...Congress System and It’s breakdown After independence and before 1967, the Congress was in a dominant position and this period normally referred as a “Congress Dominated System” or “Congress System”. Congress was a dominant force under the leadership of a majestic personality like Nehru and formed governments in centre and in most of the states. After the demise of Nehru, the Congress System started breaking up because of the fights between internal factions and power ambitions. This essay is an attempt to study the reasons behind break down of the congress system. Breakdown of Congress System Congress dominance started crumbling from the mid of 1960s. Fourth general election held in 1967 saw a fall in congress vote share and seats. The party system which emerged from this general election and till 1989 can be termed as a bipolar system where congress was facing a united opposition in almost all the states. This period also witnessed making of many coalition governments in the states where opposition posed a united front to keep congress out of power. One point can be noted here is that the votes of the congress party declined much more drastically in the assembly elections than in parliamentary elections. Following are some of the reasons which can be identified for the breakdown of the Congress systemUnited Opposition: Indian electoral system is a “First past the post” system or in India the candidate who gets the maximum vote wins. Congress never secured more that 50%...
Words: 801 - Pages: 4
...TABLE OF CONTENT 1.0 Introduction 1 2.0 Elements of Breakdown 2 3.0 The Process of Breakdown 4 4.0 The End of Democracy 5 5.0 The Process of Re-equilibration 5 6.0 Conclusion 6 LIST OF MODELS Model 1: Relationship of Legitimacy, Efficacy and Effectiveness towards Stability and Performance 3 THE BREAKDOWN OF DEMOCRATIC REGIMES: CRISIS, BREAKDOWN & REEQUILIBRATION Introduction Many existing literature on the collapse of the democracy concentrated on rises of nondemocratic political powers or the fundamental structural tension that lead to the breakdown of democratic institution. In this publication, author, Juan J. Linz is giving attention to dynamic of the political process of breakdown by referring to tragic consequences of democratic collapse in German, Spain and Chile. This attention has begun during the author childhood where he was concerned with the fate of Spanish democracy, the fate his as citizen. This concern later had shared with Alfred Stepan who writes a dissertation on the breakdown of democracy in Brazil. Both of them get support and attention from many people and agencies. The focus firstly gets attention at the Seventh World Congress of Sociology at Varna, Bulgaria in 1970. In year 1973, with the support from the Concilium of International and Area Studies of Yale University, and the Joint Committee on Latin America of Social Science Research Council and the American Council of Learned Societies, Linz and Stepan chaired the conference...
Words: 1773 - Pages: 8
...Unlike other presidents before him, Abraham Lincoln also included God into the execution of his Presidency. Originally raised Baptist, the impending war, and death of his youngest son while in office, allowed Lincoln to connect with God. A ‘born-again’ Christian, his second inaugural address was packed with biblical allusions and scriptural references. The two most important references derive from Genesis 3:19 and Matthew 7:1 that tie together the Old and New Testament, respectively. Exhibiting the knowledge and comprehension of the word of God, Lincoln says, “It may seem strange than any men should dare to ask a just God’s assistance in wringing the bread from the sweat of other men’s face, but let us judge not, that we be not judged.” In...
Words: 519 - Pages: 3
...In May 1865, with Congress out of session until December, Johnson sketched out his arrangement for rejoining the country. He offered acquittals to all Southern whites, then named temporary governors and requested traditions held to which whites alone chose delegates. The behavior of these Southern governments chose under Johnson's system turned the greater part of the republican North against the president. White Southern voters to a great extent returned individuals from the old tip top to control. Incensed by reports of rough responses against previous slaves spilling onto white guests from the North by the high ground of "renegades" was the standard. The summit of shock accompanied the usage of "Bloack Codes," laws of the new Southern...
