...Brain Drain: Why People Leave their Motherland? (Implications for the Developed and Developing Economies) ‘Ask not what your country can do for you – ask what you can do for your country?’ – John F. Kennedy, Former US President. The need to migrate to another place from where you are is a old habit of the human race. The migration of people from one country to another has both good and bad effects. Good effects on the country that they are migrating to and a bad effect of on the country that they are leaving when it comes to highly educated people and skilled man power. In economic terms, it is known as brain drain. It is now widely known that migration of highly skilled or educated people of one country to another to settle down and work is to improve their economic condition. At about the same time that the United states of America launched its space programme and reduced its immigration laws from other countries to the US, the newly liberated countries of Asia (which includes Sri Lanka) , Africa and Latin America started to develop their economy which required skilled professionals in engineering, educationists, technicians and others. But the migration of these type of professionals to developed countries bottlenecks the development of the poor countries. We can see that the majority of the young or educated people from around the globe are preferring to settle down in the developed countries like USA, UK, Canada, Australia or other European and East Asian...
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...The term ‘Brain Drain’ was first coined by the British Royal Society and they used it to explain the transfer or outflow of scientists and technologists from one’s homeland to countries like The United States of America and Canada in the 1950s and early 1960s. This is normally used as another word to describe the movement of Human Capital (HC hereafter) – where the net flow of expertise was more heavily focused in one direction as compared to the other. Phase-1 (1950s to 1960s) Grubel and Scott identified that developed and developing countries are advanced in the fields of science and technology while Pierpaolo Giannocolo concluded that a lesser developed country which sends its qualified and skilled workers to these countries will not only benefit from this socially but also economically. Initially, the outflow of scientists and technologists was focused from Europe (and primarily the UK) to The United States and Canada. On the other hand, Kannappan stated that the heavy outflow of skilled labor from poor countries resulted in the nations losing their economic and productivity potentials. Similarly, according to Portes, the concept of ‘brain drain’ was mainly harmful for the native countries as it resulted in the development of the North and backwardness of the Southern countries. Phase-2 (1970s-1990s) The reviews from a majority of the scholars concluded that the concept of ‘brain drain’ is in fact not beneficial for the native country as it usually results in the host...
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...nations is referred as the brain drain or the human capital flight. This migration of talented individuals may be due to conflicts, lack of opportunity, or health hazards where they are living. In India, brain drain is more because educated individuals are emigrating for higher wages and better opportunities. It has been in our consciousness since 30 years and many bright youngsters have emigrated mainly to US from early 1960s onwards including a large fraction of the graduating class at IITs in India. Advantages The money the emigrants have sent back home has helped in alleviating poverty in their homes. It has resulted in less child labor, greater child schooling, more hours worked in self-employment and a higher rate of people starting capital intensive enterprises. The money remittances have also reduced the level and severity of poverty. Moreover, the money migrants sent back are spent more in investments such as education, health and housing, rather than on food and other goods. Disadvantages Due to the influence of brain drain, the investment in higher education is lost as the highly educated person leaves India and becomes an asset to other country. Also, whatever social capital the individual has been a part of is reduced by his or her departure. With all the college graduates leaving their homelands, it raises the question as to whether their skills are being put to good use in the destination country. The chances of Brain Waste are possible. In a similar...
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...International Journal of Manpower Emerald Article: Brain drain from Turkey: the case of professionals abroad Nil Demet Güngör, Aysit Tansel Article information: To cite this document: Nil Demet Güngör, Aysit Tansel, (2008),"Brain drain from Turkey: the case of professionals abroad", International Journal of Manpower, Vol. 29 Iss: 4 pp. 323 - 347 Permanent link to this document: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01437720810884746 Downloaded on: 12-05-2012 References: This document contains references to 35 other documents To copy this document: permissions@emeraldinsight.com This document has been downloaded 1649 times. Access to this document was granted through an Emerald subscription provided by IQRA UNIVERSITY KARACHI For Authors: If you would like to write for this, or any other Emerald publication, then please use our Emerald for Authors service. Information about how to choose which publication to write for and submission guidelines are available for all. Additional help for authors is available for Emerald subscribers. Please visit www.emeraldinsight.com/authors for more information. About Emerald www.emeraldinsight.com With over forty years' experience, Emerald Group Publishing is a leading independent publisher of global research with impact in business, society, public policy and education. In total, Emerald publishes over 275 journals and more than 130 book series, as well as an extensive range of online products and services. Emerald is both COUNTER 3 and TRANSFER...
