...LEARNING THEORIES - COGNITIVE LEARNING THEORIES l CHAPTER 5 CHAPTER 5 Learning Theories - Cognitive Learning Theories LE ARNI NG OUTCOMES After studying this chapter, you should be able to: 1. Explain what is cognitive revolution and the cognitive perspective on learning and how it differs from other theoretical perspective; Discuss the origins of the contemporary cognitive perspective including the Gestalt psychology and the role of perception; Describe the Information processing model to learning and distinguish the features of ‘Multistore model’; Explain what is schema theory; Link schema theory to cognitive structuralism and examine the role of insightful learning and meaningful learning; and Discuss application of cognitive theories in the classroom. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 104 CHAPTER 5 l LEARNING THEORIES - COGNITIVE LEARNING THEORIES INTRODUCTION Sometimes you wonder why the teacher use colourful chalk with some of the words written on the board. Sometimes the teacher write in capital letter with important words. These are useful as guides for the students to differentiate the important and unimportant facts. In other words, accurate perception is important in good learning. It is part of the Gestalt principles. Clearly, these principles are useful as guide for teachers as they organize their materials and learning activities. So in this chapter, we will discuss the origin and features of cognitive theory and relate them to...
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...The short-term memory/long-term memory distinction If there is a difference between short- and long-term memory stores, there are two possible ways in which these stores may differ: in duration, and in capacity. A duration difference means that items in short-term storage decay from this sort of storage as a function of time. A capacity difference means that there is a limit in how many items short-term storage can hold. If there is only a limit in capacity, a number of items smaller than the capacity limit could remain in short-term storage until they are replaced by other items. Both types of limit are controversial. Therefore, in order to assess the usefulness of the short-term storage concept, duration and capacity limits will be assessed in turn. Short-term memory is used to remember a number looked up in a telephone book. Students who cram for a test retain the information in their short-term memory. Important life moments, such as the birth of a child, are stored in a person's long-term memory. Looking through old photos will likely trigger long-term memories. Bottom of Form Short-term and long-term memory, while closely related, have many differences. Long-term memory is used to store information, memories, skill sets and procedural knowledge that can be readily retrieved when needed, both voluntarily and involuntarily. Short-term memory is designed to retain information for a brief period of time, after which it is then either forgotten or stored permanently...
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...Standard 1: A school administrator is an educational leader who promotes the success of all students by facilitating the development, articulation, implementation, and stewardship of a vision of learning that is shared and supported by the school community. The effective administrator: 1.1 Uses research about best professional practice. Cooperative Learning "Cooperative learning is the instructional use of small groups so that students work together to maximize their own and each other's learning." WHAT IS IT? Cooperative learning is a successful teaching strategy in which small teams, each with students of different levels of ability, use a variety of learning activities to improve their understanding of a subject. Each member of a team is responsible not only for learning what is taught but also for helping teammates learn, thus creating an atmosphere of achievement. WHY USE IT? Documented results include improved academic achievement, improved behavior and attendance, increased self-confidence and motivation, and increased liking of school and classmates. Cooperative learning is also relatively easy to implement and is inexpensive. HOW DOES IT WORK? Here are some typical strategies that can be used with any subject, in almost any grade, and without a special curriculum: Group Investigations are structured to emphasize higher-order thinking skills such as analysis and evaluation. Students work to produce a group project, which they may have a hand...
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...Promote innovation in a team environment Task 1 A] Appendix 1 has been reviewed and highlighted the interesting characteristics of every individual. B] The team members that I would have in the initial phase are Li and David. The reason being that initial stages of any process are more about drafting and planning stages and these two have the visionary and innovative acumen that can create great ideas and drafts for later refining. C] Team goals 1. Create innovative marketing campaign 2. Organise an opening event 3. Incite tasting trial Goal number one was chosen as this is the first step into differentiation and penetration strategy if the business brand is to be recognised. It will be achieved by harnessing the innovative brains and visionary strategies of the two team members. Goal number two was chosen as this opening event will create a buzz and curiosity within our target market. This will be achieved by having all team members organising a special one off opening ceremony. Goal three was chosen because it solidifies the other first two goals and will create good word of mouth if customers like our Cafelato. D] Each team member will contribute to the team goals by bringing in all their listed characteristics in Appendix one to a team environment and harness that for a common cause. Li: Weaknessess-Lack of IT interest and most likely knowledge, lack of cautious approach. Strengths; Imaginative, very social, visual and strategic David: Weaknesses- Only...
