysia fascinating due to geographical reality of Malaysia, which provides great opportunity and potential to the housing industry. It is essential to distinguish the factors that affect housing construction costs in Malaysia with the aim of minimizing the construction costs, besides of discovering actions to reduce the high cost of housing. Various authors and the ways to develop alternative building materials to produce cheaper and durable homes have discussed the latter severally. 1 1.2 Background Real Estate and Housing Developers Association (REHDA), the main governmental body responsible in property development industry in Malaysia, has initiated on 13 October 2000. This organization plays an important role in...
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...Asia Pacific Equity Research 25 February 2005 Australian Mortgage Industry Volume 1 A Lot of Fat ! JPMorgan Australian Banks Team Brian Johnson (61-2) 9220-1605 brian.d.johnson@jpmorgan.com Richard Wiles (612) 9220 1525 richard.e.wiles@jpmorgan.com Ed Henning (61-2) 9220-1933 ed.a.henning@jpmorgan.com Fujitsu Australia Team Martin North (61-2) 9293-0617 martin.north@au.fujitsu.com Tom Dissing (61-2) 9293-0423 tom.dissing@au.fujitsu.com This report is the result of a joint effort between Fujitsu Australia and JPMorgan, focusing on developments in the Australian mortgage industry. We use the Fujitsu Mortgage Market and Yield Improvement Modelling. See page 30 for analyst certification and important disclosures, including investment banking relationships. JPMorgan does and seeks to do business with companies covered in its research reports. As a result, investors should be aware that the firm may have a conflict of interest that could affect the objectivity of this report. Investors should consider this report as only a single factor in making their investment decision. Brian Johnson (61-2) 9220-1605 brian.d.johnson@jpmorgan.com Asia Pacific Equity Research 25 February 2005 Table of Contents Executive Summary .................................................................3 Industry Overview ....................................................................5 Mortgage Brokers................................................................
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...ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost I would like to thank the Lord Jesus Christ my Lord and Savior for blessing me with an attachment at Econet Wireless. It is only through Him that I have reached this far in my quest for success and knowledge. Secondly I would like thank my dear mother and sister for their unwavering support in my educational endeavors. If it was not for their blessings and guidance I would not have reached where I am this very day. I would also like to express my heartfelt gratitude to Econet Wireless for affording me this opportunity to do my internship at the company. At a time when the Zimbabwean economy is struggling to get back on its feet, the company still finds in itself the desire to give back to the society by helping the young minds of Zimbabwe achieve their dreams. Truly I am grateful. I would like to also thank the staff at Econet Wireless for all the mentoring they gave me throughout this whole attachment period. Their assistance opened up a whole new chapter of understanding for me in the field of accountancy. I owe my deepest gratitude to the Management Accounting team for all their efforts in making me feel at home and a part of the inspired family when I first arrived. The courteous team made my transition to the working environment a whole lot easier and fun. My thanks also goes to the Projects and Fixed assets team for welcoming me as one of their own and for all the training they gave me. Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...
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...HR and Business Acronyms AA 1.) Affirmative Action 2.) Adverse Action AACU American Association of Colleges and Universities AAO Affirmative Action Office AAP Affirmative Action Plan AAR Average Annual Return AARP American Association of Retired Persons ABF Asset Based Financing ABM Activity Based Management ABMS Activities Based Management System ABS Asset Backed Security ACH Automated Clearing House AD & D Accidental Death and Dismemberment ADA Americans with Disabilities Act ADEA Age Discrimination and Employment Act ADL Activities of Daily Living ADP Automatic Data Processing ADR Alternative Dispute Resolution AE Account Executive AED United Arab Emirates AFL-CIO American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations AFSCME American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employers AJB Americas Job Bank ALC Alien Labor Certification ALEX Automated Labor Exchange ALJ Administrative Law Judge ALM Asset Liability Management AM Asset Management AMA 1.) American Management Association 2.) American Medical Association AMPS Auction Market Preferred Stock ANSI American National Standards Institute AP Accounts Payable AR Accounts Receivable APB Accounting Principles Board APR Annual Percentage Rate APV Adjusted Present Value APY Annual Percentage Yield ASAE American Society of Association Executives ASB Accounting Standards Board ASHHRA American Society for Healthcare Human Resources Administration ...