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...BRAIN DRAIN Human capital flight, more commonly referred to as "brain drain", is the large-scale emigration of individuals with technical skills or knowledge. The reasons usually include two aspects which respectively come from countries and individuals. In terms of countries, the reasons may be social environment (in source countries: lack of opportunities, political instability, economic depression, health risks; in host countries: rich opportunities, political stability and freedom, developed economy, better living conditions). In terms of individual reasons, there are family influences (overseas relatives, and personal preference: preference for exploring, ambition for an improved career, etc. Although the term originally referred to technology workers leaving a nation, the meaning has broadened into: "the departure of educated or professional people from one country, economic sector, or field for another, usually for better pay or living conditions". Brain drain is usually regarded as an economic cost, since emigrants usually take with them the fraction of value of their training sponsored by the government or other organizations. It is a parallel of capital flight, which refers to the same movement of financial capital. Brain drain is often associated with de-skilling of emigrants in their country of destination, while their country of emigration experiences the draining of skilled individuals. The term brain drain was coined by the Royal Society to describe the emigration...
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...Brain BRAIN DRAIN AND IMPACT ON DEVELOPMENT OAS Special Committee on Migration 13 January 2009 Washington Presentation Outline Background and Overview Issues and Impacts Policy Responses 2 Brain drain • Outflow of persons – Volume – Relative to the wider economic and social environment – Compensatory movements • Cost benefit analysis – Est 5% global liberalization of labour migration could contribute $300b p.a to world welfare (greater than ODA or FDI) – Even a more conservative increase by developed countries of 3% of their total workforce would increase world welfare by more than $150b p.a. 3 Migration data • Neither globally nor regionally established data collection mechanisms • No consensus on definitions • Incompatibility of data from different sources at national, regional and international levels • Stock data – no flow data: only limited reflection of true level of migration • Data on specific migrant groups from receiving countries– often not compatible • Trafficking and irregular migration – very limited knowledge. 4 Background • World total migrants in 1980: 100 million – 47.7 million were in developed countries, compared with 52.1 million in developing countries. 2002 – 40.8 million migrants live in North American countries (13% of the pop) • 2006: out of a global total of some 190 million migrants – 61 million had moved South - South, 53 million North -North, 14 million North -South and 62 million South...
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...All of us have dreams and goals in life even if others deny it. We finish our education because we want to have a better tomorrow. In pursuing that dream of ours, we need a drive and that’s a stable job that can suffice our needs and even wants in life without neglecting and asking guidance from our dear Lord, Jesus. Because all these things comes from Him and made possible because of Him. As for nurses who really go out of the country to find a good living abroad is in fact a loss from our country because Filipinos are really hard working people and well motivated to achieve their objectives and goals in life. These are the kind of people who are mostly a believer and pursuer of dreams and some of them are highly appreciated and honored abroad by their working ethics and the way they value and do their works. Well it’s not just the nurses but all Filipinos working abroad is such loss from our country. What are the reasons why nurses go abroad? What is in the overseas that we cannot find here in the Philippines? As observed the main reason and truth about it is, to have a better future regarding with financial matter to be capable of having a good life and stability in terms of financial needs which is the key to having a better way of living. Each year the Philippine government produces thousands of nurses and it’s difficult to their part to produce enough nursing jobs to all nurses that’s also one big reason why nurses desires to work abroad. Although, Filipino nurses are...
