...only one exit, near the Golden Temple sacred to the Sikhs. Open fire ordered by British troops lasted for 10 minutes aimed towards the unarmed crowd, an estimate of 379 were killed and 1,200 people were wounded. The incident known as the Amritsar Massacre, caused a huge riot amongst nationalist demanding for the Independence of India. Such uproar led to events of civil disobedience, a display of public refusal against unjust law achieved by the act of nonviolence. Mohandas K. Gandhi, the man to lead the movement gain more popularity...
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...Why did the Pro-Treaty side win the Civil War? The Irish Civil War caused many divisions within Irish Society. The Civil War resulted from divisions within the nationalist movement as a result of the Anglo-Irish Treaty. Sinn Fein split into pro and anti-Treaty factions. The Civil War ended in May 1923 and while there was no surrender by the anti-Treaty forces, the pro-Treaty side were clearly victorious in the war. In this essay I will look at the reasons why the Pro-Treaty side won the war. In an effort to retain the initiative in the aftermath of the Dail vote in favour of the Treaty, the anti-Treaty IRA occupied the Four Courts and other buildings in Dublin. This was a tactical error by the Irregulars as these buildings were difficult to defend and the Regulars knew exactly where their opponents were. As a result when fighting broke out up to 200 Irregular troops were killed or captured in Dublin. This significantly weakened the anti-Treaty side and contributed to their defeat. The anti-Treaty forces lacked a coherent strategy. They were against the Treaty but different people within the anti-Treaty side were opposing the Treaty for different reasons. DeValera opposed the Treaty because of his opposition to the Oath of Allegiance to the British King. More hard-line republicans opposed the Treaty because of partition. This lack of a coherent strategy contributed to a weakening of the anti-Treaty side and the victory of the Regulars. In contrast the pro-Treaty side had a...
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...Revolutionary War and The Civil War as far what blacks’ involvement. The first three paragraphs of this research paper will cover the events and history of three African Americans whose importance was not greatly covered during the Revolutionary War section of this book. I also am writing researching Mary Elizabeth Bowser, a free black woman. I will discuss what she during...
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...sparked war for a third time between Great Britain and the United States. Great Britain accused the United States of violating British neutrality, and the incident created a diplomatic crisis between the United States and Great Britain during the Civil War. Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederate States of America, had dispatched the envoys James Mason, former chairman of the United States Senate Foreign Relations Committee, and John Slidell, a prominent New Orleans lawyer, to secure British and French recognition of the Confederate States as a sovereign nation. Great Britain and France had maintained their diplomatic relations with the United States following the outbreak of...
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...language distribution and how it crosses over to one or more geographic regions. The author will also explain how the colonial period affected the cultural patterns of the selected country or area and how religion affected the culture, including the language and religious changes that occurred within Mozambique’s culture. * Before the visit by Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama in 1498, coastal East Africa was occupied by the Zenj and the city-states was ruled by Arabs. The Zenj established agricultural communities and societies that primarily herded cattle. The Zenj brought with them technology for iron making, and used this skill to make weapons for the conquest of their neighboring civilizations. The Zenj built cities in Mozambique during the Middle Ages (5th to the 16th century) but were not built to stand the test of time, so there are very few remains left of these medieval cities, for example the trading port Sofala. Nevertheless, several Swahili trade ports were along the coast of Mozambique before the migration of Arabs and the colonization of the Portuguese, which had been trading with...
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...Nazi Germany and the Spanish Civil War Continuity in Hitler’s Foreign Policy Tom Goldstein Professor Herf HIST441 May 15, 2001 The Spanish Civil War (1936-9) was a very important event during the tense1930s in Europe. Although it did not make World War II inevitable, it increased the likelihood of a general war a great deal. The war had a tremendous impact on Spain itself, leaving much of the state’s economic and social infrastructure in ruins and leaving thousands dead. But the war also saw involvement from other European states as both sides of the conflict – the Right-wing Nationalists and the Left-wing Republicans (a.k.a. Loyalists) – requested and received foreign aid not only in terms of financial assets, but also in terms of war material and troops. Adolf Hitler’s Germany was one of the foreign countries most involved in the conflict, contributing economic loans as well as several thousand troops to the Nationalist cause. Hitler’s involvement in the Spanish war was consistent with a larger Nazi foreign policy aimed at diverting British and French attention from Central and Eastern Europe so that he would be unhindered in his plans for eastern expansion. However, the ramifications of the Spanish war for the rest of Europe were great in other ways. The Spanish Civil War was a major contributor to the hardening of the division between the democracies (Britain and France) and the dictatorships (Italy and Germany). Germany also...
