PROJECT REPORT
ON TRAINING IN
BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED

Submitted by:
Varsha Khanna
IT-06
110808

Acknowledgement

Success of every project depends largely on the SELF & encouragement and guidance of many others. We take this opportunity to express my gratitude to the people who have been instrumental in the successful completion of this study project. First of all we would like to thank the Management at BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED (BSNL) for giving us the opportunity to do our one-month project in their esteemed institution. We also thank our Internal Guide Ms.Kiran for providing me with valuable advice and endless supply of new ideas and support for this project.

INTRODUCTION
Broadband is often called high-speed internet, because it usually has a high rate of data in general, any connection to the customer of 256 kbit/s (0.256 Mbit/s) or more is considered broadband internet. The international Telecommunication Union Standardization Sector (ITU-t) recommendation 1.113 has defined broadband as a transmission capacity that is faster than primary rate ISDN, at 1.5 to 2 Mbit/s. The FCC definition of broadband is 200 kbit/s (0.2 Mbit/s) in one direction, and advanced broadband is at least 200 kbit/s in both directions. The OECD has defined broadband as 256 kbit/s in at least one direction and this bit rate is the most common baseline that is marketed as “broadband” around the world. There is no specific bitrate defined by the industry, however, and “broadband” can mean lower-bitrate transmission methods. Some Internet Service Providers (ISPs) use this to advantage, in marketing lower-bitrate connections as broadband.
Technology
The standard technology in most areas is DSL, followed by cable modem. Newer technologies for twisted pair phone lines such as VSDL and pushing fiber optic connections close to the subscriber in both telephone and cable plants are opening up the possibility of higher performance for streaming data, such as audio and video streams. There are now many streaming audio services, and several streaming video services. In a few of the many areas not served by cable or ADSL. ISDN is an older telephone data service that can operate at speeds of up to 128 kbit/s. it is therefore not really considered a true form of broadband, but it does have the advantage that it can share an existing phone line, and it has no distance limitations like DSL. When a phone call occurs, some of the bandwidth is allocated to the call, reducing the connection speed. When the call ends, the connection increase speed again.
What is Broadband?

* Any data access rate more than 2Mbps is considered as broadband access.

* As per the recent broadband policy of Govt. of India, access rate over 256

* Kbps will come under category of broadband access
Why Broadband? * Fast development in information technology field has yielded in applications which are bandwidth hungry.

* Inclusion of more and more graphics and video content in applications require high speed access to network.

* Network operators are trying to carry real-time traffic like voice and live video over data infrastructure to facilitate a unified network for all type of traffic.

Broadband Services

* Broadband technologies provide us a high speed infrastructure which can be utilized for accessing services which consume large quantum of bandwidth.

* Any application which consumes large bandwidth or requires to be operated in real-time environment requires broadband connectivity.

* Broadband can be deployed in following areas

* High Speed Internet access

* High speed Intranet/VPN connectivity

* Residential/SOHO connectivity

* E-Governance * Land-records * Birth and death records * Payment of bills of public utility services * Issue of licenses/certificates * Computerization of criminal records * Receipt of public complaints/grievances * Computerization of demographic information of area * Filing of income tax, sales tax and other returns

* Cable TV Service

* Video On Demand Service

* On Line Gaming

* Telemedicine

* Distance education

* Video conferencing

* Internet Banking

CLASSIFICATION:- Internet connections to its customers are provided in six different ways and they are:- 1. C.L.I 2. I.S.D.N 3. P.S.T.N 4. Broadband 5. Wi-fi 6. Lease line
Broadband
Broadband in general refers to data transmission where multiple pieces of data are sent simultaneously to increase the effective rate of transmission. In network engineering this term is used for methods where two or more signals share a medium.
Various forms of Digital Subscriber Line service are broadband in the sense that digital information is sent over one channel and voice over another channel sharing a single pair of wires. Analog modems operating at speeds greater than 600 bit/s are technically broadband. They obtain higher effective transmission rates by using multiple channels with the rate on each channel limited to 600 baud. For example, a 2400 bit/s modem uses four 600 baud channels (see baud). This is in contrast to a base band transmission where one type of signal uses a medium’s full bandwidth such as 100 BASE-T Ethernet.
In sort the broadband can be defined as a common term for a high-speed internet connection. With Broadband, the internet connection will generally be about ten times faster than with a standard dial-up modem connection.
Broadband can be delivered via several different technologies:
Leased Lines – These are very expensive and only really of interest to larger businesses with a lot of network traffic.
Cable – Connections are made via companies such as NTL or Telewest.