Words: 713 - Pages: 3
...Intro: After the terrorist attacks of September 11th, 2001, President Bush and Congress reacted quickly and within one week of the attacks had adopted a joint resolution that gave the President the authority to use military force against any group or individual that was deemed to have any association with the al Qaeda terrorist network; specifically, any group or individual across the globe who was suspected of helping to aid in the planning of the attacks on the United States was now subject to the policing of the United States government (Jackson, 2010). This resolution and vow by President Bush and Congress to take on the war against terrorism resulted in massive military, law enforcement, and intelligence missions being launched in the Middle East and around other parts of the globe. These military and policing efforts resulted in thousands of detentions of citizens and non-citizens as potential suspects, however, in many cases, individuals being detained did not have formal charges placed against them, and they were merely being held on "suspicion" (Jackson, 2010). The most prominent example of indefinite detention of individuals is seen at Guantanamo Bay Naval Base in Cuba (GITMO). This pattern of indefinite detention of individuals who in many cases have never been charged with a crime has led to a multitude of legal challenges as prisoners have attempted to evoke their rights of habeas corpus in an attempt to get U.S. Federal Courts to hear their cases (Jackson, 2010)...
Words: 2111 - Pages: 9
...Intro: After the terrorist attacks of September 11th, 2001, President Bush and Congress reacted quickly and within one week of the attacks had adopted a joint resolution that gave the President the authority to use military force against any group or individual that was deemed to have any association with the al Qaeda terrorist network; specifically, any group or individual across the globe who was suspected of helping to aid in the planning of the attacks on the United States was now subject to the policing of the United States government (Jackson, 2010). This resolution and vow by President Bush and Congress to take on the war against terrorism resulted in massive military, law enforcement, and intelligence missions being launched in the Middle East and around other parts of the globe. These military and policing efforts resulted in thousands of detentions of citizens and non-citizens as potential suspects, however, in many cases, individuals being detained did not have formal charges placed against them, and they were merely being held on "suspicion" (Jackson, 2010). The most prominent example of indefinite detention of individuals is seen at Guantanamo Bay Naval Base in Cuba (GITMO). This pattern of indefinite detention of individuals who in many cases have never been charged with a crime has led to a multitude of legal challenges as prisoners have attempted to evoke their rights of habeas corpus in an attempt to get U.S. Federal Courts to hear their cases (Jackson, 2010)...
Words: 2111 - Pages: 9
...Shoppe to look into; being that it is the largest coffee producing country in the world. (Institute., 2001-2006) According to Institute in 2001-2006,“Coffee was introduced in Brazil by Francisco de Mello Palheta in 1727 from Cayenne, French Guiana. Today, Brazil is the world's largest coffee producer and is becoming a significant player in the specialty coffee industry.” Today, Brazil coffee beans are not only used for coffee blending; Now that they are not pre-blended for us we can roast them properly to amplify their diverse characteristics. (Institute., 2001-2006)Afterwards, if desired, we can blend the roasted coffees together to achieve a richer, bolder, and smoother espresso blend. (Institute., 2001-2006) Since the breakdown of the IBC and the quota system internal coffee consumption in Brazil has increased, Coffee exportation to the United States has also increased. (Institute., 2001-2006) In Brazil, the plantations cover huge areas and employ hundreds of workers to tend the plants. (Institute., 2001-2006)Brazil processes its coffee by the wet (washed), dry (natural), and semi-washed...
Words: 913 - Pages: 4
...page 1 1. (TCO A). You are a healthcare consultant hired by the Midwest Healthcare System to assist them in developing their organization's strategic plan that will shape the development of a comprehensive network of services for their community. The organization provides the usual array of inpatient services expected in a moderate-sized community hospital. A local nursing home and retirement community is for sale, and the organization is considering the purchase of that agency. There is a regional hospital that is trying to establish a statewide hospital network. There is a local county health department that provides some clinic services, primarily for the uninsured. You’ve been asked to give a presentation to the board of directors on options for restructuring their local delivery of healthcare services. The hospital's president has asked you to focus your presentation on the elements of a comprehensive delivery system and to highlight innovative methods to restructure the hospital. The presentation will lay out the requirements of an integrated healthcare delivery system. (Points : 25) 2. (TCO B). You are the newly hired Vice President of Human Resources for the Bayside Regional Health System. You have the responsibility for all of the usual human resources functions, including retention plans, the training and development function, and the recruitment process. In addition, you have the additional departments of volunteers and the...
