...vaccinations so, no disease-causing microorganism which is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins or one of its surface proteins was injected in to her body. 4- Cerebrospinal fluid is contained in the ventricles of the brain that act as a shock absorber to protect the brain. The cloudiness on CSF was because of the white cells present and of course white cells do not belong in CSF. This indicates infection. Protein can also cause cloudiness. H. influenza is not an exclusive cause of cloudy CSF. 5- Haemophilus influenzae Mycobacterium leprae Neisseria meningitidis Treponema pallidum Case study 2: 1- Kevin is sick with botulism, which is a rare but serious paralytic illness caused by a nerve toxin that is produced by the bacterium Clostridium...
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...Botulism ABSTRACT This paper will discuss how one becomes infected with botulism, how it affects the body systems, and the emergency management/ preparedness needed in order to effectively treat this disease. Botulism is a rare, naturally occurring disease that may be caused by deliberate or accidental exposure to the toxins of Clostridium botulinum. The three types of naturally occurring disease are food-borne, wound and intestinal colonization botulism, dependent on the route of ingress of the toxins. It may also be a result of biological terrorism. It presents with an afebrile, descending, symmetrical, flaccid paralysis of motor and autonomic but not sensory nerves. Respiratory failure can occur rapidly with little prior ventilatory deterioration. Management includes respiratory support, specific antitoxin and if wound related, surgical debridement and antibiotics. I will report different cases of botulism and discuss the presenting features that should alert the emergency physician to the diagnosis and direction of further treatment. ASSESSMENT AND SYNTHESIS OF THE PROBLEM Pathology The rare toxin is a protein produced under anaerobic conditions by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum, and affects a wide range of animals, including mammals, birds and fish. Clostridium botulinum is a large anaerobic Gram-positive bacillus that forms sub-terminal endospores. There are seven serological varieties of the bacterium denoted by the letters A to G. The toxin from all of...
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...Botox has been used for decades to treat fine lines, facial creases and wrinkles. Made from the toxin known as Clostridium botulinum, this product helps to block signals from the nerves to the muscles. As a result, the muscles cannot contract. This makes wrinkles appear to relax and disappear. It is typically used to treat wrinkles around the eyes, forehead and eyebrows. On occasion, Botox is also used for lip lines and wrinkles around the mouth or chin. Am I a candidate for Botox? Botox is designed for individuals who have wrinkles from smiling, chewing, squinting and frowning. Applied as an injection, this treatment helps to reduce the signs of aging. It is not ideal for individuals who have a neurological disease. In addition, you should...
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...JOURNAL REVIEW FOOD SAFETY & SANITATION INFANT BOTULISM IN HONEY By: Angela Indryana (03420100086) Zefanya Tjokrodiredjo (03420100087) FOOD TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITAS PELITA HARAPAN KARAWACI 2012 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Honey is a natural food, mainly composed of a complex mixture of carbohydrates and other minor substances, such as organic acids, amino acids, proteins, minerals, vitamins, and lipids. It has two sources of contamination with microorganisms: primary sources include pollen, the digestive tracts of honey bees, dust, air, soil and nectar; secondary sources are those arising from honey manipulation by people, they include air, food handlers, cross-contamination, equipment and buildings. Spores of Clostridium botulinum may be found in honey, usually at low levels. C. botulinum spores are found in soil and dust and hence, can contaminate different agricultural products. Honey is a recognized vehicle for C. botulinum spores. The presence of spores of Clostridium is especially dangerous for infants and small children. Although the high sugar content, low pH, low protein concentration, and the existence of different oxidases and other antimicrobial substances in honey may cause the spores unable to germinate and grow in the product, the microenvironment may remain anaerobic as a consequence of high viscosity. Yet existing spores may not be removed from honey or destroyed without spoiling the product, thus...