Satellite – This has several disadvantages it is very expensive to install and use (compared to ADSL), it is adversely affected by weather conditions and will require a dish. Cheaper solutions tend to be one way.
Power line- This technology is only available of U.K. the connection to the internet is made using your power line. Sound dangerous, but it perfectly safe and can deliver broadband at speed much higher than ADSL.
ADSL – This is the Broadband technology that is affordable for some users and small businesses. It runs over the existing copper cables at a different frequency to normal telephone conversations, which means that the phone and the internet can be use at the same time.
The only real drawback with ADSL is that you need to be fairly close to the exchange, within 5.5 km.
Some exchanges which can be upgraded to ADSL have had trigger levels set. This is the number of registrations.
Speed
For home users ADSL us about 10 times faster than a normal 56 modem and can be up to 10 times faster for business users. So downloading the web pages receiving e-mail is much faster as compare to the dialup connections. Listening music and watching video online becomes a real possibility and even video conference with foreign business partners.
Down load speed comparison chart File type | Broadband Adsl 512kbps | Dialup 56kbps | Web pages | 1.6sec | 14sec | 30sec video | 26sec | 8mins | 3.5mb mp3 | 1.3mins | 12mins |
Free’s up our landline when online
ADSL shares your phone line between voice and data calls, so you can phone people hence you are online and they can phone you.
No call charges when you use the internet
A fixed monthly fee covers all access to the internet – for a guide to what different providers charge.
The connection can be shared
In ADSL technique the connection can be shared easily using correct equipments
It’s always on
No more squeaks, pips and clicks while you wait for your modem to connect. No lengthier waits whilst the modem re-dials and re-dial… No more being thrown off after two hours on-line, this really is the internet accesses whenever you want it!
Compatibles to the latest Games consoles
It is compatible to the latest games consoles such as the Playstation 2 GameCube and X-Box which allow you to connect to broadband and play games across the internet.
Broadband internet access
Broadband internet access, often shortened to “broadband internet” or just “broadband” is a high data-transmission rate internet connection. DSL and cable modem, both popular consumer, broadband technologies, are typically capable of transmitting 512 kilobits per second (kbits/s) or more, approximately nine times the speed of modem using standard digital telephone line.

Working Principle:-
A.D.S.L.----Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) is a form of DSL, a data communications technology that enables faster data transmission over copper telephone lines than a conventional modem can provide.
ADSL has the distinguishing characteristic that the data can flow faster in one direction than the other, i.e., asymmetrically. Providers usually market ADSL as a service for people to connect to the Internet in a relatively passive mode: able to use the higher speed direction for the "download" from the Internet but not needing to run servers that would require bandwidth in the other direction.
For conventional ADSL, downstream rates start at 256 kbit/s and typically reach 8 Mbit/s within 1.5 km (5000 ft) of the DSLAM equipped central office or remote terminal. Upstream rates start at 64 kbit/s and typically reach 256 kbit/s but can go as high as 1024 kbit/s. The name ADSL Lite is sometimes used for the slower versions.
A newer variant called ADSL2 provides higher downstream rates of up to 12 Mbit/s for spans of less than 2.5 km (8000 ft). Higher symbol rates and more advanced noise shaping are responsible for these increased speeds. ADSL2+, also referred to as ITU G.992.5, boosts these rates to up to 25 Mbit/s for spans of less than 1.5 km (5000 feet). ADSL2+ also offers seamless bonding options, allowing lines with higher attenuation or lower signal to noise (SNR) ratios to be bonded together to achieve theoretically the sum total of the number of lines (i.e., up to 50Mbit/s for two lines, etc.), as well as options in power management and seamless rate adaptation - changing the data rate used without requiring to resynchronise.
Because of the relatively low data-rate (compared to optical backbone networks) ATM is an appropriate technology for multiplexing time-critical data such as digital voice with less time-critical data such as web traffic; ATM runs widely over ADSL technology to ensure that this remains a possibility.
ADSL service providers may offer either static or dynamic IP addressing.
On the wire
ADSL uses two separate frequency bands. With standard ADSL, the band from 25.875 kHz to 138 kHz is used for upstream communication, while 138 kHz - 1104 kHz is used for downstream communication.

