...Impact Analysis of Overflow Spillway on U/S Flows & Hydraulic Structure using CFD Technique – A Case Study of Marala HPP Ali Nawaz Khan1, Muhammad Kaleem Sarwar2, Dr. Sajid Mehmood3, Azhar Bashir Magsi4 1. 2. 3. 4. Research fellow and corresponding author, Centre of Excellence in Water Resources Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, Pakistan. E-mail: alinawaz.ce@gmail.com, Assistant Professor, Centre of Excellence in Water Resources Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, Pakistan. E-mail: eng_Kaleem@yahoo.com Assistant Professor, Centre of Excellence in Water Resources Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, Pakistan. E-mail: smahmoodpk@yahoo.com Project Manager, Sinotec Co., Ltd., Lahore, Pakistan. E-mail: azhar_magsi@yahoo.com Abstract Barrages and canal falls are considered as a readily available option for hydropower generation as the pre-requisites of water and head are conveniently available on such sites. Most important aspect of such scheme is to set the levels of hydraulic structures so that there is absolutely no disturbance to the irrigation flows which is the basic purpose of the barrage and canal network. At the same time finding the optimum level for the proposed structures so that the maximum hydropower benefits are yielded through the scheme without compromising the safety. Present study intends to investigate the same for Marala Hydropower Project (MHP) proposed on Upper Chenab...
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...With the water transport, also heat, nutrients, salt, organisms and chemical particles in the ocean are moved, regulating the planet whether, climate and marine ecosystems. Both large scale and smaller scale oceanic currents, gyres and eddies, transport water masses long distances. Water masses are homogeneous bodies of seawater on their properties. These bodies of water have formed through surface processes that have their origin...
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...Real Property Boundaries Along Bodies of Water Rivers have been used as boundaries at least as long as civilizations have recorded their history. It is likely that before recorded history, nomadic tribes were bound by waterways. Historically, civilizations have developed on the banks of the world’s rivers for several basic reasons. Rivers create a natural defense against invasion, as well as a source of sustenance and commerce. The primary disadvantage is that a river tends to change its course. Either gradually, through erosion, reliction, and gradual accretion, or by avulsion, violently breaking through one of its banks, creating a new arm at some distance from its previous bed (1). The communities within the river valleys of the Euphrates, Tigris, Indus and Yellow, may have witnessed the first issues concerning shifting boundaries along waterways. While the laws that govern the United States are derived primarily from the common law of England, the solutions that governing bodies have arrived at concerning these shifting boundaries may be rooted along the banks of the Tiberis River of Ancient Rome. Drawing on Roman private property law and continuing through medieval and modern legal practice, common law jurisprudence and legal scholarship developed a distinction between the two processes of accretion and avulsion in order to mediate problems over a shifting river boundaries (2). Although there are references to the issues surrounding the topics contained within this...
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...the Earth is very similar to that of meteorites, and because of this, it is thought that the Earth originally formed from Planetesimals composed largely of metallic iron and silicates. What makes Earth unique? Soon after the Earth formed, unique processes occurred - division into metallic core, silicate mantle and crust - which, along with surface water, made it different from the other planets in our Solar System. The formation of the early mantle was important as it consisted primarily of ferromagnesium silicate minerals, some of which contained water as an essential component (e.g. amphibole group minerals). Water-bearing magmas (molten rock) from deep in the lower mantle then rose towards the surface (being liquid, they were lighter than the surrounding solid rock) and emerged as volcanic eruptions. The Earth's atmosphere and hydrosphere developed from the degassing (loss of gaseous elements such as carbon, hydrogen and oxygen) of the early-formed core and mantle during this volcanic activity. In the present, abundant gases are still released from the Earth during volcanic eruptions and these are mainly composed of water (77%), carbon dioxide (12%), sulfur dioxide (7%), and nitrogen (3%), with minor amounts of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, sulfur, chlorine and argon. The Earth can be divided into two main parts. Atmosphere: measured from the surface of the Earth upwards to 150 km (anything above this is called space) Solid Earth: measured from the surface of the Earth...
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...Q. What distinguishes system thinking from analytical thinking? Is systems thinking something new or is it just another perspective? Explain. Analytical thinking says about the parts or elements of the situation, but in system thinking is about the how those parts and elements are work together, and it is a combination of both the analytical thinking and the synthetical thinking, in analytical thinking we always prefer to eliminate the unsatisfactory elements and we pick the best option after removing the elements, that means we try to reduce the risk factor by eliminating the unnecessary elements, but in systems thinking we consider all the elements and make them into groups and those groups are subjected to the central or main theme of the concept. We need both the system thinking and innovation or analytical thinking to solve the complex problems System thinking is opposite of analytical thinking because in the system thinking the whole or system is primary and the parts or individuals are secondary, but in analytical writing parts are primary and system or whole is secondary. System thinking is the closed loop thinking it is quite difficult to understand In systematic thinking mainly there are three steps included, list out the systematic elements, group them into sub themes, and finally find the central or main theme of the project. System thinking: “System thinking is a universal approach to understanding that focuses on the way that a system’s constituent parts...
