...An Article Critique - Mammography Screening for Breast Cancer Yao Luo University of San Francisco BACKGROUND Despite the high incidence rates, in Western countries, 89% of women diagnosed with breast cancer are still alive 5 years after their diagnosis, which is due to detection and treatment (Parkin, D., & Pisani, 1999). Mammography is such a widespread screening in most developed countries, with the aim of reducing breast cancer mortality through early detection of the disease. However, the organization and delivery vary across geographic regions in ways that may influence its effectiveness (Domingo et al., 2015). In this article critique paper, I choose two relevant peer-reviewed articles using case-control study design to explore the effect of mammography screening on breast cancer survival. The first one is Mammography Screening and Risk of Breast Cancer Death: A Population-Based Case–Control Study (Suzie et al., 2011). STUDY AIMS The authors conducted a case–control study to assess the effectiveness of the Dutch population–based program of mammography screening. The hypothesis of this study was that mammography screening was associated with a decreased risk of dying from breast cancer. METHODS A. What was the main outcome of interest? The main outcome was the breast cancer. Data on breast cancer were obtained from the Comprehensive Cancer Center Rotterdam. Causes of death were obtained through linkage with Statistics Netherlands. B. What was the main...
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...Research Process HCS/465 September 10, 2012 Introduction This paper is a descriptive review of the literature on breast cancer outcomes: 1990 through 2000. The research was done on fewer than 100 subjects in the United States and Western Europe. The results of this research also includes past projects of 1089 articles of which 230 were included. No single item was used to come to the conclusion of this article. A while ranges of research methodologies were used. The research used limited subjects which to me in some ways show that there is more in the particular are that needs to be studied. Role of Literature review in this research article The role of literature review in this research is justifying the proposed research activity. The literature review indicates how the project will be different from the one that has been published. The literature review also develops case argument for this proposed study based on the literature that has been reviewed. For example, in this article, the literature review states that patient participation and consumerism in health care decisions that occurred together with the growth in outcomes of care in the last three decades of the 2oth century set the stage for the development of measures that are patient based. These measures were for general breast cancer related issues. The literature also presents the results of Ware et al that presented results that validated a self report of a patient’s measure...
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...production. Breastcancer is one very well know topic, a better understanding of this topic which define the disease itself and its sufferers. I will aim to explain the specifically of breast cancer and breast cancer bodies. Part of the challenge of this project, and indeed is to point out breast cancer issues is still not found in major histories ofphotography, or even anthologies of womenþs photography. Itstradition lies inx-rays, MRIs and collections of medical photographs designed forthe purposes ofdocumentation or instruction, or, alternately, in scattered exhibitions or collections. This history has only very recently been reclaimed and written differently by women photographers and writers, and feminist academics and activists. I have deliberately chosen two photographs whose subject involves some type of writing literally on the bodyas a way ofconcentrating my discussion of the issues involved when photography attempts to process or project experiences of breast cancer, or shape publicperceptions ofthe disease. In this essay, which is part of a more extensiveinvestigation, I will begin some readings focusing on how two women's work incombined image andtext points to desire and agency. The photographs have both strongsimilaritiesin their re-writing on and of the breast cancer body, and markeddifferences intheir attitudes and intentions. In each case, the photograph itselfis worthlooking at closely as a photograph on its own, yet the text whichaccompanieseach...
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...Breast Cancer: The Fight in Men and Women Abstract Cancer is made up of many diseases. There are over 100 different types of cancers. Cancer is a disease in which abnormal cells split without control and intrude the likes of other tissues. Cancer cells normally spread to other areas of the body through the blood and lymph system. Breast cancer is the most common cancer in the United States when it is referred to women. Breast cancer also can be found in men. It is said to be a rare occurrence, but it is a growing problem among the male species. Breast cancer has many risk factors that can play a huge part in the wake of this disease. There are several different tests that can determine your status. Cancer is a disease that is a major problem within our country. There are many naive people who may be unaware of the seriousness of this unfortunate disease. Cancer is the leading cause of death in the United States today. Breast cancer is the most common of all cancers that consumes the lives of many women each year. However, breast cancer is also a problem that attacks men as well. Breast cancer is considered a rare occurrence in men, but it is a growing problem that should be recognized. Because breast cancer is a disease that is more common in women, it is silently overlooked and rarely talked about in men. [Thesis might be revised further so that it summarizes the main idea of your essay more clearly.] In the United States there are 234,580 new cases of breast...