Frequency plan for ADSL
Each of these is further divided into smaller chunks of 4.3125 kHz. During initial training, the ADSL modem tests which of the available chunks have an acceptable signal-to-noise ratio. The distance from the telephone exchange, or noise on the copper wire, may introduce errors on some frequencies. By keeping the chunks small, an error on one frequency thus need not render the line unusable: the chunk will not be used, merely resulting in reduced throughput on an otherwise functional ADSL connection.
ADSL standards Standard name | Standard type | Downstream rate | Upstream rate | ANSI T1.413-1998 Issue 2 | ADSL | 8 Mbit/s | 1.0 Mbit/s | ITU G.992.1 | ADSL (G.DMT) | 8 Mbit/s | 1.0 Mbit/s | ITU G.992.2 | ADSL Lite (G.Lite) | 1.5 Mbit/s | 0.5 Mbit/s | ITU G.992.3/4 | ADSL2 | 12 Mbit/s | 1.0 Mbit/s | ITU G.992.3/4 Annex J | ADSL2 | 12 Mbit/s | 3.5 Mbit/s | ITU G.992.3/4 Annex L¹ | ADSL2 | 12 Mbit/s | 1.0 Mbit/s | ITU G.992.5 | ADSL2+ | 24 Mbit/s | 1.0 Mbit/s | ITU G.992.5 Annex L¹ | ADSL2+ | 24 Mbit/s | 1.0 Mbit/s | ITU G.992.5 Annex M | ADSL2+ | 24 Mbit/s | 3.5 Mbit/s |
Additionally, the non-Annex ADSL2 and ADSL2+ support an extra 256 kbit/s of upstream if the bandwidth normally used for “POTS” voice calls is allocated for ADSL usage.

Digital Subscriber Line
DSL Modem
Digital Subscriber line, or DSL, is a family of technologies that provide a digital connection over the copper wires of the local telephone network. Its origin dates back to 1988, when an engineer at Bell Labs devised a way to carry a digital signal over the unused frequency spectrum. This allows an ordinary phone line to provide digital communication without blocking access to voice services.Realizing that most consumers would prefer broadband internet to a second dial out line, Bell companies rushed out the DSL technology that they had been sitting on for the past decade as an attempt as an attempt to slow broadband internet access uptake, to win market share against the cable companies.
As of 2005, DSP provides the principal competition to cable modems for providing high speed internet access to home consumers; although on average, cable is much faster than DSL in most commercial situations.
Contents
1. How it works 2. Equipment 3. Protocols and configurations 4. DSI technologies

How it works
The Public Switched Telephone Network was initially designed to carry POTS calls, as the concept of data communications as we know it today did not exist. For reasons of economy, the system nominally passes audio between 300 and 3,400 Hz, which is regarded as the range required for human speech to be clearly intelligible. This is known as commercial bandwidth. Dial-up services using modems are constrained by the POTS channel’s Shannon capacity, which indicates the maximum data rate which can be supported by a given amount of bandwidth.

EQUIPMENT
The subscriber end of the connection consists of a DSL modem. This converts data from the digital electronic pulses used by computers into a digital audio stream of a suitable frequency range for the particular DSL variant in use.
In addition the subscriber may need to install a passive electronic filter (known variously as a “filter”,”micro-filter” or a “splitter”) if using the POTS service on the same line. This ensures that the DSL modem and the telephone only receive the frequencies they are designed to handle subscribers can plug a filter into an existing telephone socket when using a “wires-only” service or alternatively the DSL provider may install it.

PROTOCOLS AND CONFIGURATIONS
Many DSL technologies implement an ATM layer over the low-level bit stream layer to enable the adaptation of a number of different technologies over the same link.
DSL implementations may create bridged or routed networks. In a bridged configuration the group of subscriber computers effectively connects into a single subnet. The earliest implementations used DHCP to provide network details such as the IP address to the subscriber equipment, with authentication via MAC address or an assigned host name. Later implementations often use PPP over Ethernet or ATM (PPPoE or PPPoA, also known as PPPoATM), while authentication with a use rid and password and using PPP mechanisms to provide networks details.

DSL TECHNOLOGIES
The reach-restraints (line length from central office to subscriber) reduce as data rates increases with technologies like VDSL providing short-range links (typically “fiber to the curb” network scenarios).
Example DSL technologies (sometimes called ADSL) include: * ADSK(Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) * HDSL (High Bit Rate Digital Subscriber Line) * RADSL(Rate Adaptive Digital Subscriber Line) * SDSL(Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line, a standardized version of HDSL) * VDSL(Very high bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line) * G.SHDSL(ITU-T Standardized replacement for early propriety SDSL)

ASYMMETRIC DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) is a form of DSL, a data communications technology that enables faster data transmission over copper telephone lines than a conventional modem can provide.