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...Botox Botulinum toxin offers relief to neuro-muscular disease patients Clostridium botulinum is a bacterium that produces neurotoxin which can cause dead food poisoning. Yet, this poison has been used as a tool to fight wrinkles. Botulinum toxin marketed in therapeutic doses as “Botox”. Initially, it was used to treat neuro-muscular disease with involuntary muscle contraction symptopms. This problem arises from too little inhibitory input to motor neuron, as compared to excitatory input, thus leading to excessive motor neuron activation. Botulinum toxin injection blocks the release of musclecontraction-causing acetycholine at the neuromuscular junctions. The goal is to inject just enough dosage to relieve the troublesome spasmodic contraction, but not enough to eliminate the normal contractions needed for ordinary movement. Botulinum toxin clears away after 3 to 6 months, so the treatment must be repeated. From treating involuntary muscle contraction to fighting wrinkles Botulinum toxin’s potential as a treatment option for cosmetic surgeon was accidentally discovered when the physicians noted the injections used to counter abnormal eye muscle contractions also smoothed the appearance of wrinkles in the treated area! It turns out that frown lines, crow’s feet, and furrowed brows are caused by facial muscles that have become over-activated, or permanently contracted. This is the results of years of performing certain repetitive facial expression. By relaxing...
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...I chose Clostridium botulinum, a bacterium which causes botulism, a serious, sometimes fatal condition. There are five main types of botulism including foodborne, wound, infant, adult intestinal toxemia, and iatrogenic (occurring from accidental overdose of botulinum toxin) (Nantel, 1999). Clostridium botulinum is a gram positive, anaerobic (i.e. grows best in low-oxygen conditions) rod-shaped bacterium. The species forms spores which allow the bacteria to survive in a dormant state until exposed to conditions that can support their growth. Botulinum neurotoxin is absorbed from the intestinal tract or from the infected wound site and transported to the neuromuscular endings (Nantel, 1999). There it blocks excitatory synaptic transmission and the release of acetylcholine, causing paralysis. Symptoms of botulism include double vision, blurred vision, dry mouth, slurred speech, difficulty swallowing, muscle weakness, and descending paralysis (Nantel, 1999). If left untreated, botulism may ultimately cause paralysis of the muscles necessary for respiration, leading to respiratory failure and death. Sources: Nantel, A. (1999). “Clostridium botulinum.” World Health Organization. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/csr/delibepidemics/clostridiumbotulism.pdf WILEY PLUS: Black, J. G. (2008). Microbiology: Principles and explorations (7th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. I chose the bacterium Streptococcal which causes strep throat. The most common type is by group A beta-hemolytic...
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...Botulism in Argentina STUDENT’S VERSION Original investigators: Rodrigo G. Villar, MD,1 Roger L. Shapiro, MD,1 Silvina Busto, MD, MPH,2 Clara Rive-Posse, MD, MPH,3 Guadalupe Verdejo MD, MPH,4 Maria Isabel Farace, DVM,5 Francisco Rosetti, MS,5 Jorge A. San Juan, MD,6 Carlos Maria Julia, MD,MPH,3 John Becher, RPh,1 Susan E. Maslanka, PhD,1 David Swerdlow, MD1 1Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2Ministero de Salud-Region V, 3Ministero de Salud y Accion Social, 4Pan American Health Organization, 5Departamento de Bacteriologia, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas, 6Hospital F. J. Muñiz, Buenos Aires, Argentina Case study and instructor’s guide created by: Jeanette K. Stehr-Green, MD NOTE: This case study is bas ed on a rea l-life outbrea k investigatio n underta ken in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in 1998. Some aspects of the original outbreak and investigation have been altered, however, to assist in meeting the desired teaching objectives and allow com pletion of the case study in less tha n 3 hours. Students should be aware that this case study describes and promotes one particular approac h to foodb orne disea se outbrea k investigatio n. Procedu res and po licies in outbreak investigations, however, can vary from country to country, state to state, and outbreak to outbreak. It is anticipate d that the ep idemiolo gist investiga ting a foodb orne disea se outbrea k will work within the fra mework of a n “investig ation team ” which inclu des...