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...and cross-sectional data. Only disaggregated data was available for school enrollment and learning levels (disaggregated age-group wise and gender-wise. While such data prove useful for analysis of gender, age and social gaps, for this project, they were more of an impediment). Ranking of different states was done for all of the disaggregated data and a weighted average (equal weights assigned to each state) was taken to determine the final ranking of states in terms of school attendance and learning levels. Working papers from CDS and DSE, obtained from the respective websites and EPW articles have also been used to aid the analysis. Cross-checking as to whether the inferences drawn from the analyses are in line with other reports and studies have also been done. Sampling Method A sample of eight states – Kerala, Haryana, Punjab, UP, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, MP, West Bengal - have been arrived at depending on their state level educational attainments. I have attempted to include at least one at each different broad stage of educational attainment, ranging from worst to best in terms of school enrollment, drop-out rates, and learning levels. Scope and Challenges Faced The scope of...
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...evacuation. As such, it provides an alternative to conventional lifeboats during emergency evacuation. Many studies and researches have been done on free-fall lifeboat ranging from effects of launching parameters to improving water entry performance of free-fall lifeboat. Most concluded their research using either a model experiment or numerical solutions. However, most studies have not employed the use of Computation Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software, which can serve as a cheaper alternative to perform analysis on launching of lifeboats. With current advancement in CFD...
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...The Gulf Stream and Its Influence on Climate and Marine Life Oceanic Studies 3021 December 8, 2010 Table of Content Title -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------pg. 1 Table of Contents--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------pg. 2 Abstract--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------pg. 3 Introduction---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------pg. 4 Gulf Stream description-------------------------------------------------------------------------------pg. 4 What causes the Gulf Stream-------------------------------------------------------------------------pg. 4-5 Gulf Stream Features-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------pg. 5 Gulf Stream function------------------------------------------------------------------------------------pg. 6 Influence in the dissemination of seeds & fruits----------------------------------------------------pg.7 Upwelling zone------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------pg. 7 Conclusion------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------pg7-8 References------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------pg. 9 Abstract The Gulf Stream is one of...
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...Cincinnati’s riverfront is misused and neglected. One of the factors leading to the success of a city, is providing adequate public green space. Cities should use the elements given to them in their landscape to create placemaking spaces unique to their location. In the case of Cincinnati, one of our unique qualities is the Ohio River and the Mill Creek Watershed. Previously, industry had priority over these areas which led to desecration of both land and water. For example, waste dumping in the water or the riverfront’s valuable real estate being used for non site specific activities. The proposed site was chosen based off of the inadequate current uses of the riverfront space. The site is currently mostly zoned as Riverfront Residential/Recreational (RF-R), with additional pieces of Riverfront Commercial (RF-C), and Riverfront Manufacturing (RF-M). First, there is no evidence of residential or recreational activities taking place in the area. Second, the site is not even accessible or legal to access in most places....
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...Introduction The purpose of any classification system is to obtain an efficient arrangement of information in a simplified and generalized form. Thus climatic statistics can be organized in order to describe and delimit the major types of climate is quantitative terms. Obviously no single classification can serve more than a limited number of purposes of satisfactory and many different schemes have therefore been developed. Some schemes merely provide a convenient nomenclature system, whereas others are an essential primarily further study. Many climatic classifications, for instance are concerned with the relationship between climate and vegetation or soils but surprisingly few attempts have been made to base a classification on the direct effects of climate on man. General classification related to plant growth / vegetation. Numerous schemes have been suggested d for relating climatic limits to plant growth or vegetation growth rely basically or two basic criteria the degree of aridity and warmth. Aridity is not simply a matter of low precipitation but of the effective precipitation i.e. precipitation minus evaporation. The ratio of rainfall/temperature has been used as such an index of precipitation effectiveness or the ground that higher temperatures in cease evaporation. W. KOPPEN CLASSFICATION A prime example of this type of classification is W. Koppen published between 1900 and 1936. The key features of Koppen’s final classifications are temperature criteria and...