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...play in ending British rule? The Indian Independence Act of 1947 marked a watershed upon the history of India and imperialism, predicating the protracted, but evident, retreat of empire. A body of influences are readily available in providing a depth of understanding of the event; it is, however, the permeating legacy of the Indian national congress that has been routinely identified as a political organisation synonymous with the departure of empire and colonialism. The remit of this essay focuses our attention upon the development and narrative of the Indian National Congress, and the use of its political structure in exercising and mobilising nationalist sentiments throughout the Asian subcontinent. Although instrumental and inherently central to the discussion of Indian independence, one must retain an open and wider view of the multitude of pressures, from within and without, that ultimately led to British withdrawal. It would be prudent therefore to accommodate the international economic and political circumstances that restricted the manoeuvrability of the British following the Second World War, and its noticeable influence upon the retreat of imperialism, upon the wider discussion of the end of British rule. Although providing the structure of national identity, the degree to which the congress had a direct impact upon the redirection of imperial policy is subject to speculation. The narrative of the Congress developing into an organisation, during the interwar period...
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...The war on terror is a main stream topic. Shall no free man be taken or imprisoned? Unlawful or illegal combatants are civilians or citizens deciding to take part in armed conflict in violation of the laws of war. For these types of people, GITMO, would be like a nation who didn’t honor habeas corpus… people would simply disappear into the prisons without ever having their day in court. (J. Weinerman 2012). War on terror, habeas corpus, and civil liberties are serious headlines and I will discuss how all of these subjects share their relationship. "Habeas Corpus" is a Latin phrase which means "you have the body." It is the right by which a person can go to court and challenge the validity of his/her imprisonment. In the Anglo-Saxon law, habeas corpus is the oldest human right. It even preceded the British Magna Carta of 1215 CE. The latter confirms the right by stating: "No free man shall be taken or imprisoned ... except by ... the law of the land." 2 This particular freedom has been in our history’s timeline for years to come. "According to Utah State Courts, habeas corpus is a civil proceeding used to review the legality of a prisoner's confinement in criminal cases. Habeas corpus actions are commonly used as a means of reviewing state or federal criminal convictions. The petitioner alleges the convictions violated state or federal constitutional rights. State habeas proceedings start in state District Court; federal habeas proceedings start in federal District Court."...
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...to the 1765 Stamp Act, generations of American colonists had lived in the thirteen British colonies for more than a century and a half, with democratically elected assemblies, their own representative taxation, and (something that I would view as playing a major role in aiding a revolution) many newspapers and printed material to quickly spread “news” (“Boston, Bloody Boston: The Revolution”). Those living in the colonies during the 18th century, would largely have been born in America, so it’s...
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...perspective. Important issues that dissenters advocated such as taxation, slavery, women’s rights, civil rights, and anti-war sentiments define America. In order for a society to be successful, it must encourage dissent and protect the rights of its dissenters. Dissenters fought to create change and gain rights they believed were denied to them and others. Religious dissent forced European groups such as the Quakers and Puritans, who were persecuted for their beliefs, to seek life in the colonies. During the Pre-Revolutionary Age, Christianity affected all aspects of an individual’s life. Christianity was the basis of decision making in politics and society. Governments often ruled over their subjects, with the notion that they had approval from God and would therefore be granted his mercy for slaughtering innocent individuals, whether it was through crusades or witch hunts. At the time of the seventeenth century, kings and queens final decisions ruled which branch of Christianity to follow; with the constant upheaval in rulers, and exile towards Protestants during the Catholic era and Calvinists during the Church of England era, radical religious ideals began to form resulting in a revolution. During this time period, certain individuals went against what the government and church said were true of God, and formed their own opinions of what God truly wanted. These radical actions, which went against the church and government, resulted in the earliest ideas of separation of state...
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...The Navy Of The Civil War The Civil War consisted of many legendary battles over the soil of the United and Confederate States of America, which will be retold for generations in history books. Although these land battles were indeed great, the idea of this paper will be the Naval warfare of the Civil War, paying certain attention to the battle between the Monitor and the Merrimac. Neither the North nor the South was prepared for Naval activities at the beginning of the war. To better prepare the Navy for war, three new designs were put into action for future ships. The most successful of these designs was the Monitor. The South was at a disadvantage to the North throughout the war. The South was lacking manpower during the war, since most of the seamen in the US Navy were from the North and therefore stayed with the Union when the southern states seceded. The South was also found disadvantaged for iron plates for ship armor, since there was only one establishment in the South capable of producing them. The South, knowing their disadvantage in numbers, made the call for commerce raiding of northern ships. The southern government encouraged privateering of northern ships. This privateering would help take the burden of building up the Navy off the government, since privately owned ships and sailors would be assisting the Confederate war goals. The response of the North was the blockade on the southern states. This dealt a similar blow to the South...