Words: 1055 - Pages: 5
...CHILE: THE DEVELOPMENT, BREAKDOWN, AND RECOVERY OF DEMOCRACY. In the nineteenth century, of all Latin American states that had been part of the Spanish Empire, Chile enjoyed a unique reputation for its institutional order and internal peace. The first years of independence were quite turbulent, and Chile did not escape the common experience of the continent-military violence and strife administrative discontinuity-in that period of political turmoil. The Battle of Lircay in 1830 marked the beginning of a new one. It was in the history of the republic. In that year armed struggle of conservatives and liberals, with centralist federalist caudillo and led to a period of Conservative government under the leadership of Diego Portales, the virtual dictator of Chile. Portales was primarily responsible for the establishment in Chile of a constitutional system, which remained essentially unchanged for more than half a century, and which year’s later Chile had an international reputation as the Republic of South American model. However, the public view of a man or group of men would have done little for her, as geographical and social circumstances helped solve the problems of political organization. The landowner , who owned large estates ruled the field , while the toiling peasantry , from colonial times to the twentieth century , Chile , could be described as an agrarian society essentially unique , characterized by extreme land monopoly stratification marked social . Only in...
Words: 879 - Pages: 4
...IF You Face Any Problem Then E Mail Us At JOHNMATE1122@GMAIL.COM Question HSM 541 Final Exam Health Service Systems Week 8 – Final 1. (TCO A) You are the newly hired Chief Knowledge Officer (CKO) for a mid-size hospital in a semiurban area of the country. Your first task is to develop the organization’s strategic plan that will shape the development of a comprehensive network of services for their community. The organization provides the usual array of inpatient services expected in a moderate-sized community hospital. A local nursing home and retirement community is for sale, and the organization is considering the purchase of that agency. Several physician practices are also interested in alliances with the hospital. There is a local county health department that provides some clinic services, primarily for the uninsured. You’ve been asked to give a presentation to the board of directors on options to restructure the local delivery of healthcare services. The hospital’s president has asked you to focus your presentation on the common elements a comprehensive delivery system attempts to accomplish and to highlight innovative methods of restructuring. The presentation will lay out the requirements of an integrated healthcare delivery system. (Points: 25) 2. (TCO B) You are the newly-hired Vice President of Human Resources for the Bayside Community Health System. You’ve been on the job for just 3 months and have considerable experience in human resource functions. You have...
Words: 1103 - Pages: 5
...Global Market Entry Project -Part I Marketing 481 Table of Contents General Country Information 3 Flag 3 Geography 4 Population 4 Production 5 Cultural and Social Analysis 5 Values 5 Religion 5 Languages 6 Ethnicity 6 Social Structure & Educational System 7 Place on Figure 2-2 & 2-3 7 Political and Legal Analysis 7 Type of Political and Legal System 7 Elections 8 Government Involvement in Economy 9 Legal System’s Effectiveness 10 Assessment of Market Attractiveness 10 Corruption Level 11 Economic Analysis 12 Type of Economic System 12 Development Level 12 Works Cited 12 General Country Information Flag The flag of Spain like any other country’s flag have sentimental value to the people of Spain. It is designed with three horizontal stripes of red and yellow. It is formatted with red on the top and yellow in the middle that is double the width of the red, following with a red stripe at the bottom. In the yellow stripe, there is a figure of the national coat of arms closer to the left of the flag. The figure represents “the emblems of the traditional kingdoms of Spain (clockwise from upper left, Castile, Leon, Navarre, and Aragon) while Granada is represented by the stylized pomegranate at the bottom of the shield; the arms are framed by two columns representing the Pillars of Hercules, which are the two promontories (Gibraltar and Ceuta) on either side of the eastern end of the Strait of Gibraltar;...
Words: 2765 - Pages: 12
...This document is prepared on the critical analysis and evaluation of breakdown structures done in the Human Resource Internet Integration (HRII) project. This project is a software development project which was outsourced and carried out by Valley Data Programming Group (VDPG). The main objective of the project was to analyses the requirement, design, implement and maintain the software Human Resource online data in order to serve the requirement of the California State University of Sacramento. This project includes a system requirement analysis, project management plan, software requirement generation, design, implementation, system testing and acceptance testing. Therefore, the critical analysis will begin with the background information of the project. In addition, a theoretical frame work has been prepared for the type breakdown structures that are carried out in the project. Moreover, to further critically analyze and draw conclusions of breakdown structures, tables, charts and figures has been used. Finally, conclusions are drawn based in the critical analysis conducted for the purpose gathering information in a concise manner. The table 1 below presents the general information of HRII. Table 1.0 Project background information table (Source: Adapted from Project Management Dec 2014, PMI 2013, p. 19) A project is a sophisticated undertakings that involves unique set of tasks and activities that are conducted within sets of limits to meet the objectives that are defined...