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...Reproducible Skills Pages, Including: >>Body & Brain Science >>Reading Comprehension >>Graphs, Charts >>Critical Thinking >>Sequencing 14 Drug Education Activities FROM SCHOLASTIC AND THE SCIENTISTS OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON DRUG ABUSE, NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES STEPHEN KRONINGER(ILLUSTRATION) Dear Teacher, One of the most important things you can do as a teacher is to give your students information about the health effects of drug abuse. Together with the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), we’ve put together this 16-page book of reproducibles, full of facts and activities on drugs of abuse. This book is just one component of our ongoing drug education program, “Heads Up: Real News About Drugs and Your Body,” a partnership between NIDA and Scholastic Inc. These skills pages can be used alone or to support and extend the feature articles that appeared in your classroom magazine in the 2002- 2003 school year and are continuing this year. This book includes an introduction to the brain, that crucial organ so vulnerable to drugs of abuse. Then, we focus on the health effects of specific drugs, including marijuana, inhalants, nicotine, steroids, prescription drugs, club drugs, heroin, and cocaine. While you can use these reproducibles to support a drug education, health, or human-body science curriculum, the activities extend into other areas. In order to complete the activities, students must read charts and graphs...
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...used to convert Data into Information, it takes input (data) through input devices process it into CPU, stores it and also displays the result through output devices. A computer is a programmable machine. The two principal characteristics of a computer are; it responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner and it can execute a prerecorded list of instructions (a program). Modern computers are electronic and digital. CPU The actual machinery; wires, transistors, and circuits are called hardware while the instructions and Data are called software. All the general-purpose computers require the following hardware components: Central processing unit (CPU) The “heart” or “Brain” of the computer, the component that actually executes instructions is known as CPU or Central Processing Unit. Memory It is also known as main memory, primary memory or simply RAM (random access memory). It is volatile type of memory. It enables a computer to store data and programs temporarily. Input devices Devices used to input the data and instructions into the computer system. Usually a keyboard and mouse are used as input devices. Output devices Devices used to display the are known as output devices. A display screen, printer, or speakers and other such type of devices that lets you see what the computer has accomplished. Mass storage devices Such types of devices allow a computer to...
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...THE NERVOUS SYSTEM The nervous system allows the animal to quickly detect, communicate and co-ordinate information about its external and internal environment so it can make efficient appropriate responses for survival and/or reproduction. The two major parts of our nervous system are the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS is made of the brain and spinal cord. The cranial nerves, spinal nerves and ganglia make up the PNS. The cranial nerves connect to the brain. The cranial and spinal nerves contain the axons (fibres) of sensory and motor nerve cells. Nerve cells areas are also known as neurons. Neurons are the basic unit of the nervous system. They carry information or impulses as electrical signals from one place to another in the body. There are 3 types of neurons: Sensory Neurons- Sensory neurons carry electrical signals (impulses) from receptors or sense organs to the CNS. Sensory neurons are also called afferent neurons. The cell body of sensory neurons is outside the CNS in ganglia. Motor Neurons- Motor Neurons Carry Impulses From The CNS To Effector Organs Motor Neurons Are Also Called Efferent Neurons. The Cell Bodies Of Motor Neurons Are Inside The CNS. Interneurons- These are also called intermediate, relay, or associative neurons. They carry information between sensory and motor neurons. They are found in the CNS. TOP The Structure of Neurons A Neuron consists of THREE MAIN PARTS: A. CELL...
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...------------------------------------------------- Cumulating Project For RDG 543 April 18, 2015 Dan hartman Cuthbertson High School April 18, 2015 Dan hartman Cuthbertson High School Door Door PART ONE: PHYSICAL CLASSROOM SETTING 12 | Student workstations Student workstations 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | Objectives and Procedures in English and Spanish Objectives and Procedures in English and Spanish 11 | | Student Discussion And Reading Area Student Discussion And Reading Area | 19 | Student work stations Student work stations 10 | | | Student work stations Student work stations 20 | 9 | | | 21 | 8 | | | 22 | 7 | | | 23 | 6 | | | 24 | 5 | | | 25 | 4 | | | 26 | 3 | | | 27 | 2 | | | 28 | 1 | | Teacher Desk Teacher Desk | 29 | | | 30 | | Teacher Resource area Teacher Resource area DoorSmart Board Smart Board | | Classroom dimensions: approximately 27’ by 42’ Classroom consists of 30 desktop PC’s for individual student use. These PC’s are situated on a shelf that is built into the wall and not able to be moved. The PC’s are hard wired into the network for internet connections. PC’s are all configured with Microsoft Office 2013. In addition to individual student PC’s, there are 15 traditional student desks that are used for discussion areas and for students to use when not on the PC. Some students find it more convenient to use the traditional desks when...