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...Led by well-known individuals such as Samuel Adams, John Hancock, and Patrick Henry, the Sons of Liberty directed Colonial America through the American Revolution. The fourth of July is a day in which every American celebrates his or her independence; through the actions of the Sons of liberty, this became possible. The Sons of Liberty was a group of likeminded colonists who believed that the thirteen American colonies should no longer be a part of Great Britain. Through a combination of organized protests against wrongful taxation, the Sons of Liberty established America’s freedom. A strong rebellion created and nourished by the Sons of Liberty in 18th century America represents one of the greatest achievements of civil disobedience. The group of shopkeepers, rebels, and artisans met in the Summer of 1965 to discuss the problems with the recently imposed Stamp Act and Sugar Act. The Stamp Act required that paper products used in the colonies, such as...
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...Discuss the rise of imperialism in India, with special reference to the establishment of British colonial rule in the subcontinent. Why did the British succeed while other empires failed? • Imperialism is when a country dominates another country politically, economically, culturally, etc. o And for the British this was the bigger picture that they had in mind for India. • The British succeeded in India because: o Disunity among Indian princely states. India was more a collection of militaristic princely states. The British successfully used this to play off one state against another. Clive succeeded at Plassey, because Mir Jaffar was willing to betray his master Siraj-Ud-Daulah in lie of being the Nawab. Mir Jaffar himself, was betrayed by Mir Qasim later on. o Superiority over other colonial powers. The other colonial powers in India competing for the share of resources were France, Portugal, Denmark, and Holland. Of the 4, Denmark and Holland could never really be serious competitors to the British. The battle of Amboyna happened in 1623 and this left the Dutch in South East Asia while the British had South Asia. o Portugal focused primarily on the Western coast, Goa, parts of Kerala, Karnataka, and this left the British with vast swathes of unoccupied territory. o France as the major contender to Britian in the race for colonialism. The British Army was more well equipped, more professional, more disciplined compared to the French army, suffering from indiscipline...
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...The English Revolution was a period of armed conflict and political turmoil between 1642 and 1660. This included the execution of the Charles 1st, the rise of the Commonwealth followed by the Protectorate under Cromwell and then the eventual restoration of the Monarchy. Richardson is correct to state that the events that occurred were “inherently controversial… momentous and far reaching” which are still debated today. This debate rages on whether these events can constitute a Revolution. It is dependent on what definition of the word Revolution is enacted. Historians such as Jeff Goodwin provide interpretations of what it means to have a Revolution, which shall be further explored, however what ultimately accounts is how the events and interpretations of the time fit into these interpretations. Ultimately there are two ways to look at Revolution, firstly there is the struggle or initial violent uprisings of the populous against the established state. The other way of looking at a revolution is to also examine the more long term changes or effects in the mind-set of the contemporise. In other words the changes in the way men think. Richardson pushes the idea of the initial struggle constituting a Revolution whereas others such as Hill believe that the long-term effects are more significant. Both arguments both valid against differing definitions of Revolution. Similarities between the French and English Revolutions will also provide a stark comparison of the English situation...
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...English 2010 7 December 2012 The Bhagavad- Gita: Influence on Civil Disobedience Advocates Civil disobedience can be described as the nonviolent means of bringing about social change. The Bhagavad- Gita is a philosophical poem that attempts to ask difficult questions of universal issues that deal with the topic of civil disobedience. The messages that are told throughout the poem have had major influences on civil disobedience advocates such as Henry David Thoreau, Mahatma Gandhi, and Martin Luther King. This work offers explanations that can be applied to dilemmas that can’t be resolved with a simple form of action. According to the Theosophical Society of America, The Bhagavad- Gita, commonly known as the “Gita” has been passed back and forth between America and India through these civil disobedience activists. They each had influences on each other along with the Gita. Some reoccurring themes that may have influenced Thoreau, Gandhi, and King include questions about the right way to live, seeking higher knowledge, and how no action is still a form of action. The version of The Bhagavad- Gita that is told in The Norton Anthology of World Literature, 3rd edition, begins with the moment of crisis in Arjuna’s mind. Arjuna is the middle son of his five brothers who are apart of the Pandavas. He is apart of the warrior caste and is the most skilled and feared archer of his time. They are about to engage in war with their cousins, the Kauravas, because the leader, Duryodhana...
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