CONTENTS 1) INTRODUCTION 2) HOW ADSL WORKS a. ON THE WIRE b. MODULATION 3) ADSL STANDARDS

INTRODUCTION
ADSL has the distinguishing characteristic that the data can flow faster in one direction than the other, i.e., asymmetrically. Providers usually market ADSL as a service for people to connect to the internet in a relatively passive mode: able to use the higher speed direction for the “download” from the internet but not needing to run servers that would require bandwidth in the other direction.
For conventional ADSL, downstream rates start at 256 kbit/s and typically reach 8 mbit/s within 1.5km (5000ft) of the DSLAM equipped central office or remote terminal. Upstream rates start at 64kbit/s and typically reach 256kbit/s but can go as high as 1024 kbit/s. the name ADSL Lite is sometimes used for the slower versions.
Note that distances are only approximations. Signal attenuation and signal to noise ratio are defining characteristics, and can vary completely independently of distance (eg. non-copper cabling, cable diameter).
A newer variant caked ADSL2 provides higher downstream rates of up to 12mbit/s for spans of less than 2.5 km (8000feet). Higher symbol rates and more advanced noise shaping are responsible for these increased speeds.ADSL2+ also referred to as ITU G.992.5, boosts these rates to up to 25mbit/s for spans of less than 1.5km (5000 feet).ADSL2+ also offers seamless bonding options, allowing lines with higher attenuation or lower signal to noise(SNR) ratios to be bonded together to achieve theoretically the sum total of the number of lines (i.e. up to 50mbit/s for two lines, etc), as well as options in power management and seamless rate adoption-changing the data rate used without requiring to resynchronize. Because of the relatively low data-rate(compared to optical backbone networks)ATM is an appropriate technology for multiplexing time-critical data such as digital voice with less time-critical data such as web traffic; ATM runs widely over ADSL technology to ensure that this remains a possibility.
ADSL service providers may offer either static or dynamic IP addressing. Static addressing is preferable for people who may wish to connect to their office via a virtual private network. For some internet gaming, and for those wishing to use ADSL to connect a web server.
Frequency plan for ADSL
Each of these is further divided into smaller chunks of 4.3125 kHz. During initial training, the ADSL modem tests which of the available chunks have an acceptable signal-to-noise ratio. The distance from the telephone exchange, or noise on the copper wire, may introduce errors on some frequencies. By keeping the chunks small, an error on one frequency thus need not render. The line unusable: the chunk will not be used, merely resulting in reduced throughput on an otherwise functional ADSL connection.
Broadband
In network engineering this term is used for methods where two or more signals share a medium.
Various forms of digital subscriber line service are broadband in the sense that digital information is sent over one channel and voice over another channel sharing a single pair of wires. Analog modems operating at speeds greater than 600 bit/s are technically broadband. They obtain higher effective transmission rates by using multiple channels with the rate on each channel limited to 600 baud. For example, a 2400 bit/s modem uses four 600 baud channels (see baud). This is in contrast to a baseband transmission where one type of signal uses a medium’s full bandwidth such as 100BASE-T ETHERNET.

MORE ABOUT ADSL
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL), a modem technology, converts existing twisted-pair telephone lines into access paths for multimedia and high-speed data communications. ADSL can transmit up to 6 Mbit/s to a subscriber, and as much as 832 kbps or more in both directions. Such reads expand existing access capacity by a factor of 50 or more without new cabling. ADSL is literally transforming the existing public information network from one limited to voice, text and low resolution-graphics to a powerful, ubiquitous system capable of bringing multimedia, including full motion video to everyone’s home this century.
ADSL will play a crucial role over the next ten or more years as telephone companies, and other service providers, enter new markets for delivering information in video and multimedia formats. New broadband cabling will take decades to reach all prospective subscribers. But success of these new services will depend upon reaching as many subscribers as possible during the first few years. By bringing movies, television, video catalogs, remote CD-ROMs, corporate LANs, and the internet into homes and small businesses, ADSL will make these markets viable, and profitable, for telephone companies and application suppliers alike.

