...Customer Based Brand Equity Model (CBBE) The CBBE model approaches brand equity from the perspective of the customer – whether customer is an individual or an organization. The CBBE model provides a unique point of view as to what brand equity is and how it should best be built, measured and managed. The power of a brand lies in what customers have learned, felt, seen and heard about the brand as a result of their experiences over time. The big challenge for marketers is to ensure that customers have the right type of experiences with their products and services. In order to do this, marketers must develop marketing programs in way that best fit into customers' mind and linked the brand to the desire customers' feelings, thoughts, actions and beliefs. So that customer-based brand equity is defined as, the differential effect that brand knowledge has on consumer response to the marketing of that brand. Customer-Based Brand Equity Pyramid Brand Salience: It's means broad awareness of the brand. The first step in building a brand equity is the brand awareness that contains two parts; brand recognitioin (how easily customer identify a brand after exposing some cue or a physical product) and brand recall (how easily customer recall the brand without showing a cue while making purchase decision or thinking the product category). We must consider both the breadth and depth of the brand awareness; the depth is that how likely it is for a brand element...
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...Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 38, No. 3, pp. 1009–1030, 2011 0160-7383/$ - see front matter Ó 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Printed in Great Britain www.elsevier.com/locate/atoures doi:10.1016/j.annals.2011.01.015 BRAND EQUITY, BRAND LOYALTY AND CONSUMER SATISFACTION Janghyeon Nam Kyungnam University, South Korea Yuksel Ekinci Georgina Whyatt Oxford Brookes University, UK Abstract: This study aims to investigate the mediating effects of consumer satisfaction on the relationship between consumer-based brand equity and brand loyalty in the hotel and restaurant industry. Based on a sample of 378 customers and using structural equation modelling approach, the five dimensions of brand equity—physical quality, staff behaviour, ideal selfcongruence, brand identification and lifestyle-congruence—are found to have positive effects on consumer satisfaction. The findings of the study suggest that consumer satisfaction partially mediates the effects of staff behaviour, ideal self-congruence and brand identification on brand loyalty. The effects of physical quality and lifestyle-congruence on brand loyalty are fully mediated by consumer satisfaction. Keywords: brand equity, customer satisfaction, brand loyalty. Ó 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. INTRODUCTION Consumer satisfaction is essential to long-term business success, and one of the most frequently researched topics in marketing (e.g., Jones & Suh, 2000; Pappu & Quester, 2006). Because consumer satisfaction...
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...Research Proposal Brand and Consumer Behaviour of Innocent Module title: Research Methods Module number: M25BSS Module Leader: Dr Steve Jew By: Mahdieh Mehrabi Moezabadi (SID: 3576238) MBA MARKETING 1. Title 2. Background 3. Preliminary Review of Literature 4. Research Questions and Objectives 4.1. Questions 4.2. Objectives 5. Research Plan 5.1. Research Perspectives 5.2. Research Design 5.3. Data collection 5.3.1. Methods 5.3.1.1. Secondary Data 5.3.1.2. Primary data 5.3.2. Use of primary and secondary data 5.3.3. Access and sampling strategy 5.3.4. Data analysis and presentation 5.4. Limitations of research 5.4.1. Validity 5.4.2 Reliability 5.4.3. Generalisability 6. Ethical considerations 7. Planning 8. References 1 1 2 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 11 1. Title Brand and Consumer Behaviour of Innocent 2. Background At the time of the integration of world economy, competition has become stronger and for the success of company activity in national, regional, and world markets, one of the most important factors is to effectively manage quality and its means of identification such as trade and quality marks, brands, etc. There has been a growth in the products with different brands and trademarks as well as in consumption of goods. In the modern days, brands symbolize different sets of meanings, generating specific associations or emotions for every consumer. The brand is the competitive advantage for a company and a source of added value which leads to...
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...A cross-national validation of the consumer-based brand equity scale Isabel Buil Department of Economy and Business Studies, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain Leslie de Chernatony Birmingham Business School, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK, and ´ Eva Martınez Department of Economy and Business Studies, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain Abstract Purpose – This study seeks to investigate the measurement invariance of the consumer-based brand equity scale across two samples of UK and Spanish consumers. Design/methodology/approach – Brand equity was conceptualised as a multi-dimensional concept consisting of brand awareness, perceived quality, brand associations and brand loyalty. To test the brand equity scale cross-nationally a survey was undertaken in the UK and Spain. Measurement invariance was assessed using multi-group confirmatory factor analysis. Findings – The brand equity scale was invariant across the two countries. Results show that the consumer-based brand equity scale has similar dimensionality and factor structure across countries. In addition, consumers respond to the items of brand equity in the same way, which allows meaningful comparison of scores. Research limitations/implications – Future research could examine the cross-national generalisability of the brand equity scale using other countries’ products and services. Practical implications – Given that the brand equity scale is invariant across countries, researchers and international...
