...concluding in 1763, the French & Indian War brought about a series of unfavorable financial, social, and exploratory complications to colonial North America. As taxation intensified and British-colonial tensions brewed due to a prolonged military presence and a general clashing of cultures, expansion west of the proclamation line of 1763 became a problematic activity for settlers, as British management over the land westward of the boundary produced a monopoly on the administration and purchase of terrain, ultimately generating yet another source of discontentment for American colonists. Pooled together, these frustrations would later fashion the groundwork for what would become the American Revolutionary War. The French & Indian War rattled the economic framework of Britain so severely that it became forced to alleviate the weight of its debt through taxation upon the colonies. The Crown began to implement harsher policies as well as enforce preexisting ones, so as to quench the costs of war and British military occupation within North America. Products such as potash, wine, and silk became commodities difficult to acquire, as the fee to import them skyrocketed to undesirable heights. The Revenue Act of 1764, dubbed by the colonists as “The Sugar Act”, was a British-led effort to crack down on trade regulations, seeing as how most colonial merchants neglected the procedures and prices on the transacting of products such as molasses, coffee, and pimiento. Nevertheless, outraged...
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...CHAPTER 3 America in the British Empire ANTICIPATION/REACTION Directions: Before you begin reading this chapter, place a check mark beside any of the following seven statements with which you now agree. Use the column entitled “Anticipation.” When you have completed your study of this chapter, come back to this section and place a check mark beside any of the statements with which you then agree. Use the column entitled “Reaction.” Note any variation in the placement of checkmarks from anticipation to reaction and explain why you changed your mind. Anticipation Reaction _____ 1. _____ 1. _____ 2. _____ 3. _____ 4. _____ 5. _____ 6. _____ 7. The British government usually left American colonists to make their own laws pertaining to local matters. American colonial trade was severely crippled by British trade laws. The European Enlightenment had little influence on the thought of American colonists. Because they were part of the British empire, colonists were constantly involved in England’s imperial wars with France and Spain. Parliament taxed the American colonists as a way to express its authority over them, not because it needed. the money. Colonists protested the Sugar Act and Stamp Act as violations of their rights as Americans. Colonists protested the Tea Act because it threatened to raise the price of tea. _____ 2. _____ 3. _____ 4. _____ 5. _____ 6. _____ 7. LEARNING OBJECTIVES After reading Chapter 3 you...
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...states did not become a colonial power in the period 1450–1750? a. Italy b. Russia c. Spain d. France FEEDBACK: Italy was not a unified state in the period 1450–1750 and thus did not have colonies. (See the chapter introduction in your textbook.) 2. Which of the following statements most accurately describes Europe’s global position in 1450? a. Europe had climbed to relative equality in Eurasian commerce. b. Europe had little trade contact with Africa or Asia. c. Europe remained marginal in Eurasian commerce. d. Europe had come to dominate Eurasian commerce. FEEDBACK: The determination of European elites to progress beyond their marginal position in Eurasian commerce was a main incentive for European exploration after 1450. (See section “The European Advantage” in your textbook.) 3. What was the single most important factor that aided the European conquest of the Americas? a. Gunpowder b. Disease c. Horses d. Superior organization FEEDBACK: The peoples of the Americas had no immunity to European disease and up to 90 percent of the population died after contact with the Europeans, greatly easing the process of conquest. (See section “The Great Dying” in your textbook.) 4. Which of the following is an old-world crop that was soon established in Europe’s American colonies? a. Tobacco b. Potatoes c. Corn d. Rice FEEDBACK: Rice is a Eurasian product that soon became an agricultural staple in many locations in the Americas. (See section “The Columbian...
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...The Impact of the Franco- Britain Conflict on Subsequent Events “The global struggle between the French and British Empire influenced certain key events in history from 1750 to 1805. These events including the French and Indian war, by the seven year war, the American Revolution, the French Revolution and it's impact on American domestic and foreign policies, and the Louisiana purchase and it's consequences.” Colonial era diplomacy focused on the European balance of power. The competition between the French and the British often influenced the course of events in the North American colonies. https://history.state.gov/milestones/1750-1775 For almost three centuries, the European colonial powers of France and Great Britain, maintained...
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...political separation from the British Empire. A “perfect storm” of economics, politics, society, philosophy, and communication technology helped create a situation in which it was possible for the colonies to not only separate from the empire but create a functioning government to take the place of the one from which they had separated. Economically, the colonies and England were extremely close. The colonies provided a source of raw materials for the Empire as well as a marketplace to sell goods produced by...