Server
Internet
Core
Network

ADSL

ADSL
1.5 to 9 mbps
16 to 640 kbps
ADSL Connection
Capabilities
An ADSL circuit connects an ADSL modem on each end of a twisted pair telephone line, creating three information channels—a high speed downstream channel, a medium speed duplex channel, depending on the implementation of the ADSL architecture, and POTS (Plain Old Telephone Service) or an isdn channel. The POTS/isdn channel is split off from the digital modem by filters, channel ranges from 1.5 to 6.1 mbps, while duplex rates range from 16 to 832 kbps. Each channel can be multiplexed to form multiple, lower rate channels, depending on the system.
ADSL modems provide data rates consistent with North American and European digital hierarchies and can be purchased with various speed ranges and capabilities. The minimum configuration provides 1.5 or 2.0 mbps downstream and a 16 kbps duplex channel; others provide rates of 6.1 mbps and 64 kbps duplex. Products with downstream rates up to 8 mbps and duplex rates up to 640 kbps are available today. ADSL modems will accommodate ATM transport with variable rates and compensation for ATM overhead, as well as IP protocols.
Downstream as wire diameter increases. Ignoring bridged taps, ADSL will perform as follows:
-------------------------------------------------
Data Rate Wire Gauge Distance Wire Size Distance
-------------------------------------------------
1.5 Or 2mbps 24AWG 18000ft 0.5mm 5.5km
-------------------------------------------------
1.5 or 2mbps 26awg 15000ft 0.4mm 4.6km
-------------------------------------------------
6.1 mbps 24awg 12000ft 0.5mm 3.7km
-------------------------------------------------
6.1mbps 26awg 9000ft 0.4mm 2.7km
While the measure varies from provider to provider, these capabilities can cover up to 95% of a loop plant depending on the desired data rate. Customers beyond these distances can be reached with fiber-based digital loop carrier systems. As these DLC systems become commercially available, telephone companies will often virtually ubiquitous access in a relatively short time.
Many applications enabled by ADSL involve digital compressed video. As a real time signal, digital video cannot use link or network level error control procedures commonly found in data communications systems. ADSL modems therefore incorporate forward error correction that dramatically reduces errors caused by impulse by continuous noise coupled into a line.
Technology
ADSL depends upon advanced digital signal processing and creative algorithms to squeeze so much information through twisted-pair telephone lines. In addition, many advances have been required in transformers, analog filters, and A/D converters. Long telephone lines may attenuate signals at one megahertz(the outer edge of the band used by ADSL) by as much as 90 db, forcing analog sections of ADSL modems to work very hard to realize large dynamic ranges, separate channels, and maintain low noise figures. On the outside, ADSL looks simple—transparent synchronous data pipes at various data rates over ordinary telephone lines. On the inside, where all the transistors work, there is a miracle of modern technology.

Access mode
ATU-C
ATU-C
ATU-C
ATU-C
DIGITAL BROADCAST
BROADBAND N/W
NARROWBAND N/W
N/W MANAGEMENT
ATU-R
PSTNn
Ph oneone(s)
Splitter
T.E
T.E
T.E
T.E
Premises Distribution Network
To create multiple channels, ADSL modems divide the available bandwidth of a telephone line in one of two ways—frequency division multiplexing or echo cancellation. FDM assigns one band for upstream data and another band for downstream data. The downstream path is then divided by time division multiplexing into one or more high speed channels and one or more low speed channels. The upstream path is also multiplexed into corresponding low speed channels. Echo cancellation assigns the upstream band to over- lap the downstream, and separates the two by means of local echo cancellation, a technique well know in V.32 and V.34 modems. With either technique, ADSL splits off a 4 kHz region for POTS at the DC end of the band.

