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Boston Creamery Inc

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BOSTON CREAMERY INC – Kasus 9.2
RENCANA KEUNTUNGAN TAHUN 1973

Peterson dalam membuat rencana keuntungan tahun 1973 menggunakan :
- perkiraan tahun 1972 sebagai tujuan penafsiran untuk tahun 1973, atau
- hasil yang diharapkan tahun 1972 sebagai biaya anggaran tahun 1973

Empat langkah pendekatan dari perencanaan satu tahun :
1. mengembangkan unit standar untuk tiap elemen variabel biaya, ukuran produk dan kemasan
2. menafsirkan level penjualan yang realistis dan penjualan mix, dengan pertimbangan :
- jumlah hari pada satu periode
- kondisi umum ekonomi pada area pemasaran
- cuaca
- antisipasi promosi
- kompetisi
3. penilaian/penafsiran manajemen terhadap anggaran biaya tetap sesuai kebutuhan
4. perencanaan biaya itu sendiri

HASIL NYATA TAHUN 1973

- volume penjualan tahun 1973 > volume penjualan yang diperkirakan
5.968.000 > 5.720.000
- total penjualan ice cream > Anggaran penjualan
12.180.000 > 11.440.000

Tindakan yang diambil : PERBAIKAN RENCANA KEUNTUNGAN, yaitu :
1. biaya tetap yang terjadi disamakan dengan rencana asli, sehingga volume penjualan yang direncanakan sama dengan volume penjualan sebenarnya, karena rencana asli anggaran biaya tetap dinilai lebih baik.
2. sebaliknya, biaya variabel yang tergantung pada volume tinggi harus didasarkan pada anggaran yang menggambarkan volume dari operasi yang sebenarnya telah tercapai, bukan berdasarkan penafsiran volume

ANALISIS UNTUK PERBEDAAN KEUNTUNGAN TAHUN 1973

Jim Peterson, Presiden Divisi BCI, meminta Frank Robert, Vice President Penjualan dan Marketing Divisi Ice Cream, membuat presentasi perbandingan anggaran dengan hasil nyata (Schedule A-2 dan komentar tiap-tiap item) untuk dibawa kepada grup manajemen agar dianalisis dengan cara yang berbeda dan mencari bagian-bagian yang patut mendapat perhatian, sehingga dapat dilakukan perbaikan.

Komentar Jim Peterson :
a. jadwal yang ada sudah baik
b. tetapi tidak membawa kepada kecerahan karena :
- tidak menunjukkan adanya perbaikan
- tidak menunjukan penyebab asli dari perbedaan keseluruhan yang ada

Saran Jim Peterson
a. merinci perbedaan volume penjualan menjadi beberapa :
- bagian yang mengakibatkan penjualan campuran
- bagian yang mengakibatkan penjualan pasar saham
- bagian yang sebenarnya mengakibatkan perubahan seluruh volume dan menyarankan Frank untuk menghubungi John Vance, pengontrol perusahaan, jika memerlukan bantuan dalam mekanisme merinci perbedaan.

b. mengatur perbedaan harga dan perbedaan kuantitas

Keinginan John Peterson : presentase non-teknis dari sudut pandang manajemen secara umum.

PERTANYAAN SATU
Perubahan dalam Schedule A-2
Teknik perhitungan yang dipergunakan Frank Robert adalah perhitungan biaya standar (standar costing) yang dapat memberikan manfaat dalam penganggaran dan kinerja, motivasi dan pengendalian biaya bagi Boston Creamery Inc perusahaan yang membuat produk masal.

Dalam schedule A-2, telah diberikan beberapa analisa dimana dalam penyusunan anggaran telah menggunakan metode biaya standar, yakni :
a. adanya penetapan efiensi dan sumber daya dengan menggunakan teknik manajemen yang mengacu data masa lalu atas biaya tetap, misal : tenaga kerja, dan bahan baku langsung.
Rencana keuntungan tahun 1973 yang digunakan Peterson adalah menggunakan hasil yang diharapkan tahun 1972 sebagai biaya anggaran tahun 1973.
b. adanya penetapan standar harga jual untuk biaya masing-masing biaya atau produk
c. mengidentifikasi varian dari masing-masing elemen biaya
d. menganalisa dan mencari penyebab utama timbulnya varian tersebut

Pada dasarnya, sebagaimana Tabel 1, terdapat dua jenis varian yang berhubungan dengan harga dan volume. Maka varian yang terjadi disebabkan oleh dua hal, yaitu :
1. tambahan atau pengurangan biaya
2. pengurangan/penghematan bahan baku atau penambahan volume bahan baku yang disebabkan adanya selisih harga lebih murah dari yang diharapkan