Words: 2278 - Pages: 10
...Monday morning, 29 August 2005, this is a day most New Orleans residents will never forget. This was the day a category 5 hurricane named Katrina made its catastrophic debut to the Gulf Coast region and killed over 1,300 people. (The White House, 2006, p. 1) After it was all said and done, the nation was shocked at the events that unfolded in Alabama, Louisiana and Mississippi and people were left wondering, “What went wrong?” National Geographic reported that the storm originated about a week earlier, 23 August, in the Caribbean and worked its up from the Bahamas making landfall Thursday, 25 August, in Miami. Winds at this time were 75-80 mph making it a category 1 hurricane causing some tree damage and killing two people. (Drye, 2005) The storm lost strength for a little while but once it hit the warm waters of the Gulf of Mexico, it rapidly gained momentum and before long reached wind speeds up to 175 mph making it a category 5 hurricane. On Sunday, 28 August, New Orleans mayor, Ray Nagin, issued a mandatory evacuation order. Roughly 24 hrs later, the full strength of Katrina slammed into New Orleans and Biloxi. (Drye, 2005) Local and state emergency managers are responsible for coming up with a plan of action for different hazardous situations. Once a situation gets overwhelming for those levels of management, federal assistance is then requested. Prior to Hurricane Katrina’s arrival, various local emergency management agencies (LEMAs), such as local fire, police, and...
Words: 1717 - Pages: 7
...Preface The Cold War was a struggle for global influence between the United States and the Soviet Union. To that end, the two countries employed a variety of methods, all short of a direct, all-out attack on each other's homelands. The methods they used included the creation of rival alliances, the extension of military and economic aid to client states and would-be client states, a massive and expensive arms race, propaganda campaigns, espionage, guerrilla warfare, counterinsurgency warfare, and political assassinations. The Cold War was one of the longest conflicts in human history, over seventy years in duration, with periodic lulls in the level of hostility. It was also the widest in scope of all the world's wars; it was fought on every continent on the globe and, considering the space race, over every conti- nent as well. The Cold War was also one of the costliest of the world's conflicts, not only in numbers of lives lost but also in resources expended. In the end, the Soviet Union collapsed, and communism, at least in the form that existed in the Soviet Union, expired. But, as Mikhail Gorbachev pointed out, both sides lost much in the Cold War. The United States lost many lives and consumed huge financial resources as well, and the demo- cratic principles on which it was founded were endangered. For decades, historians have argued about the origins of the Cold War. Who, or what, was primarily responsible? Was it inevitable? One...
Words: 1632 - Pages: 7
...WorldCom could not have failed as a result of the actions of a limited number of individuals. Rather, there was a broad breakdown of the system of internal controls, corporate governance and individual responsibility, all of which worked together to create a culture in which few persons took responsibility until it was too late. — Richard Thornburgh, former U.S. attorney general1 On July 21, 2002, WorldCom Group, a telecommunications company with more than $30 billion in revenues, $104 billion in assets, and 60,000 employees, filed for bankruptcy protection under Chapter 11 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code. Between 1999 and 2002, WorldCom had overstated its pretax income by at least $7 billion, a deliberate miscalculation that was, at the time, the largest in history. The company subsequently wrote down about $82 billion (more than 75%) of its reported assets.2 WorldCom’s stock, once valued at $180 billion, became nearly worthless. Seventeen thousand employees lost their jobs; many left the company with worthless retirement accounts. The company’s bankruptcy also jeopardized service to WorldCom’s 20 million retail customers and on government contracts affecting 80 million Social Security beneficiaries, air traffic control for the Federal Aviation Association, network management for the Department of Defense, and long-distance services for both houses of Congress and the General Accounting Office. Background WorldCom’s origins can be traced to the 1983 breakup of AT&T. Small...
Words: 317 - Pages: 2