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...1- http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/37136.php 2- http://www.breastcancercare.org.uk/breast-cancer-information/about-breast-cancer/breast-cancer-facts 3- http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-help/type/breast-cancer/about/screening/mammograms-in-breast-screening 4- http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Cancer-of-the-breast-female/Pages/Treatment.aspx 5- http://www.nhs.uk/breast-cancer/pages/symptoms.aspx 6- http://images.google.co.uk/search?num=10&hl=en&site=&tbm=isch&source=hp&biw=1366&bih=667&q=graph+showing+how+many+people+develop+breast+cancer+a+year+in+the+uk&oq=graph+showing+how+many+people+develop+breast+cancer+a+year+in+the+uk&gs_l=img.3...1155.19497.0.19674.88.12.10.66.75.0.350.1425.7j4j0j1.12.0...0.0...1ac.1.cDLE3QjXk7Y#imgrc=AedFsVGLmQKN3M%3A%3Bkl2QeQqCa-9iSM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.cancerresearchuk.org%252Fprod_consump%252Fgroups%252Fcr_common%252F%2540nre%252F%2540sta%252Fdocuments%252Fimage%252Fcases_crude_f_breast_png.png%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.cancerresearchuk.org%252Fcancer-info%252Fcancerstats%252Ftypes%252Fbreast%252Fincidence%252Fuk-breast-cancer-incidence-statistics%3B650%3B440 – picture 7- http://www.macmillan.org.uk/Cancerinformation/Cancertypes/Breast/Treatingbreastcancer/Radiotherapy.aspx 8- http://www.royalmarsden.nhs.uk/cancer-information/treatment/pages/radiotherapy.aspx 9- http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Radiotherapy/Pages/Side-effects.aspx 10- http://www.naturalnews.com/breast_cancer...
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...For many parents having their teens get their license can be the scariest thing when thinking about the safety of your child. Before handing over the keys to the family car make sure you go over the road rules and some key tips that are very valuable to young drivers. Many young teens don’t know the basics of your car like the mechanical function and maintenance. Every teen should know how to change the oil or how to change a flat tire. Before your teen gets into their make sure you go over these key things so if something goes wrong they will know how to deal with the issue. Make your teen aware that driving their car is the first priority. They should not be distracted by texting, talking on the phone, eating, the radio, friends, ext. The motto Drive Now, Talk Later is extremely important to teach your teen. If they must use their phone to text or make a phone call, pullover! Not only are they putting their own lives at risk by being distracted but they also are putting the rest of those on the road in danger. Driving is a huge responsibility and teens need to be aware of the dangers of the road. Keep your teen informed about the teen driving facts to make sure they are the safe and responsible driver that you want them to be. Some facts to share with your teen that drivers from ages 16-19 are more likely to have a fatal car crash than adults. By staying on top of your teen driver and being supportive can help reduce your teens car crash risk...
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...study participant on benefits and risks of participating in study What are some frequently asked questions? • Is the mammography test definitive in diagnosis breast cancer? • Does breast cancer risks increase or decrease with age? [pic] Delete text and place photo here. Who has Access to the Study Information, and what is the Plan for Protecting the Information? A study with open-ended questions along with personal experiences will always have some risks. Sometimes these types of studies have inconsistencies and incongruences because they are based on an individual’s experiences and feelings. Therefore, feelings cannot always be measured in the same way as quantitative studies; this type of research is more vulnerable to skepticism. The researcher was intuitive in his approach because he subjected the research data to three researchers for analysis and critical feedback. This helped to ensure validity and reliability of the study. Do they cause pain or discomfort physically or mentally? During this study some participants discussed some physical pains from the machine pressing against their breasts and others talked about their emotional and mental fears of undergoing mammogram. Albeit some discomfort, the women were willing to endure this procedure as they did not want breast...