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...3. A number of years ago, employees in a city water distribution department were put into teams and encouraged to find ways to improve efficiency. The teams boldly crossed departmental boundaries and areas of management discretion in search of problems. Employees working in other parts of the city began to complain about these intrusions. Furthermore, when some team ideas were implemented, managers discovered that a dollar saved in the water distribution unit may have cost the organization two dollars in higher costs elsewhere. Use the open systems perspective to explain what happened there. 6. A common refrain among executives is “People are our most important asset.” Relate this statement to any two of the four perspective of organizational effectiveness presented in this chapter. Does this statement apply better to some perspective than to others? Why or why not? CASE STUDY 1.1 1. What perspective(s) of organizational effectiveness best describe(s) the application of lean management practice? Describe how specific elements of that perspective relate to the interventions described in this case study. * Sunderland Royal Hospital used open systems perspective and organizational learning that will describe the application of lean management practices. Open systems perspective because they used an external source and developed a new knowledge from Nissan factory in improving an efficient and service quality of the Sunderland Royal Company. Organizational learning was used...
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.............................................. 3 1.1 Background theory....................................................................................................................3 1.2 History.......................................................................................................................................5 2. Lubricants in manufacturing processes.............................................................5 2.1 Mineral oils...............................................................................................................................5 2.2 Synthetic lubricants..................................................................................................................6 2.3 Boundary lubricants – natural oils and fats........................................................................6 3. Health issues...................................................................................................7 4. Old methods of Lubricant removal and waste treatment.................................7 5. Modern methods of Lubricant removal and waste treatment. ........................7 6. Comparison of old and new.............................................................................8 7. Environmental impact of lubricants. ...............................................................8 8. Coolants in the manufacturing process............................................................9 9. Environmental impact of...
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...Watershed management is the study of the relevant characteristics of a watershed aimed at the sustainable distribution of its resources and the process of creating and implementing plans, programs, and projects to sustain and enhance watershed functions that affect the plant, animal, and human communities within a watershed boundary.[1] Features of a watershed that agencies seek to manage include water supply, water quality, drainage, stormwater runoff, water rights, and the overall planning and utilization of watersheds. Landowners, land use agencies, stormwater management experts, environmental specialists, water use surveyors and communities all play an integral part in the management of a watershed. Contents • 1 Sources of pollution • 2 Controlling pollution • 3 Governance • 4 Environmental law • 5 See also • 6 References • 7 Further reading • 8 External links o 8.1 Coastal Zones Sources of pollution In an agricultural landscape, common contributors to water pollution are nutrients and sediment which typically enter stream systems after rainfall washes them off poorly managed agricultural fields, called surface runoff, or flushes them out of the soil through leaching. These types of pollutants are considered nonpoint source pollution because the exact point where the pollutant originated cannot be identified. Such pollutants remain a major issue for water ways because the difficulty to control their sources hinders...
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...The Indus River Basin: The Continuing Water Disputes Between India and Pakistan Anise Ko August 7, 2014 Professor Beth Bennett Introduction The Indus River was a key factor in the development of the Asian civilization. It originates in the Tibetan plateau and flows through four different countries: Tibet, Afghanistan, India and Pakistan to end in the Arabian Sea. The Indus River catchment area is as follows: sixty percent of the area belongs to Pakistan, about twenty percent belongs to India, five percent belongs to Afghanistan and fifteen per cent belongs to Tibet (Aljazeera, 2011). There are a total of six main tributaries: Sutlej, Ravi and Beas flow through Punjab and the other three rivers of the Indus basin - Indus, Jhelum and Chenab run through the territory of Jammu and Kashmir (Harvard, 2011). Since the partition of the British Indian empire in 1947, Pakistan and India have fought over the province of Punjab and the state of Kashmir, which resulted in a partition of the area between the two countries. The water dispute is also closely related to partition of the Kashmir region, too. The six rivers run through India which controls Jammu and Kashmir, before reaching Pakistan and the part of Jammu and Kashmir governed by Pakistan (Harvard, 2011). The geological allocation described above brought out significant disadvantages to Pakistan in early the1950s as a consequence of the political conflicts between the two countries. The help of the World Bank together with...
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...Definitions/Glossary...............................................................................................6 2.0 METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH TO EIA.................................................................8 2.1 General....................................................................................................................8 2.2 Study Boundaries and Scope of Factors.................................................................8 2.3 Prediction of Environmental Effects.......................................................................9 2.4 Cumulative Environmental Effects.........................................................................10 2.5 Mitigation, Contingency and Compensation..........................................................10 2.6 Commitment to Monitoring and Follow-Up...........................................................11 2.7 Public, Stakeholder and Aboriginal Community Consultation..............................13 2.8 Terms of Reference (TOR).....................................................................................14 3.0 CONDUCT OF THE STUDY AND CONTENT OF REPORT......................................20 3.1 Project Description - Scope of...
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