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...complicated because of the new tax policy and administration of the motherland. The new laws clearly represented a change of direction in the management and especially in the conception of the colonies by the British government. The harsh protests and riots that started overseas showed that the colonists insinuated a doubt about the intentions of England, whose behavior was seen as a direct attack against their freedom. In the atmosphere of the colonial debate there were two main options on the positions to take regarding the facts. Many still supported the need for a reconciliation with England, either for the tradition that it bound the colonies or for the protection of trade and security of the American continent. So the fear and uncertainty to be an independent nation in the future restrained settlers' minds. More and more, on the other hand, were the voices, who courageously invoke the separation from the motherland as the only real alternative for the development and prosperity of the colonies. Therefore, the idea of independence had been circulating in the debates and private conversations, but before January 10, 1776 no one had publicly supported his needs, urging Americans to actively pursue it. The English radical Thomas Paine, with his Common Sense was in fact the first to propose the American people the separation from Great Britain, as a concrete solution, reachable in a short time. The pamphlet had an enormous impact on the colonial debate thanks to the direct and...
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...From Empire to Independence Colonies became more important for the British mainland economy Colonies experienced agricultural and commercial growth but remained diverse in composition and outlook o Generally adverse to cooperative efforts The Heritage of War Most Americans submitted willingly to the English government due to their alliance in French and Indian War o However, American nationalism was building Brutalities of English soldiers heightened sense of separate identity English soldiers were inept at frontier fighting; initial respect for them was lost English disrupted the colonies’ illegal but necessary molasses trade with the French West Indies Writs of assistance (unspecific search warrants) and naval patrols Boston merchants hired James Otis to fight writs of assistance; he lost but revealed that writs of assistance were like slavery Why was revenue needed? o Management and defense of new global possessions o Payment of war debt o Expansion of colonial administration and defense British Politics Nearly every politician was a Whig: a name given to those who had opposed James II, led the Glorious Revolution of 1688, and secured Protestant succession o Champions of individual liberty and parliamentary supremacy o Whiggism drifted into complacency: dominant group of landowners became concerned with personal wealth George III wanted to limit Whigs so ousted William Pitt as prime minister and established “king’s friends” o Government became...
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...Europe. Due to economic struggle, people were losing their jobs and became destitute. When the opportunity to come to the New World arose, many of the struggling people saw it as a way to start over and make their fortune in hope to alleviate the suffering in Europe. Beginning as early as thirty thousand years ago, during the Pre-Columbian Era, Americans came from Asia over a land bridge formed at the Bering Strait during the Ice Age. The new immigrants were gatherers and hunters, known as Native Americans, who reached a population perhaps as many as 100 million spread across Central and South America by the time the Europeans “discovered” the New World. Native Americans development of agriculture provoked new innovations and cultures that would influence America forever ("Study Notes - Free AP Notes," n.d.). During the Middle Ages, Europeans were ignorant to the existence of the Americas. Europeans became acclimated to an assortment of Asian goods including drugs, spices, perfume, and silk, however, key pathways to Asia were controlled by Muslim forces who forced European merchants to pay large amounts for their ways. European consumers distressed of the high Muslim prices demanded a less expensive, faster route to Asia....
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...Seven Years’ War Paper Your Name Goes Here Axia College of the University of Phoenix Shauna Donovan HIS 115 Many factors led up to the Seven Years’ War and in this paper I will describe the social and political backgrounds existent in eighteenth-century America, explain how the diverse backgrounds and views led to the Seven Years’ War and explain how the outcome of the Seven Years’ War affected me and America. All of this will be explained as you read along in this paper. In the seventeenth-century before I was born, “the colonies were becoming overrun by various, very different immigrant groups” (Davidson, J., 2006). Famine, warfare, and religious persecution forced many non-English groups to flee their homes in Europe to the American colonies. This immigration quickly increased the population and made the colonies greatly diverse in backgrounds. This diversity in backgrounds caused the colonies to be divided along the cultural lines. The colonists divided themselves according to ethnic, regional, racial, and religious differences (Davidson, J., 2006). “Since many of these immigrants had no way to pay for their trip to America, they arrived in the colonies already signed into indentured servitude” (Davidson, J., 2006). The population increase had a significant impact on the lifestyle of colonists in the eighteenth-century. “At this time the birth rate also increased with women typically giving birth to between five and eight children” (Davidson, J., 2006)...
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...American Revolution BEFORE THE REVOLUTION Socially and economically, the thirteen British colonies in North America fell into two groups. The southern colonies, Virginia the largest among them, had largely plantation-based agrarian economies dominated by a planter elite and worked by African and African-American slave laborers. These plantations focused on cash crop production for the Atlantic economy. The northern colonies had relatively large commercial and handicraft sectors, dominated by mercantile capitalists and worked by indentured servants and free artisan labor. Northern agriculture featured a large population of small, independent farmers, and its scale was much smaller than in the southern colonies. Slavery was part of the northern economy but not to the same extent as in the south. Also present in the colonies were two groups that formed direct links with other world societies: the British colonial government, consisting of both administrators and soldiers, and members of Indian nations living both outside and within the boundaries of the colonies themselves. CAUSES In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, European states passed laws to protect their own commercial interests. These laws, taken together, formed an economic system called mercantilism. The mercantilist system of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries benefited colonial elites while enriching European governments. But by the second half of the eighteenth century, many colonists began to...