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...Does Good Branding Result in Good Sales? Introduction It is all about the Brand, a typical consumer mind speaks when talking about a product. Interestingly, it is not always consistent that a consumer will buy “Branded” products as labelled by the company but in fact buys the products which he/she labels as a “Brand” according to his/her perception and leaves all the companies in search of a magic wand that can propel the sales of their products labelled as a good brand. Hence the million dollar question “Does good branding result in Good Sales?” The paper examines how branding actually resulted or didn’t result in good sales. Before answering the question stated above, let us establish a common understanding of a Brand and consumer perception of the brand and yes it starts with a question. What is a Brand? The simplest answer is that a brand is a set of associations that a person (or group of people) makes with a company, product, service, individual or organisation. These associations may be intentional – that is, they may be actively promoted via marketing and corporate identity, for example – or they may be outside the company’s control. For example, a poor press review for a new product might ‘harm’ the product manufacturer’s overall brand by placing negative associations in people’s minds. As stated by a Branding guru (source unknown) “If Coca-Cola were to lose all of its production-related assets in a disaster, the company would survive. By contrast, if all consumers...
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...A study of the effects of brand image on consumer behaviour and brand equity Eddie Phun Foo Boon BA Hons (University Malaya) MBA (University Putra Malaysia) International Graduate School of Management Division of Business and Enterprise University of South Australia (UniSA) Submitted on this 10th November in the year 2004 for the partial requirements of the degree of Doctor of Business Administration UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 31 A66 2.1JuJ LIBRARY. Doctor of Business Administration Portfolio Submission Form Name: Phun Foo Boon Student ID: 100008513 Dear Sir / Madam To the best of my knowledge, the portfolio contains all of the candidate's own work completed under my supervision, and is worthy of examination. I have approved for submission the portfolio that is being submitted for examination. Signed: D. Dymock iQuek Ai Hwa Assoc. Prof. Dr. Darryl Dymock / Assoc. Prof. Dr. Quek Ai Hwa 10 Nov 2004 Supported By: /I 51:c--- in_ Prof. David Richards Chair, IGSM Doctoral Board of Examiners DBA Portfolio Declaration I hereby declare that this portfolio submitted in partial fulfilment of the DBA degree is my own work and that all contributions from any other persons or sources are properly and duly cited. I further declare that it does not constitute any precious work whether published or otherwise. In making this declaration, I understand and acknowledge any breaches of the declaration constitute academic misconduct...
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...com/0263-4503.htm Brand equity for online companies Rosa E. Rios Australian College of Kuwait, Safat, Kuwait, and Brand equity for online companies 719 Received 1 May 2008 Revised 1 July 2008 Accepted 1 July 2008 Hernan E. Riquelme Kuwait-Maastricht Business School, Salmiya, Kuwait Abstract Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to determine if the traditional approach to measuring brand equity applies to online companies. Design/methodology/approach – This objective is pursued by: developing a measurement model of brand equity for online businesses; and testing the nomological validity of the model using structural equation modelling. Findings – This study finds partial support for the application of the offline brand equity theoretical framework based on brand awareness, brand associations and loyalty for online companies. Brand loyalty and brand value associations directly create brand equity. Research limitations/implications – The study is cross-sectional, the indicators or observable variables used in this study may not be deemed comprehensive enough, no interaction effects have been incorporated, and finally, the research study was based on a few online business retailers. Practical/implications – The results support the view that a consumer’s perceived sense of value resulting from a transaction with an online business develops loyalty. Also, brand-trust association and brand awareness indirectly contribute to creating brand equity through their influence...