An ADSL modem organizes the aggregate data stream created by multiplexing downstream channels, duplex channels, and maintenance channels together into blocks, and attaches an error correction code to each block.
The receiver then corrects errors that occur during transmission up to the limits implied by the code and the block length. The unit may, at the users’ option, also create super blocks by interleaving data within sub blocks; this allows the receiver to correct any combination of errors within a specific span of bits. This allows for effective transmission of both data and video signals alike.
Standards and associations
The ATM Forum has recognized ADSL as a physical layer transmission protocol for unshielded twisted pair media.
It is becoming increasingly clear that telephone companies around the world are making decisions to included existing twisted-pair loops in their next generation broadband access networks. Hybrid Fiber Coax (HFC), a shared access medium well suited to analog and digital broadcast, comes up somewhat short when asked to carry voice telephony, interactive video, and high speed data communications at the same time. Fiber all the way to the home (FTTH) is still prohibitively expensive in a marketplace soon to be driven by competition rather than costs. An attractive alternative, soon to be commercially practical, is a combination of fiber cables feeding neighborhood Optical Network Unit (Onus) and last leg premises connection by existing or new copper. This topology, which can be called Fiber to the Neighborhood (FTTN), encompasses Fiber to the Curb (FTTN) with short drops and Fiber to the Basement (9FTTB), serving tall buildings with vertical drops.
G.dmt full-rate ADSL is a technology that can expand the useable bandwidth of existing copper telephone lines, delivering high-speed data communications at rates of up to 10 Mbps. The technology brings full-motion video, telecommuting, and high-speed Internet access to the home or business, all without interrupting normal telephone service.
The ITU has approved a global industry standard for full-rate ADSL, known as G.992.1, or G.dmt. This specification calls for operation rates of up to 10 Mbps downstream and to 768 kbps upstream when operating over telephone lines at distances of up to 18,000 feet.

What is DMT?
Several DSL technologies use a modulation technique known as discrete multitone, or DMT. DMT divides the upstream and downstream bands into a collection of smaller frequency ranges of approximately 4 kHz each, called subchannels. During transmission, each 4 kHz subchannel carries a portion of the total data rate. By dividing the transmission bandwidth into a collection of subchannels, DMT is able to adapt to the distinct characteristics of each telephone line and maximize the data transmission rate. Telephone lines are best suited for transmission of the low frequencies associated with voice traffic (0-4 kHz). The high frequencies that are used for full-rate ADSL transmissions experience distortion and attenuation when sent over telephone lines - the higher the frequency, the more the attenuation. DMT effectively divides the data into a collection of smaller bandwidth transmissions, each of which occupies a smaller frequency range and is optimized to maximize the data throughput in that range. The ANSI and ITU standards have both established DMT as the standard modulation technique for full-rate ADSL
METHODOLOGY:-

Connections & Installation

For extending the service, the telephone cable coming to the customer’s premises is connected to a ADSL2+ CPE using a POTS Splitter. The ADSL2+ CPE acts as an interface between the telephone cable and the computer. The ‘POTS Splitter’ is used to separate voice and data signals enabling both Voice and Internet, simultaneously, on the same telephone line. One cable out of the POTS Splitter is connected to the telephone instrument. Your MTNL Broadband connection comes with a user account consisting of a Username and Password. This is used by the CPE in establishing connection to the MTNL Broadband network. The username and password are pre-configured in the MTNL ADSL2+ CPE. When the CPE is switched ‘ON’, it automatically establishes a connection to the Broadband Network.
The ADSL2+ CPE and the POTS splitter shall be connected as per the figure given below-
Telephone Line
POTS
Splitter
ADSL CPE
USB or LAN Connection
Telephone Instrument

The POTS splitter should be placed at a suitable point before any other device is connected to the telephone line. This is important for proper working of the Broadband connection.
The POTS splitter has three ports Phone, DSL and line which are to be connected as below: i. Line port – for connecting the telephone line from MTNL. ii. Phone port – for connecting the telephone instrument. iii. DSL port for connecting the ADSL CPE(Router/ADSL CPE).

The interfaces on the MTNL ADSL CPE and the connectivity is detailed below -
The MTNL ADSL 2+ CPE has three ports / interfaces and one inlet for connecting AC power adaptor supplied along with it. All these are available on the back panel of CPE. i. ADSL interface (RJ 11) for connecting the incoming DSL line from the POTS splitter. ii. Ethernet interface (RJ45) for connecting the Ethernet cable from the PC. iii. USB interface for connecting the USB cable from the PC.
Interfaces on the Back Panel of MTNL Broadband ADSL2+ Modem
ADSL
Ethernet
USB
9V AC 1 A

Note - Ethernet or USB interface shall be used, depending on the availability of the corresponding interface on the PC.