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...Every women needs to know the facts the facts when it comes to breast cancer, every women is at risk. “Breast cancer is a multi-dynamic disease which affects the patient, the patient’s family, and society in various ways.” People should care about breast cancer because it kills men and women. It takes your friends and family members away. Now that breast cancer is being detected at an earlier stage, women are able to be treated before the cancer gets worse. Learning how many women get breast cancer and how many women die each year from the terrible disease shows me that getting and mammogram early they can detect the cancer and ultimate save women and men lives. I will be discussing about how breast cancer affects the patient, the patient’s family and society. Breast cancer can affect people in many different ways. Finding out that you have breast cancer can cause you stress like uncertainly of your future, the unpredictability of the cancer, disability, and financial difficulties. You can also be stress out about your physical appearance after a mastectomy. Losing your hair after chemotherapy, and your skin changing from the radiation therapy. You feel that everybody is going to look at you differently because you have cancer. Common signs of stress are disturbed sleep, fatigue, body aches, pain, anxiety, irritability, tension, and headaches. You can reduce stress by keep a positive attitude, accept that there are events you cannot control, be assertive instead of aggressive...
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...Women with Breast Cancer According to singer and songwriter Sheryl Crow, “People go through challenging moments of losing people and of having their life threatened from illness and real grief. But they get through it. And that’s the testament to the human spirit and it’s – we are fragile, but we also are divine.” The love and support from the people around them can build the women up and give them the strength that they need. When a woman is diagnosed with breast cancer she may start to lose her life and strength, so she tend to look at life as if it is useless. A woman with breast cancer will cause her to feel awful, but through having the support of family and friends, chemo therapy and inspiring thoughts, they can emotionally heal and get through the important exams. It may be hard for her to go through life with this sickness and to think positive about herself, but if she gets the moral and support she needs from family and friends then she wouldn’t look at life as a total lost. According to writer Lance Armstrong, “We have two options, medically and emotionally: give up or fight like hell.” No matter what their situation is, they shouldn’t give up on life without a fight. They have to learn to put up their best fight even if they don’t win at the end. With breast cancer there is no for sure winning in that fight. Having people around that is full of positive inspiration can make their fight a little better even if they do not make it through. Daughters, nieces,...
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...Breast Cancer in Middle Aged Adults: The Facts Shawneen Romito HCA/240 1/11/13 Debra Salyers Breast Cancer in Middle Aged Adults: The Facts Being diagnosed with breast cancer can be an extremely terrifying time in a person’s life, which is why it is important to understand the disease, evaluate risk factors, understand the causes, ways to prevent and detect, and where to turn to for help if diagnosed. Causes and Risk Factors: • Gender- Even though men can develop breast cancer, women are 100 times more likely to develop the disease, mainly because the female hormones estrogen and proestrogen promote cancer cell growth. • Age- The chance of developing breast cancer increases with age. 1 out of 8 invasive breast cancer cases are found in women under the age of 45, whereas 2 of 3 invasive breast cancer cases are in women aged 55 or older. [pic] • Heredity- 5% to 10% of all reported breast cancer cases are thought to be from gene defects, or mutations, inherited from a parent. • Family History- The risk of developing breast cancer is high when close blood relatives have had been diagnosed with the disease, for example, mother or sister. If a patient has 1 first degree relative, it doubles a person’s risk of developing the disease, whereas if a person has 2 first degree relatives, the risk increases three fold. 85% of women who are diagnosed with breast cancer have some form of family history. ...
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...I don't have any children yet, so my breasts are still more aesthetic than functional. I mostly use them as a food shelf, a cellphone case, and an in-flight pillow. When I was young and single and had less self-esteem, I used to joke that my breasts were "all I had" (good one, unhappy baby self!), but now that I'm older, I don’t have to rely on them to feel beautiful—for the time being, they're just parts of me that fill my clothes and make my back hurt and, sure, make me feel pretty sometimes. I just don’t think about them that much anymore. Thanks to Breasts: A Natural and Unnatural History, a surprisingly emotional book by Florence Williams, though, that's all changing. All of a sudden I can't stop thinking about my breasts. Because it turns out they are total jerks. Breasts: A Natural and Unnatural History by Florence Williams W.W. Norton In Breasts, Williams, a contributing editor for Outside magazine, attempts to offer a comprehensive social, cultural, medical, and scientific history of the human breast, a la single-word-titled best-sellers like Cod or Salt or Stiff—though not, alas, Balls. (In an act of one-word-wonder solidarity, Stiff author Mary Roach blurbed Breasts, citing Williams' "double-D talents.") Though that genre of sweeping, single-topic histories can wind up feeling hasty and reductive (it's hard to write the history of one thing without touching on the history of all other things), Williams’ writing is scientifically detailed yet...