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...CHAPTER 2 Customer-Based Brand Equity Customer-Based Brand Equity - Building a Strong Brand - Creating Customer Value - CHAPTER 3 Brand Positioning Identifying and Establishing Brand Positioning - Positioning Guidelines Defining and Establishing Brand Mantras - Brand Audits CHAPTER 4 Choosing Brand Elements to Build Brand Equity Criteria for Choosing Brand Elements - Options and Tactics for Brand Elements - CHAPTER 5 Designing Marketing Programs to Build Brand Equity New Perspectives on Marketing – Product Strategy – Pricing Strategy - Channel Strategy - CHAPTER 6 Integrating Marketing Communications to Build Brand Equity The New Media Environment - Overview of Marketing Communication Options - Developing Integrated Marketing Communication Programs CHAPTER 7 Leveraging Secondary Brand Associations to Build Brand Equity Conceptualising the Leveraging Process - Country of Origin and other Geographic Areas - Co-Branding - Licensing - Celebrity Endorsement – CHAPTER 8 Developing a Brand Equity Measurement and Management System The Brand Value Chain - Designing Brand Tracking Studies - Establishing a Brand Equity Management System – CHAPTER 9 Measuring Sources of Brand Equity: Capturing Customer Mindset Qualitative Research Techniques - Quantitative Research Techniques - Comprehensive Models for Customer-Based Brand Equity - CHAPTER10 Measuring Outcomes of Brand Equity: Capturing Market Performance...
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...MKT-429: Chapter 2 CUSTOMER-BASED BRAND EQUITY Customer-based brand equity: Past experience-Marketing Activity- Word of Mouth The CBBE is formally defined as the differential effect that brand knowledge has on consumer response to the marketing of that brand. The Power of a brand lies in what resides in the mind of customers. ▪ Differential effect-How customer react about the name ▪ Brand knowledge-Consumer has learned, felt, seen and heard ▪ Consumer response to marketing-Recall, actions in sales promotion, evaluation of extensions Marketing advantages of strong brands (Figure 2.1) ▪ Greater loyalty ▪ Less vulnerability to competitive marketing actions ▪ Improved perceptions of product performance ▪ Less vulnerability to marketing crises ▪ Larger margins ▪ More inelastic consumer response to price increases ▪ More elastic consumer response to price decreases ▪ Greater trade cooperation and support ▪ Increased marketing communication effectiveness ▪ Possible licensing opportunities ▪ Additional brand extension opportunities Brand equity as a bridge: a) Brands as a reflection of the past: b) Brands as direction for the future: FIGURE 2-2 MAKING A BRAND STRONG: BRAND KNOWLEDGE Associative network memory model: The associative network memory model views memory as consisting of a network of nodes and connecting links ❑ Nodes represent stored information or concepts ❑ Links...
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...3 The Effects of Marketing Mix Elements on Brand Equity* Edo Rajh** Abstract The structural model of the effects of marketing mix elements on brand equity is defined in line with the existing theoretical findings. Research hypotheses are defined according to the identified structural model. In order to test the defined structural model and research hypotheses empirical research was conducted on the sample of undergraduate students of the Faculty of Economics and Business in Zagreb. Research results indicate that the structural model has an acceptable level of fit to the empirical data. The estimated structural coefficients and indirect effect coefficients indicate the direction and intensity of effects of each analysed element of marketing mix on brand equity. Finally, implications of research results for the theory and practice of brand management are analysed and discussed. Keywords: brand equity, brand, strategic brand management, marketing mix JEL classification: M31 * This paper was originally published in Privredna kretanja i eknomska politika (Economic Trends and Economic Policy) No. 102, 2005, pp. 30-59. ** Edo Rajh, Research Associate, The Institute of Economics, Zagreb. Croatian Economic Survey 2005 53 1 Introduction The concept of brand equity was first introduced in marketing literature in the 1980’s. During the 90’s this topic received significant attention from both scientists and marketing practice, which resulted in a large number of articles and books...
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...all, it concerns us in the sphere of economy, as we are economic agents. In varying degree, we are able to buy or sell goods. It is a modern global economic model. Due to explosive, to some extent volatile, growth and development of economic system, in the arena has appeared a new player – multinational corporations. The nature of such companies is an international activity. This is a globalization in a pure form. Brand Equity Evaluation System (BEES) is based on eight brand equity determinants – brand sales, net operating margin, perspectives of brand development, international orientation, advertising investment, brand strength in the sector, brand image and pre-tax earnings, noted Salinas, G. (2011). In order to compose brand quality factor, we should utilize such elements as sales, net operating margin and perspectives of brand development. This factor together with other factors creates the adjustment factor as a multiple for pre-tax earnings. Finally, the brand's economic equity is equal to the product of the average pre-tax revenue and the adjustment factor, stated Salinas (2011). As any model, this BEES has weaknesses, including the fact that majority of of the determinants refer to product brands, similarity with other models. On the contrary, this model is aiming at evaluating the current level of brand equity. Due to received results, managers are able to improve their IMC by developing branding policy. In order to conquer some oversea markets, as well as home areas...