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...empire, and disease. Later, some other Spanish soldiers conquered a richer empire, Inca empire. By 1550, Spain’s New World empire, which stretched from the Caribbean through Mexico to Peru, was administered from Spain by the Council of the Indies. The council enacted laws for the empire and supervised an elaborate bureaucracy to maintain political control and extract wealth from the land and its people. Then, two expedition went to north America to find gold and silver but they did not find any gold and silver. So Spain stopped to extend its empire and just maintained two precarious footholds in north of Mexico. By a large number of gold and silver flowing into Spain, it became the richest and most powerful state in Europe. However, these American treasure undermined Spanish predominance. Many leading merchants who refused to become Christian was expelled from Spain. The remaining Christian merchants, awash in American riches, had no desire of trading. Consequently, Spain’s economy eventually stagnated. French began to pay much attention to America after news of Cortés s exploits. King of France wanted to enrich...
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...Native Americans faced hostility and conflicts with the other. During the War of the Spanish Succession, Britain was fighting both France and Spain. It allied with the Creek Indians in the Carolinas to attack Spanish settlements in the New World, specifically Spanish Florida. This alliance with Britain resulted in Spanish aggression towards the Creeks. However, even the alliance with Britain could not stop hostility between the English settlers and the Creeks; the Creeks rebelled against the English settlers after the latter ordered the natives to pay trade debts. Farther up north in the New England region, Mohawk Indians allied with the...
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...of the Old World as well as the New. The development of America took place when a static and status-bound European was responding to new intellectual stirrings, growing trade, and competition among emerging nation- states in overseas exploration and commerce. In 1585 Raleigh established the firs British Colony in North America on Roanoke Island. English colonization in America differed in character and consequences from that of other European nations. The English Monarchs had destroyed the power of the feudal nobility and had established a strong centralized state and in so doing, the monarchs had encouraged the growth of the business middle classes, the merchants and entrepreneurs who were to be major agents of the modernizing process. By seventeenth centaury, England's imperial reach was global; it stretched west from Ireland to Newfound land to Bermuda, and eastward to the subcontinent of India. It was to the west in the New World in 1606 that King James issued charter to two joint stock companies to colonize the land that Sir Walter Raleigh had named Virginia in honor of the Virgin Queen Elizabeth. The company promptly sent out an expedition of 144 people and after four months arduous voyage they reached Chesapeake Bay in April 1607. The 105 surviving English men than proceeded up a great river, which they named for King James, and founded Jamestown- the first permanent English settlement in North America. For one category of immigrants the Virginia environment...
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...The Seven Years' War also known as the French Indian War. It lasted from 1754 to 1763. The war resulted from ongoing tensions in North America as both French and British officials sought to extend their regions. In North America the war pitted France, French colonist and their Native allies against Great Britain, the Anglo-American colonists and the Iroquois Confederacy. Prior to the war Great Britain controlled the 13 colonies up to the Appalachian Mountains. Beyond the mountains lay New France a large sparsely settled colony that stretched from Louisiana through the Mississippi Valley and Great Lakes to Canada. The French and British border was not well defined and one territory that was disputed was the upper Ohio River Valley. The French built forts in the area to try and bolster their claim of the land. The British had other plans. They sent in British forces led by colonel George Washington in an attempt to get rid of the French. The British were outnumbered and defeated by the French. This was the start of a very rough war for the British. The British Government sent General Edward Braddock to the new colonies as commander of the British North American forces, but things did not go well for him he alienated the Indian allies and colonial leaders failed to cooperate with him. He died on July 13th 1755 on a failed expedition to capture Fort Duquesne. In 1757 things started to change for Britain. They defeated French forces in India and in 1759 they invaded...
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...period of time from 1700-1750 in English North America was a pivotal term, full of growth and diversification, for the people, politics and commerce of the colonies. Revolutionary ideas were sparked by the spread of enlightened ideas to the New World, monetary monitoring by the English government, the developing complexity of the society in the colonies, and salutary neglect by England due to distracting European warfare. The justification for the future oppositional force against the English crown was defined by the important peoples and events of this time period. As a result of the British rise of power in the Atlantic World at this time, dramatic cultural developments occurred. Also thanks to the English dominance of commerce, manufacturing...
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