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...Breast Cancer Breast Cancer is a cancer that forms in tissues of the breast, usually the ducts (tubes that carry milk to the nipple) and lobules (glands that make milk). It occurs in both men and women, although male breast cancer is rare. Anyone women could be at risk for breast cancer but, there are factors that make some women more susceptible to breast cancer than others. A risk factor is anything that affects your chances of getting a particular disease. Some can be controlled and some can’t. The ones you can control are genetics or family history, and environmental exposures or behaviors that might have happened in the past. The current and future behaviors can be controlled like exercise and a good diet. You also need to watch other exposures like tobacco use and high alcohol use because these are all things that could cause breast cancer. There are things you can do to reduce the risk of breast cancer and they are listed below: • Limit alcohol-The more alcohol you drink the greater the risk of getting breast cancer. • Control your weight-Being overweight increases your chances for breast cancer. • Plenty of exercise-keeping yourself active will help maintain weight and that will make your risk lower. • Breast feeding • Discontinue hormone therapy-Long term hormone therapy can cause you to be higher risk for breast cancer. • Avoid exposure to environmental pollutions These listed above is what needs to be avoided to make your risk at getting breast cancer lower...
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...Applying level II HCPCS modifiers Apply the appropriate Level II Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System (HCPCS) code modifier for each of the following examples. Explain your rationale for each selection. Portable home oxygen unit Emergency ambulance transport and extended life support Diagnostic mammogram, left breast Cortisone 10 mg injection, right shoulder Nonelectric wheelchair Intravenous catheter line, right arm Laboratory certification, cytology specimens Chest X-ray Prosthetic hip replacement, left side Electric hospital bed * * Angioplasty of right coronary artery –RC I chose this HCPCS Modifier Code because the procedure was performed on the right coronary artery. RC is the medical term for right Emergency ambulance transport and extended life support provided directly by provider of service –QN I used this because emergency ambulance transport and extended life support was given directly by a provider of services, for example, a volunteer ambulance service. Diagnostic mammogram following screening mammogram, left breast –GG This modifier code was chosen because a mammogram was performed, and using this code described more than using a code for left side. Cortisone 10 mg injection, right shoulder –RT I chose this modifier code because the cortisone 10 mg injection procedure was performed on the right side, or right shoulder of the body. Nonelectric wheelchair- GY I chose this Modifier code because the equipment was not...
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...Information System Briefing Boston’s Mobile Mammography Van has been helping women receive a free mammography for the past five years. This mobile service travels around Massachusetts with licensed technologists and radiologists on board. Since the beginning of the Mobile Mammography Van all paperwork and documentation has been done manually. “The current lack of a software system introduces risks due to potential regulatory issues, patient safety issues due to potential missed follow-up, as well as program risks due to potential loss of funding” (Wager, Lee, & Glaser, 2009, para. 9). Implementing a new software system will benefit the Mobile Mammography Van greatly. This paper is intended to identify the process for selecting and acquiring an information system, explain how the organizations goals drive the selection process, and identify the roles each organization’s stakeholders play in the selection process. Selecting and Acquiring an Information System When an organization is selecting and acquiring a new information system there is a great deal of planning and steps they must take to implement the system properly. The first step is to establish a project steering committee. “This committee’s primary function is to plan, organize, coordinate, and manage all aspects of the acquisition process” (Wager, et. al., 2009, pg. 150). After the committee has been formed the project goals should be outlines along with the scope of the project and committee. Many questions...
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...This essay will be a reflective account of an incident from practice based on Gibbs’ Reflective cycle; I will critically analyse the nature of the incident based on the best available evidence. This reflection will help to identify new skills and knowledge learnt as a result of the incident and the implications for my future nursing practice. Although I am aware many reflective models exist, I have chosen to use Gibbs’s reflective framework as it is a cycle and encourages me to think about what I would do differently next time. This clearly shows Gibbs’ awareness that a nurse will have a similar experience again. This reflection method supports Schon’s (1991 cited Issitt 2003) opinion that reflecting on practice after the event is the most effective way to maintain an improvement as a development can be made. As part of the UKCC Project 2000 pre registration nurses are expected to be able to reflect on practice experiences and reflection can help create holistic and flexible practitioners (Andrews et al 1998). For the purpose of the assignment I will use a pseudonym to protect the client’s identity in accordance with the law as stated by the Department of Health (2003), there is also an obligation stated by the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC 2008) to protect client confidentiality. This pseudonym is Sue. The first stage of Gibbs’ model is a description of what happened; whilst on a surgical ward I was caring for a lady post operatively who had a bilateral total mastectomy...
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