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...It is an international brand that have branch in many country such as China, USA, Europe country etc. Their mission is to create new and unique clothing to the people over the world and share the joy, happiness and satisfaction when they are wearing the UNIQLO’s clothes. Also, it enriches people’ live and help the society by using their unique corporate activities. According to UNIQLO’s official webpage, the vision of UNIQLO is “to change the clothes, change conventional wisdom, and change the world”. (UNIQLO, 2014) The brand equity of the UNIQLO is 4848 million in 2014. Compare about in 2013, the brand equity has been increase 1236 million. From the ranking, it ranks 279 in the 500 Best Global Brands in 2014. It also ranks 30 in the Best Japan 50 in 2013 and 28 in the most valuable brands in retail. (Brandirectory, 2014) This paper describes the justification for UNIQLO development what have been made and why UNIQLO maintains a high brand equity . Brand development: Customer-Based Brand Equity: When a brand like UNIQLO have good brand equity that it can use the Customer-Based Brand Equity model to discuss. Customer-Based Brand Equity (CBBE) is that” occurs when the consumer has a high level of awareness and familiarity with the brand, and holds some strong, favorable and unique brands association in memory”. (Keller, 2008 p. 73) In CBBE model, there is a Brand Equity Pyramid (Keller 2008, p.74) to show a brand can reach which stage of brand development. It includes...
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...Brands represent enormously valuable pieces of legal property, capable of influencing consumer behavior, being bought and sold, and providing the security of sustained future revenues to their owner. The value directly or indirectly accrued by these various benefits is often called brand equity (Kapferer, 2005; Keller, 2003). A basic premise of brand equity is that the power of a brand lies in the minds of consumers and what they have experienced and learned about the brand over time. Brand equity can be thought of as the "added value" endowed to a product in the thoughts, words, and actions of consumers. There are many different ways that this added value can be created for a brand. Similarly, there are also many different ways the value of a brand can be manifested or exploited to benefit the firm (i.e., in terms of greater revenue and/or lower costs). For brand equity to provide a useful strategic function and guide marketing decisions, it is important for marketers to fully understand the sources of brand equity, how they affect outcomes of interest (e.g., sales), and how these sources and outcomes change, if at all, over time. Understanding the sources and outcomes of brand equity provides a common denominator for interpreting marketing strategies and assessing the value of a brand: The sources of brand equity help managers understand and focus on what drives their brand equity; the outcomes of brand...
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...Ryanair brand key secrets making it so successful? The Keller‘s Customer-Based Brand Equity Model incorporated with Pillars of the Brand were used to make an analysis which helped to answer this question. Ryanair brand was analysed according to such components as brand awareness, brand associations (Pillars of the Brand) and brand image. Brand awareness includes the performance of both brand recall and recognition. Evaluating Pillars of the Brand and brand image, the set of both positive and negative associations was sorted out which determines the brand equity of Ryanair. Brand Awareness Measuring awareness helps us to identify how strong the brand is in the mind set of the consumers (Aaker, 1996). Different tests were carried out in order to test the brand recognition of Ryanair . The tests included making the participants identify the Ryanair brand using two cues (Appendix B). In the first exercise the participants were given a set of colours and had to match the colours to the airline. Out of fifteen responses, only three were able to attribute Ryanair with the colour blue. On the other hand, EasyJet was a clear leader in the “colours” battle, due to its strong saturation of the orange colour. The second test involved people being able to identify different brands when given the logo as a cue. Although, the Ryanair logo looked memorable, people were unable to recognise it. Therefore, the results proved that both the logo and the colour do not add much equity to the brand...
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... Product and Brand Management Submitted To Submitted By Prof. Neeraj Dubey Virendra Prasad Tamta (1219) Date: 13 Feb 2013 Centre for Management Education Vaikunth Mehta national Institute of Cooperative Management University Road, Pune- 411 007 ------------------------------------------------- Brand equity Brand equity is a phrase used in the marketing industry which describes the value of having a well-known brand name, based on the idea that the owner of a well-known brand name can generate more money from products with that brand name than from products with a less well known name, as consumers believe that a product with a well-known name is better than products with less well-known names. Some marketing researchers have concluded that brands are one of the most valuable assets a company has,as brand equity is one of the factors which can increase the financial value of a brand to the brand owner, although not the only one. Elements that can be included in the valuation of brand equity include (but not limited to): changing market share, profit margins, consumer recognition of logos and other visual elements, brand language associations made by consumers, consumers' perceptions of quality and other relevant brand values. Consumers' knowledge about a brand also governs how manufacturers...
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