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...Fatima B. Niog Introduction to Research BSEd-English 3A Dr. Pedro D. Abanador Problem : Factors Affecting Reading Comprehension of Students Solutions: A. Interactive 1. Story Retelling 2. Story Grammar Training 3. Question-Answer 4. Reading Tutorial 5. Recitation B. Self-Enrichment 1. Inferring 2. Synthesizing 3. Summarization 4. Paraphrasing Strategy 5. Repeated Readings C. Assessment 1. Giving exam 2. Giving assignments 3. Book report 4. Impromptu Speech 5. Story Mapping INTERACTIVE Story Retelling Retelling is a reading skill that demonstrates comprehension. Retelling is the ability to read or listen to a story, then summarize it in paraphrased form. Children begin learning the basics of retelling in kindergarten where teachers start to informally assess the students' overall understanding of a story. Retelling is a useful assessment tool throughout school because it can measure simple to advanced comprehension, as well as help the students improve their listening and speaking skills. Instructions 1. Review retelling strategy. Model it again for those who may struggle. Read a short story aloud to the class, then summarize the important details in the correct sequence. Write each summarizing statement on chart paper. Number the statements so students understand how to retell in the order that events happened. 2. Choose an instructional level text, like a short story from...
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...INTRODUCTION A. Origin of the report: This report on “Features, Advantages, Disadvantages and Price of Desktop Computer, Laptop Computer, Palmtop Computer, PDA and Mobile Phone” is submitted to Tahmina Khanam, course teacher of the course MGT 308 “Computing Fundamental” on July 02, 2009. The information of the report has been conducted under the direction of Lecturer Tahmina Khanam. B. Purposes: To find out the different features of different types of computer and latest technology and their advantages, disadvantages and prices. C. Scope of the study The frontier of the report is that it only discusses about desktop computer, laptop computer, palmtop computer, PDA and mobile phone. We have known a lot of things through the internet. D. The Limitations of the study The report has some limitations. The websites did not provide clear information about a lot of topics. Everything in there is very complicated. E. Methodology There are two types of method by which we have collected all the data and information. The first method is that we went to computer sales centre to know about the computers features and prices. The second is that we searched the internet for further information. The data and other analysis those have been done in this report are on the basis of the course “MGT-308 – Computing Fundamental”. F. Report Preview We discuss one by one the types of the computer. And we also include features, advantages, disadvantages and price with...
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...Application Chapter 1: Being a Leader U2-C1-L1 Leadership Defined U2-C1-L2 Leadership Reshuffled U2-C1-L3 Leadership from the Inside Out U2-C1-L4 Principles and Leadership U2-C1-L5 Sexual Harassment/Assault Chapter 2: Leadership Skills U2-C2-L1 Steps from the Past U2-C2-L2 Roles of Leaders and Followers in Drill U2-C2-L3 Using Your Leadership Skills/Taking Charge 57 61 67 73 77 81 85 89 Unit 3 - Foundations for Success Chapter 1: Know Yourself – Socrates U3-C1-L1 Self Awareness U3-C1-L2 Appreciating Diversity through Winning Colors U3-C1-L3 Personal Growth Plan U3-C1-L4 Becoming an Active Learner U3-C1-L5 Pathways To Success (QBOL) Chapter 2: Learning to Learn U3-C2-L1 Brain Structure and Function U3-C2-L2 Left and Right Brain Functions U3-C2-L3 Learning Style and Processing Preferences U3-C2-L4 Multiple Intelligences Chapter 3: Study Skills U3-C3-L1 Thinking Maps U3-C3-L2 Reading For Meaning U3-C3-L3 Study Habits that Work for You Chapter 4: Communication Skills U3-C4-L1 The Communication Process U3-C4-L2 Becoming a Better Listener Chapter 5: Conflict Resolution U3-C5-L1 Causes of Conflict U3-C5-L2 Conflict Resolution Techniques Chapter 8: Making a Difference with Service Learning U3-C8-L1 Orientation to Service Learning...