Maka table diatas perlu lebih diperinci dalam dua kelompok varian, yaitu :

Varian harga, yang meliputi :
- varian harga bahan baku
- varian tarif tenaga kerja
- varian pengeluaran biaya overhead
- varian harga jual

Varian volume, yang meliputi :
- varian pemakaian bahan baku
- varian efisiensi tenaga kerja
- varian volume overhead
- varian volume penjualan

Pemerincian sebagaimana saran Jim Peterson ini memberikan beberapa manfaat, yaitu :

a. Dengan dilakukan rekonsiliasi laba, maka varian-varian yang ada dapat menjelaskan mengapa laba yang dianggarkan tidak tercapai terhadap anggaran periode tersebut.

b. Varian-varian itu sendiri memperlihatkan secara rinci hal-hal yang penting terjadinya perbedaan antara laba aktual dengan anggarannya, sehingga nampak terdapat varian yang manambah laba (favourable) dan yang merugikan atau mengurangi laba (unfovourable/adverse)

c. Laporan yang dibuat demikian, karena telah memperlihatkan secara rinci hal-hal yang penting terjadinya perbedaan antara laba aktual dengan anggarannya, memungkinkan manajemen untuk mengetahui penyebab masalah tanpa harus melakukan deteksi atau menjabarkan varian secara berbelit-belit atau terlalu teknikal.

PERTANYAAN KEDUA
Bagaimana John Parker membentuk laporan analisis perbedaan?
Berdasarkan laporan analisis perbedaan BCI, penentuan harga dalam analisis perbedaan oleh John Parker menggunakan prosedur sangat berkaitan dengan penyusunana anggaran, yaitu :

1. Penjualan sebagai factor kunci dalam perusahaan

Sebagaimana terlihat dalam Rencana Keuntungan tahun 1973, dalam penyusunan anggaran Bonston Creamery Inc telah memusatkan penjualan sebagai factor kunci dalam perusahaan, sehingga tanggung jawab utama dalam penyusunan anggaran terletak pada Frank Robert, Vice President Penjualan dan Pemasaran.
Frank Robert bertugas mempertimbangkan volume penjualan saat ini, mengantisipasi kondisi perdagangan masa yang akan datang, dan menggunakan umpan balik laporan riset pasar yang dilakukan tenaga penjualan dalam rangka penyusunan anggaran.
Walaupun dalam Rencana Keuntungan tersebut hanya ditampilkan angka penjualan untuk tahun tersebut, barangkali secara lengkap, laporan tersebut memuat rincian angka penjualan menurut jenis, konsumen, wilayah, dan bulanan.

Setelah penjualan diidentifikasi, kemudian disusun anggaran produksi dan operasi, yang merupakan tanggung jawab John Parker, VP Manufacturing and Operation. Anggaran produksi dan operasi ini disusun berdasarkan ketentuan anggaran penjualan, dengan kemungkinan adanya perubahan-perubahan yang diperlukan seperti tingkat persediaan, sehingga ketentuan operasional dihasilkan.

Anggaran produksi dan operasi ini menguraikan : volume output, kapan diperlukan, departemen yang yang memproduksi, tenaga kerja, biaya bahan baku, dan sumber daya lain yang dikonsumsi, sebagaimana pada schedule A-2 diatas.

Anggaran operasi dan produksi ini menentukan tingkat aktivitas, yaitu anggaran overhead atau biaya tak langsung bagi tiap-tiap departemen dan tingkat aktivitas jasa yang diperlukan seperti : departemen pemasaran, departemen administrasi penjualan dan distribusi, departemen akuntansi, dan departemen personalia.

2. Tanggung jawab timbulnya selisih laba kotor

Selisih laba kotor yang terjadi perlu diinvestigasi lebih lanjut untuk menentukan penyebab penyimpangan laba tersebut dan siapa yang bertanggung jawab.
Pada umumnya penyimpangan laba kotor disebabkan oleh :
a. Selisih harga jual
Penyimpangan ini disebabkan perusahaan telah menjual produk dengan harga jual lebih besar atau lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan harga jual yang telah direncanakan . Tanggung jawab penyimpangan ini terletak pada pejabat perusahaan yang memiliki kewenangan untuk menentukan harga jual yaitu bagian atau departemen penjualan dan pemasaran.