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...A REPORT ON SIX MONTHS STUDENTS INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME. AT NIKORMA (A SUBSIDIARY OF NIGERIAN NATIONAL PETROLEUM CORPORATION) HEADQUATERS, This located at no.7 lake chart crescent, Maitama. Abuja BY CS/08/1332 IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR DEGREE IN TECHNOLOGY (B.TECH) IN COMPUTER SCIENCE. MODIBBO ADAMA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY YOLA, NIGER STATE OCTOBER 2012 DEDICATION This report is dedicated to the Almighty ALLAH and to my beloved mother and Mrs Aisha Tijjani and her husband also with the entire staffs and students of Surveying and Geo-informatics Federal University of Technology Minna. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT My profound gratitude goes to the Almighty God who saw me through this training program and thanks my parents and siblings who encouraged me when the road seemed too tough, for shelter and financial support. My appreciation goes to the staff of Pipeline and Products Marketing Company (PPMC) especially my supervisor and the staff of Pipeline Right Of Way (PROW) and to all NNPC staff and development control for their kind support and for the knowledge they impacted on me during the period of my training. My thanks goes to the SIWES and ITF coordinators especially the Federal University Of Technology Minna SIWES coordinator, my Head of Department...
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...Inventory Management 7. Inventory Costs 8. Summary 9. References LECTURE 2: INVENTORY CONTROL SYSTEMS 2.1 Introduction 2.2 objectives 2.3 Fixed Quantity System 2.31 Advantages 2.32 Disadvantages 2.4 Fixed Time System 2.41 Advantages 2.42 Disadvantages 2.5 Hybrid Systems 2.6 Summary LECTURE 3: DEMAND FORECASTING I 3.1 Introduction 3.2 objectives 3.3 meaning of demand forecasting 3.4 Qualitative Judgmental Techniques 3.31 Delphi Method 3.32 Market Survey 3.33 Historical Analogy 3.5 Quantitative methods 3.51 Causal Methods 3.5.1.1 High-Low Method Advantages Disadvantages 3.5.1.2 Visual Fit Method Advantages Disadvantages 3.5.1.3 Simple Regression Analysis Derivation of the Normal Equations Derivation of the Ordinary Least Squares Equation 3.52 Time Series Analysis 3.5.2.1 Components of a time Series 5.32 Naïve method 5.321 Advantages 5.322 Disadvantages 5.33 General Moving Averages 5.331 Advantages 5.332 Disadvantages 5.34 Exponential Smoothing 5.341 Advantages 5.342 Disadvantages Summary LECTURE 4: DEMAND FORECASTING II...
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...Exploring Excellence PGDM (GM) (GMP 2013–14) AN AICTE APPROVED FLAGSHIP FULL-TIME MBA PROGRAM FOR EXPERIENCED PROFESSIONALS E-brochure http://www.placementkloud.com/xlrigmp 01 02 03 04 05 06 08 10 12 14 16 MESSAGE FROM THE DIRECTOR Learning and growth are vital for a healthy environment in organizations. We at XLRI have structured our programmes in such a manner as to equip the future managers of tomorrow with learning, competencies and skills that can significantly contribute to the growth of the organization. XLRI has always been proudly associated with academic excellence, personal values and social concern. It has been the crucible of leadership training for over 60 years and its banner is held high by a fine breed of alumni who serve as “change agents” thereby adding a new dimension to their corporate role. This integral and value based formation will greatly assist our students to be innovative, competent and creative leaders. They are groomed in a manner as to serve as agents of continuous improvement and change. It was in 1997 that XLRI recognized an unfulfilled need for formal management training at middle and senior levels of corporate strata. The result of that thought process was the General Management Programme, which has ever since, transformed several industry professionals into veritable leaders who reflect the standards and values of XLRI at various organizations. Recognized by AICTE, the programme places emphasis on stringent admission procedures...
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...quality and safety is better than ever before, yet 14 mio people die of starvation every year & 800 mio people are clinically malnourished! And by 2025 we will have more than 8 billion people to feed: Global population is expected to grow from 6.2 Bio to 8 Bio in 2025, while farmland available per capita is shrinking! Secure & sustainable supply of high quality food, particularly in the developing countries; is a basic requirement for continued human development! In India the situation is more acute: • During the last two decades of 20 th century, the population increased by 50% but food-producing land has shrunk by 5 %. Demand for healthier food is increasing with the growing awareness, but the farm land is being nibbled at to meet other economic needs e.g. urbanization & industrial infrastructure Advanced Agricultural Science can help: Agri science has made great progress over last 50 years. This has enabled us to keep pace with the growing needs of increasing population. However, in recent years Indian Agriculture has not kept pace with the technological progress in other sectors of economy. In a country where about 2/3 rd of population derives its livelihood either directly or indirectly from agriculture; this imbalance could pose serious threat to our progress in the long run. A country of India’s size & diversity can not afford to ignore the threat to healthy development of human capital & sustainability of its environmental resources if the Agriculture is not modernised...
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