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...| Name : ……….…………………….……………….. Lecturer : ................................. Intake : …………………..………….…..………...…. Date : .………..…………...... Use this article about Botox to answer the questions that follow: Beauty with Botox Botox injections are one of the most popular cosmetic treatments in the world. Celebrities like Madonna, Kylie Minogue and Liz Hurley are rumoured to be keeping the wrinkles at bay this way. Sir Cliff Richard admitted to having had the treatment and now it is an increasingly popular choice for ordinary women looking for a quick way to look younger. What is Botox? Botox is made from ‘botulinum toxin’, a poison produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. This bacterium causes botulism - a severe form of food poisoning. In small quantities, however, Botox merely interrupts nerve impulses to muscles in the face. Botox first began to be used in 1980 to treat many muscle disorders such as lazy eye, eye ticks and uncontrolled blinking. Cosmetic treatments were pioneered by dermatological surgeons in 1987. In small doses, Botox works by paralysing the muscles of the face which are used in frowning and raising the eyebrows. When these muscles relax, the fine lines and wrinkles smooth out. Unfortunately, when it is overdone, Botox treatment can leave the face with a lack of expression. This is reputed to have caused a problem for some actors. Armpit attack Botox is reportedly a favourite with Oscar...
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...Case Study #10 1. Botulism is the diagnosis because of the characteristics of botulism. The symptoms all match with botulism because botulism makes muscle weakness caused by the supply of cells to the cranial nerves, the nerves connecting to the control of eye movement, facial muscles and the control of chewing and swallowing. The weakness then spreads throughout the body to the arms (starting in the shoulders and proceeding to the forearms) and legs (again from the thighs down to the feet). As for infant botulism is the most common form of botulism. It is also most common in kids under than 6 months. 2. If botulism was the case Kevin would have to be admitted to the hospital to start treatment. Treatment cannot usually be treated in the home but in the hospital. If botulism is not treated quickly it can be fatal, with the treatment it is usually possible to stop toxins causing further paralysis. Since Kevin is a 13 week old he will need to be incubated to keep him warm and protect him from other infections, this still requires treatment from hospitals. 3. An antitoxin is administered to Kevin at the earliest opportunity. Antitoxin is derived from horse serum that is distributed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Antitoxin is effective against toxin type A,B and E and these of the4 toxins that are in the botulinum toxin and that is what unattached the nerve endings. Antibiotics cannot be administered to botulism because the Clostridium groups of toxins...
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...thorough cooking over the course of a few minutes,[21][22] the spore itself is not killed by the temperatures reached with normal sea-level-pressure boiling, leaving it free to grow and again produce the toxin when conditions are right.[23][24] A recommended prevention measure for infant botulism is to avoid giving honey to infants less than 12 months of age, as botulinum spores are often present. In older children and adults the normal intestinal bacteria suppress development of C. botulinum.[25] While commercially canned goods are required to undergo a "botulinum cook" in a pressure cooker at 121 °C (250 °F) for 3 minutes, and so rarely cause botulism, there have been notable exceptions such as the 1978 Alaskan salmon outbreak and the 2007 Castleberry's Food Company outbreak. Foodborne botulism is the rarest form though, accounting for only around 15% of cases (US)[26] and has more frequently been from home-canned foods with low acid content, such as carrot juice, asparagus, green beans, beets, and corn. However, outbreaks of botulism have resulted from more unusual sources. In July 2002, fourteen Alaskans ate muktuk (whale meat) from a beached whale, and eight of them developed symptoms of botulism, two of them requiring mechanical ventilation.[27]...
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...Food Science and the Ethics of Botulinum Toxin A In today’s youth obsessed culture, millions of men and women are turning to the needle to try and cheat aging—in fact, some people are even hosting Botox parties, wherein several men and women gather for cocktails and “wrinkle-banishing” injections (Neer, 2001). Despite its recent popularity, very few people know that Botox has its origins in food science and medicine. Review of Literature Botox is a trade name for botulinum toxin A, a neurotoxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium Botulinum (Neer, 2001). Botulinum toxin has been used for medical purposes for over fifty years, but it was not until 2002 when the FDA approved the use of Botox in cosmetic procedures that its use became widespread. Botox was initially used to treat strabismus (lazy eye), blepharospasm (involuntary and uncontrolled eye movements) and cervical dystonia (wry neck). Since its FDA approval in 2002, Botox has been used successfully in over eleven million patients (Schlessinger, n.d.) Botox treatment takes approximately ten minutes to perform and it involves injecting tiny quantities of botulinum toxin A directly into the problem muscles. Because the toxin is injected directly into a certain muscle or muscle group, there is very little risk of it spreading to other areas of the body. The procedure does not require anaesthesia, as discomfort is usually minimal and brief (Brannon, 2008; Neer, 2001). Botox works by blocking the acetylcholine receptors...