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...BEST WAY TO STUDY For some time, research studies have concluded that we do not learn / study in precisely the same way. For this brief commentary, I have deliberately grouped both terms as similar. While this common sense approach towards scholarship represents a welcomed message for parents and students, many teachers still teach a large number of pupils one way, more often than not, by using traditional teaching styles that might appear to be successful for the teacher but unsuccessful for a large majority of the youngsters seated in front of them. This is incorrect teaching -- proof that common sense continues to be not all that common within many of today's classrooms. My following commentary attempts to address this key issue, while at the same time, to offer suggestions for possible classroom improvement. If teachers require their students to receive domain-specific information in a way that does not correspond with their dominant learning modalities, to perform under classroom conditions that interfere with their preferred learning, or to demonstrate learning in such a way that fails them to use their more dominant intelligences, then such teachers create within their students forms of artificial stress, reduced motivation, and repressed performance. Along this same line of thinking, there is a considerable body of research evidence suggesting that many special education students who have been formally categorized, for example, as learning disabled (LD) are, in fact...
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...Introduction Technology and Livelihood Education (TLE) is one of the nomenclature in the implementation of the K to 12 Basic Education Program (BEP) composed of four components namely: Agri-Fishery Arts, Home Economics, Industrial Arts and Information and Communication Technology (ICT). In this module, the focus is on an ICT mini-course – Computer Hardware Servicing. Now that the workforce is behind in equating the number of available jobs, the Department of Education is revitalizing its resources to prepare the young minds by honing their skills as future hardware service providers. Thus, this module seeks to provide students with the knowledge, skills and motivation in the field of hardware servicing. In this course, you will be introduced to different learning activities preparing you to be skillful before you take the plunge into the world of work as a hardware service provider and to feel more confident while providing support where needed. Indeed, as learners of hardware servicing, you are a crucial link in the emergency response process. Ideally, everyone should know what to do in an emergency situation, but proper training can help an individual provide basic care. This module is specifically crafted to focus on Process and Delivery enriched with hands- on activities that will assess your level in terms of skills and knowledge. Learning procedures are divided into different sections such as: What to Know, What to Process, What to...
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...Learning Outcomes By the time you finish this chapter you will be able to LO 5.1 Identify the essential elements of successful reading. LO 5.2 Explain how to improve concentration and read more effectively. LO 5.3 Discuss techniques for memorizing large amounts of information. LO 5.4 Analyze how best to retain what you have read. Page 104 “R ead the next chapter in the textbook by Tuesday.” “Read the first two articles in the course pack by next class.” “The test will cover the first hundred pages in your book, so be sure you've read it.” One day, three different reading assignments, Jeff Knowles thought as the instructor of his last class of the day delivered this last instruction to read. It would be hard enough for Jeff to complete all this reading during an ordinary week. But this week he had to finish painting his garage and had volunteered to help his brother move. On top of that, there was his part-time landscaping job—and, Jeff suddenly remembered, he'd agreed to work overtime on Friday. Still, Jeff figured that even with all his work, family, and household obligations, he could still find time to do all his reading—except Jeff believed he was an unusually slow reader. When he pushed himself to read quicker and absorb more, he actually read and retained less. For Jeff, the problem wasn't just completing the reading—it was remembering it when test time rolled around. LookingAhead For people like Jeff, reading assignments are the biggest challenge...
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...CECOM FSB Instructor Course Student Guide 15.03.23 PREPARATION 1 Instructor and Classroom Preparation 3 Classroom Management 17 Course Introduction 33 LESSON PLANNING AND PRESENTATION 41 Introduction to Lesson Planning 43 Anticipatory Set 51 Learning Objectives Writing Questions and Objectives Using Bloom’s Taxonomy 57 Input and Modeling Implications of Short-Term Memory Research Implications of Long-Term Memory Research Presentation Skills: Verbal, Vocal, Visual Presentation Skills: Questioning 77 93 105 113 Guided Practice Cooperative Learning Learning Styles/Modalities: Multiple Intelligences 121 135 Independent Practice Differentiated Instruction Assessment 153 161 Closure 171 REFERENCES 177 1 2 3 4 5 6 Course Overview Lesson Planning • • • • • • • • • • • Class Schedule • Start Time • Lunch • Dismissal • Breaks Class Agenda: what topics are taught on what days Review Anticipatory Set Objectives Purpose Input and Modeling Check for Understanding Guided Practice Closure Independent Practice (Sousa, 2011) The instructor is given what to teach, and he/she chooses how to teach it. We intend not to overwhelm students with information, and we will learn why in later lessons on memory. 7 Reliable Sources • • • • Quick reference guides Training manuals Manufacturer’s website...
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