b. selisih volume penjualan dan volume harga pokok penjualan
Selisih ini disebabkan karena perusahaan telah menjual produk dengan volume penjualan lebih besar atau lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan volumen penjualan yang telah direncanakan. Tanggung jawab dari penyimpangan ini berada pada bagian pemasaran dan penjualan, karena kuantitas yang akan dijual sangat tergantung pada harga jual produk dan keaktifan bagian pemasaran dalam menjual produk. Kedua faktor tersebut masih dalam jangkauan pengendalian bagian pemasaran. Sedang faktor di luar jangkauan kendali bagian pemasaran seperti : kemacetan dalam produksi yang mengakibatkan kuantitas yang dihasilkan menurun sehingga yang dapat dijual menurun. Tanggung jawab karena faktor ini berada pada bagian produksi.

c. Selisih harga pokok penjualan
Hal ini disebabkan harga pokok penjualan yang terjadi lebih besar atau lebih kecil dibandingkan harga pokok penjualan yang direncanakan. Selisih ini disebabkan karena kegiatan di dalam berproduksi, sehingga yang bertanggung jawab adanya selisih adalah bagian produksi.

Dari kedua tersebut maka Tampilan 3 Analisis Perbedaan dari Penfsiran Pendapatan dan Operasi, terdapat beberapa varian, yaitu :

- varian harga pokok penjualan
- varian volume penjualan dan varian volume harga pokok penjualan
- varian harga pokok penjualan

Dari uraian diatas memang nampak bahwa Frank Robert mampu untuk “bermain angka” dengan target yang direncanakan. Selain itu Frank Robert mampu menaikkan penjualan karena kemampuan tenaga penjualan, sehingga perusahaan mendapatkan laba yang memuaskan, maka dari sudut pandang kinerja perusahaan dengan fokus pada penjualan, Frank Robertlah yang cenderung mendapat penghargaan dari pimpinan, walaupun dapat dipahami tidak mungkin Frank Robert mencapainya tanpa bantuan John Parker.

PERTANYAAN KETIGA
Tindakan yang diperlukan untuk periode tahun 1974?

1. Penentuan rencana keuntungan yang realistis antara kemampuan tenaga penjualan dan pemasaran dengan kemampuan atau kapasitas produksi
2. Setiap bulan, manajer diminta untuk menjelaskan terjadinya varian-varian yang besar karenan melebihi persentase tertentu yang diperkenankan. Dengan cara ini usaha dan waktu yang berguna tidak terbuang hanya untuk memeriksa varian-varian yang kecil dan dapat dicari jalan keluar sehinggan kerugian yang lebih besar dapat dicegah.
3. Tidak hanya menjelaskan, tetapi juga tindakan. Apabila varian-varian yang terjadi secara komulatif ternyata posisinya melebihi anggaran. Misalnya : pada BCI adanya penambahan tenaga kerja dan kerja lembur yang berlebihan yang menyebabkan pengeluaran berlebihan. Maka dapat diambil beberpa tindakan untuk mengatasinya, seperti : mengurangi penempatan karyawan, mengurangi jam lebur, dalam periode sepi dialihkan menjadi staf par-time, pengecekan bahan baku yang mungkin terbuang, mencari pasokan yang lebih murah dan memantau efisiensi energi.
PERTANYAAN KEEMPAT
Beberapa kelemahan utama dari teori managemen “roti dan mentega”, yaitu :

1. Dengan dilakukannya beberapa penyesuaian atau perbaikan anggaran maka para manager lebih banyak memusatkankan waktunya untuk memikirkan hal tersebut.
2. Tidak semua kegiatan biayanya dapat dikendalikan dengan standar anggaran, tetapi cukup efektif dengan membandingkan rata-rata biaya
3. Dalam membandingkan anggaran/satandar dengan biaya aktual, adanya pengeluaran yang tak terkendali yang merupakan biaya pusat. Kesulitan yang timbul bila pengeluaran telah dimasukkan tetapi menejer yang bersangkutan tidak berwenang atas biaya tersebut.
4. Ketidaktepatan anggaran/standar berakibat tidak dapat dipakai sebagai alat perencanaan, koordinasi, dan pengawasan dengan baik.

Anggaran sebagai alat managemen
Secara keseluruhan hal yang nampak pada kasus ini, anggaran adalah alat manajemen bagi perusahaan berupa informasi keuangan yang dihasilkannya. Terdapat beberapa peran dari anggaran, yaitu :

a. Mencapai tujuan utama, yaitu mengendalikan dan mengurangi biaya dengan memantau biaya-biaya masa lalu guna memperbaikinya untuk kinerja di masa yang akan datang dan sebagai dasar untuk evaluasi kerja.

b. Mencapai tujuan jangka pendek anggaran antara lain :
- penguasaan pangsa pasar sebesar persentase tertentu
- memperoleh sejumlah laba yang telah ditetapkan
- mencapai laba atas modal (return of capital) pada tingkat harga tertentu.

c. Alat untuk memotivasi karyawan

d. Sebagai alat untuk pengambilan keputusan

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