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...Botulism is a rare and serious illness caused by a toin produced by the bateria Clostridium Botulinum. An average of 145 cases have been reported in the United States each year. There are three major types of botulism: foodborne, wound, and infant botulism. All of these botulism types can be fatal. Foodborne botulism is a public health emergency because a lot of people can be poisoned by eating a contaminated food. Clostridium Botulinum can be found in soil. It produces spores that can survive and thrive in improperly preserved or canned food, where it produces toxin. Tiny amounts of this toxin can lead to poisoning when ingested. Early symptoms include fatigue, weakness, usually followed by blurred vision, dry mouth and difficulty in swallowing and speaking. Vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, and abdominal swelling may also occur. The disease goes to the neck and arms making them weak and after that the respiratory muscles and muscles of the lower body are affected. There is no fever or loss of consciousness. Symptoms in infants may include contipation, drooling, poor feeing and weak sucking, respiratory distress, weakness and loss of muscle tone. The symptoms usually appear 12-36 hours after exposure but can occur as early as six hours or as late as 10 days afterward. Severe poisoning can cause respiratory failure and death....
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...Professor Wilson Microbiology 2211 18 June 2018 Botulism Botulism is an illness caused by a toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum bacteria. The bacteria that causes botulism can be naturally present in the environment, usually within the soil. Surprisingly, the bacteria alone do not cause botulism, the bacteria produce spores, this provides a special cover for the bacteria. The spores are what can grow and produce the toxin that causes botulism. Conditions that help spores grow and make toxins are low-oxygen, low acid, low sugar, and low salt. Home canning if not done properly can lead to botulism. Botulism mainly falls into five different kinds: foodborne, wound, infant, adult intestinal toxemia, and iatrogenic. Symptoms...
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...Anna Anderson PTLW CSUEB July 2011 Activity 1.1.2 MICROBIOLOGIST * Microbiologist Microbiologists study microscopic bacteria, fungi, protists, and viruses. Many of these organisms cause disease (pathogens) and many can provide useful products such as penicillin (antibiotic). * Education and/or Training Required In order to work in this field you must have at least an undergraduate degree in microbiology. Further training with a Masters or Doctorate would be required to do anything other than entry level positions. Excellent microscopy skills and training in aseptic techniques are a must. * Responsibilities and Daily Activities This job requires a strong academic background with a lot of math, chemistry, and biology. Computer and lab skills are essential. Microbiologists grow cultures of bacteria (and other organisms) in medium for study. Using aseptic technique, they grow cultures to measure and calculate the rate of growth and how it grows. They learn what can and cannot kill their organisms and if it is a pathogen, they study ways to stop or slow its growth. In the lab, they work with microscopes, grow cultures, measure the rate of growth, and perform experiments with these organisms. Lab safety is very important in their work. They would NEVER eat or drink in the lab because this could cause contamination or could infect the food they are eating. * Salary Range Microbiologists can work in the academic community, industry or government...
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...Chlamydia Chlamydia is one of the most common diseases in the United States. The infection is part of a 'silent epidemic' as most cases do not show symptoms and are left untreated. It can cause pelvic inflammatory disease and lead to scarring of the Fallopian tubes causing infertility and higher risk of ectopic pregnancy. The research was carried out at the Molecular Microbiology Group, at the University of Southampton, in conjunction with the Department of Virology, at the Ben Gurion University of the Negev, in Israel. Professor Ian Clarke, from the University of Southampton, says: "This is a very significant advance in the study of chlamydia and we are proud to be the first people to achieve this. "Previously people have been unable to study chlamydial genetics and this has created a barrier to the comprehensive study of this disease. "We, together with our colleagues in Israel, discovered that by treating the chlamydia with calcium ions we were able to introduce a piece of foreign DNA. "This will open up the field of chlamydia research and will enable a better understanding of chlamydial genetics. It could lead to the development of new approaches to chlamydial vaccines and therapeutic interventions." To prove that they had accessed the chlamydial genome, the research team inserted the gene for a fluorescent protein into C. trachomatis which identified the chlamydial-infected cells by making them glow green. Their paper detailing the breakthrough in the study of chlamydia...
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