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...Storm Water Mitigation JoAnn Westerberg Research and Writing - ENG 215 February 26, 2012 Amanda Mc Clure Storm Water Mitigation While driving to work during a rainstorm, I noticed how much rainwater was pooling on city streets. Many roads become flooded because of the amount of rainfall and the inability of the storm drains to handle the amount of rainfall. After a heavy rainfall, hillsides comes tumbling down across roads. News reports from all across the country show how flooding occurs, washing away roads, trees and houses. This is a major problem country-wide causing millions of dollars of damage every year. How can this be prevented? There are many ideas to alleviate the problem of such flooding such as using rain gardens, grassy swales, and permeable pavement. A rain garden is a planted depression that allows rainwater runoff from impervious urban areas like roofs, driveways, walkways, and compacted lawn areas allowing the storm water runoff to soak into the ground instead of flowing into storm drains. Rain gardens decrease the amount of pollution entering into creeks and streams by 30 percent. Rain gardens are usually located near a drainage pipe or a roof. The benefits of rain gardens are improving the quality of runoff water, provide flood control, encourage wildlife and biodiversity, ties developments and environments together, and are pleasing to the eye. In 1990, Dick Brinker, a developer building a new housing subdivision in Prince George County...
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...used; * Trenches were excavated through building’s and pipe’s perimeters in order to do the footing and accommodate pipes; * Screened bank run gravel was utilized as bedding for pipes and conduits to support the earth load; * The land was graded according to its final characteristics: areas to be paved with grader; areas under slab; sloped areas; * Geotextile was used in the field area to control the rolled erosion. Underground Utilities: * According to a brief research, Southcentral frost line is between 4 and 6 ft. Once Wasilla is located near the ocean, frost line was considered around 4 feet under the floor. Having this in mind, water pipe, storm drain pipe and sewer pipe were placed at 5 ft bellow grade; * For water and sewer pipe high density polyethylene was used. For storm drain pipe, corrugated polyethylene pipe was used, as specified in project. Bases, Ballasts, Pavements & Appurtenances: * For roads, sidewalks, parking lot, entry way, student drop off 2’’ asphalt pavement and 24’’ subbase was used; * For the building, 12’’ subbase was used; * For practice field, slopes, rain garden and event parking, 4’’ top soil was used; * A 2’’...
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... Instead of leaving with a prescription or receipt for my new glasses in hand. I left with images of the pressure behind my eyes, a new diagnosis of papilledema and a referral to the emergency room. I was admitted into the hospital the same evening after leaving the eye doctor. The diagnosis that the optometrist had given was accurate. The emergency room physician had brought in an optical specialist to confirm there was excessive pressure behind both of my eyes. This is uncommon in young women my age, so the doctor asked many probing questions and concluded they wanted to do some additional test. This was the evening that I received my very first spinal tap. The spinal tap concluded that I had excessive cerebral spinal fluid on my brain. After spending three more days in the hospital I was introduced to my new neurologist. Before going home I was educated on my new diagnosis of intracranial hypertension. The doctors gave me a lot of reading material, and a follow up appointment with my neurologist to...
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...Meningitis is one of the fastest spreading diseases as it is an infection on the lining and fluid around the brain and spinal column. The cause of this disease may be bacterial, viral, fungal or parasitic. The most often of these is viral meningitis, which causes hearing loss. The hearing loss caused by meningitis is the body’s reaction to the disease during the inflammation process, depending on the type of meningitis involved as well as the age of the patient. Children diagnosed with pneumococcal meningitis are at a very high risk of becoming deaf because of the rate at which this disease affects the body. With pneumococcal meningitis, a child can become deaf within days of first contracting the...
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...3 Thinking Techniques to Improve Your Intellectual Horsepower Here are 3 simple thinking techniques I tend to use each day. There are some more advanced thinking techniques, but here I’m boiling down to a set of 3 you can use today. In fact, you can even use them while you read this post. I’ll go through the thinking techniques in order from simpler to more complex, so you can use them right away. For the sake of this exercise, let’s think of "thinking" as simply asking and answering questions. If you want to improve your thinking, ask better questions. Using these techniques will improve your thinking, by improving your questions. 3 Thinking Techniques Here are 3 thinking techniques I use fairly regularly: * How Might That Be True? * PMI * Six Thinking Hats How Might That Be True When you hear something new, or information that conflicts with what you think you already know, ask yourself, "how might that be true?" This simple question will open your curiosity. It can also help you build rapport. This second point is especially important. If you’re quick to prove people wrong, people won’t share information with you. Rather than fight somebody on a point, right from the start, you can help them explore the point. You don’t have to agree. Instead, you’re exploring possibility. Sometimes people have good information or knowledge, but it’s generalized so it appears to be wrong, but there’s kernels of truth or insight. PMI I think of PMI as Edward...