LED's have been provided on the Front Panel of MTNL ADSL2+ CPE, which are useful for diagnostics in case of any problem in the functioning of Broadband connection. The LED's available on the ADSL2+ CPE and their brief descriptions is given below -
LEDs on the Front Panel of MTNL ADSL2+ CPE
ADSL
Router
Power
Status
ADSL
Link/Act
Link/Act
Link/Act
Ethernet
USB
DSL 502 T

* Power LED- A Solid green light indicates a connection to a good power connector. Power supply (9V AC 1A) supply is ok. * Status LED (system) A blinking light indicates normal operation. If this light is not lit and the power light is on, this indicates ADSL CPE failure. * ADSL Link/Act LED – Solid Green – Indicates that the ADSL CPE is connected to Exchange. - Blinking – Indicates ADSL CPE is not able to train up. Possible line problem. * Ethernet Link/Act - Solid light indicates router is connected to PC's Ethernet port - Blinking indicates that data is being transferred between PC and ADSL CPE. * USB Link/Act - Solid light indicates router is connected to PC's USB port - Blinking indicates that data is being transferred between PC and ADSL CPE

After the ADSL2+ CPE has been connected as above, it can be switched ON. The ADSL2+ CPE shall take about 2 to 3 minutes to boot and train with the MTNL Broadband network. While train-up, the ADSL link shall be blinking. After completion of this process all the LEDs should be at the normal display condition.
The ADSL CPE is pre-configured with the initial username and password and establishes connection as soon as it is switched on. No connection is required to be set-up on the PC for connecting to Internet.
If the ADSL2+ CPE is connected to PC on an Ethernet port, no settings on the PC shall be required normally to begin browsing. However, in case the USB port is used for connection, the PC shall have to be set-up for using the Broadband connection. The ADSL CPE USB driver software is required to be installed on the PC to begin using the connection. This software is available on the CD supplied with the ADSL CPE.
Note – The ADSL2+ CPE should be installed in a proper place which should preferably be cool and dust free. Handling of ADSL2+ CPE should be avoided. Switch OFF the ADSL2+ CPE when not in use. Remember the ON condition of ADSL2+ CPE keeps your connection to the Broadband Network ON even if the PC is switched OFF.
2. Username / Login ID MTNL will activate the Broadband Service using Customer’s MTNL Telephone Number digits as Username/Login ID. For example for Broadband Services on Telephone No 23359272, user will be allocated Username/Login ID as 23359272.
3. Password
The Password given by MTNL would be used for the first time login and thereafter Customer needs to change and customize his/her Password. How to Change Password for Your Broadband Connection (Username)?
Change of Password for your username is a two steps process. In step I, you have to change the password for your account at our Web-Self Care Website http://register.bol.net.in and then, in Step II, the password has to be changed in your ADSL router/ Modem (CPE) - Open the Web page, http://192.168.1.1 from your own broadband connection to login into your ADSL Router/ADSL CPE(CPE). For detailed procedure follow the procedure detailed hereunder or visit web site http://mtnldelhi.in

STEP I- To Change Password at our Web-Self Care Website. i. Log on to our Web-Self Care Website http://register.bol.net.in
The following Window ‘Welcome to MTNL Web-Self Care’ shall be displayed

ii. Enter your Username and existing Password in the given fields. (Your Username is your Telephone Number and for the new customers Password is the CA Number given on the Telephone Bill of the Telephone on which Broadband Connection is installed) iii. Click ‘Login’. iv. In the next window, Click on ‘Change Service Password’, under the Account Maintenance Menu on the left side.

The following Window ‘Change Service Password’ shall be displayed

v. In the table that appears on the right side, Select the Login Id (User Name - which is your Broadband Connection Telephone No) for which you want to change the Password. vi. Click on the ‘Current Password’ field and enter your existing password. vii. Click on the ‘New Password’ field and enter your new password. Please note that the Password should have minimum of 4 alphanumeric characters. viii. Click on ‘Confirm New Password’ field and re-enter your new password. ix. Click on ‘Change Password’. A confirmation message, ‘Password updated for login <login id>’ will appear on the screen indicating that your password has been changed successfully.

Click on ‘Logout’ field under Account Maintenance Menu on the left side to Logout.
You can Login again with new Password to verify it.

STEP II: To Change Password in CPE/ ADSL Router i. Open Webpage, http://192.168.1.1 from your own broadband connection to login into your ADSL Router/Modem(CPE). ii. Logon using user name as admin and Password also as admin. Then a new page ‘ADSL Router’ iii. will appear as shown below:

Click on the WAN tab, which appears at left side of the window. The following Window ‘WAN Setting’ shall be displayed iv. Scroll to WAN settings and select the PPPoE/PPPoA option.