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...1 General Layout of the Nervous System 3.4 Spinal Cord 3.2 Cells of the Nervous System 3.5 Five Major Divisions of the Brain 3.3 Neuroanatomical Techniques and Directions 3.6 Major Structures of the Brain ISBN 0-558-78571-9 Biopsychology, Eighth Edition, by John P.J. Pinel. Published by Allyn & Bacon. Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. 3.1 ■ General Layout of the Nervous System I n order to understand what the brain does, it is first necessary to understand what it is—to know the names and locations of its major parts and how they are connected to one another. This chapter introduces you to these fundamentals of brain anatomy. Before you begin this chapter, I want to apologize for the lack of foresight displayed by early neuroanatomists in their choice of names for neuroanatomical structures— but, then, how could they have anticipated that Latin and Greek, universal languages of the educated in their day, would not be compulsory university fare in our time? To help you, I have provided the literal English meanings of many of the neuroanatomical terms, and I have kept this chapter as brief, clear, and to the point as possible, covering only the most important structures. The payoff for your effort will be a fundamental understanding of the structure of the human brain and a new vocabulary to discuss it. 51 Central nervous system Peripheral nervous system 3.1 General Layout of the Nervous System ...
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...Study Guide Essentials of Psychology By Robert G. Turner Jr., Ph.D. About the Author Robert G. Turner Jr., Ph.D. has more than 20 years of teaching and education-related experience. He has taught seventh-grade science, worked as a curriculum developer for the Upward Bound Program, and taught sociology, social psychology, anthropology, and honors seminars at the university level. As a professional writer, he has written nonfiction books, journal and magazine articles, novels, and stage plays. Contents Contents INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS LESSON ASSIGNMENTS LESSON 1: PSYCHOLOGY: THE SCIENCE OF THE MIND LESSON 2: THE MIND AT WORK LESSON 3: MOTIVATION, EMOTION, DEVELOPMENT, AND PERSONALITY RESEARCH PROJECT LESSON 4: PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS LESSON 5: PSYCHOLOGY FOR TWO OR MORE CASE STUDIES SELF-CHECK ANSWERS 1 7 9 43 75 117 127 147 167 171 iii YOUR COURSE Instructions Instructions Welcome to your course, Essentials of Psychology. You’re entering a course of study designed to help you better understand yourself and others. For that reason, you can think of this course as practical. It should be of use to you in living your life and reaching the goals you set for yourself. You’ll use two main resources for your course work: this study guide and your textbook, Psychology and Your Life, by Robert S. Feldman. OBJECTIVES When you complete this course, you’ll be able to ■ Describe the science and methodologies of psychology in the context of its...
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..."Quick, pass The B12, I'm getting Shrink-brain." In a discovery by Oxford University recently their findings revealed that there is a clear link between low quantities of vitamin B12 and brain shrinkage. Scientists who were using physical checks, memory tests, and brain scans to examine 107 people from the ages of 61 to 87. The same group of volunteers were later retested and the researchers found that those with the lowest levels of the B12 vitamin were also found to have smaller brains, conclusively confirming, that the earlier research done, which showed a link between brain atrophy and low levels of B12, was correct.. Go easy on the booze. In brain scans of more than 1,800 patients it was found that those who drank 14 or more drinks a week had up to 2 percent more brain shrinkage than those of tea drinkers. Women in their seventies were the highest risk group. The researchers also discovered another interesting anomaly, that the hippocampus which is that part of the brain which stores memories was found to be 10 percent smaller in beer drinkers than those who drank only wine. And the inhalation of cannabis marijuana was shown to have the exact same brain rotting effect....
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