v. Under the heading PPPoE/ PPPoA, in User Name field, your telephone number is displayed. Delete the existing password appearing in the Password field and enter the new password carefully. This should be the same as the one entered on the MTNL Web-Self Care in ‘Change Service Password’ menu. This password in your ADSL Router and the password on the MTNL Server are matched before connection is established. vi. Click the Apply button at the bottom of the page. vii. Click on OK in the message that appears. viii. At the top of the screen, click on the Tools Tab and Click the Misc button seen on the left side of the window. The following window ‘Miscellaneous Configuration’ will open: Scroll to the bottom of the page and click on Reboot to save your new password in the ADSL Router. ix. A message for restart will appear. Click on OK. x. At this time, ‘Page can not be displayed’ message will appear in the web page and the ADSL Lamp on your ADSL router/Modem (CPE) will go off. Close the Internet Explorer/ Internet Browser. Wait for 2 to3 minutes till ADSL Lamp on the ADSL Router glows again and become stable. xi. To verify that your password has been changed successfully, open Webpage, http://192.168.1.1 again. Logon using user name as admin and Password also as admin as done earlier. xii. Verify by checking the status of the connection by clicking on the Status tab displayed on the page. It should show the status as ‘Connected’. Now you can surf the Internet. This confirms that password for your account has been changed successfully.
CAUTION: Never use the ‘Restore to Factory Default Setting’ Option in Tools System menu as it may damage your configuration in ADSL Router. i. In the table that appears on the right side no. of eligible E-Mail ID's will appear. Click the check box and enter the new E-Mail ID under ‘Login’ field (At least 3 characters). ii. Under the ‘Password Field’ enter password for new E-Mail ID. Please choose the password between 4 to 8 alphanumeric characters. iii. Click under ‘Confirm Password Field’ and re-enter your new password, which should be same as at Step vi. iv. For creation of more E-Mail Boxes (if available) repeat the steps from v to vii. v. Click on ‘Submit’ button. A confirmation message ‘Following E-mail ID(s) created successfully’ will appear on the screen indicating that your Mail Box has been created successfully.
To check password, click E-Mail under the Account Maintenance Menu on the left side. Enter your E-mail login ID and password and click 'Login' button. If the password is correct then you'll view your mailbox. Alternatively, to verify the access to your mailbox, go to the web-based E-Mail access site http://mtnldelhi.in
TROUBLE SHOOTING
Some basic troubleshooting and diagnostic steps are included in this section for guidance in case of problems while working with Broadband Connection. The steps detailed in this section are for Windows XP based PC. For other versions of Windows, the steps may differ slightly.

Note – The ADSL2+ CPE should be handled with care. The settings in the ADSL CPE should not be changed unless advised as it may affect the functioning of broadband connection.

Verifying the LED status on the ADSL2+ CPE
Make sure that the equipments and connecting cables/ interfaces are connected properly and the LED's on the ADSL2+ CPE have normal status. The Normal and Faulty status of the LED's are described below -
Power LED -
Normal Status – Glowing and Stable.
Faulty Status – OFF. Check the power supply and power chord of Adaptor supplied with CPE. If the power supply is ok and still the LED is OFF, the ADSL CPE might be faulty. Register complaint with MTNL.
Status LED
Normal Status – Blinking
Faulty Status – OFF => ADSL CPE is Faulty
ADSL LED
Normal Status – Glowing and stable. When the ADSL2+ CPE is switched ON, this LED keeps blinking initially during trainup period. Once the ADSL2+ CPE is trained with the Broadband equipment, it shall become stable.
Faulty status – OFF or blinking very slowly. Perform the following steps till LED becomes Normal: * Check the DSL cable for loose connection. * Remove and Reinsert the cable on ADSL CPE. * Restart the ADSL CPE Power supply. * If still the LED does not glow, this indicates possible telephone line problem. * Verify Dial tone on telephone. * For NO DIALTONE book telephone line fault with MTNL on 198. * If DIAL TONE is present book Broadband complaint with MTNL Broadband Help Desk on 1504 or on 198.
Ethernet LED ( If used for connection between PC and ADSL2+ CPE)
Normal Status – Glowing and stable in case of NO activity and blinking in case of activity ( Browsing etc.)
Faulty status – OFF. Perform the following steps to further diagnose: * Check the Ethernet cable for loose connection. * Remove and Reinsert the cable on PC and ADSL CPE. * Verify the functioning of LAN Card on PC. * If still the LED does not glow, register complaint with MTNL. or USB LED ( If used for connection between PC and ADSL2+ CPE) Normal Status – Glowing and stable in case of NO activity and blinking in case of activity (Browsing etc.) Faulty status – OFF. Perform the following steps to further diagnose * Check the USB cable for loose connection. * Remove and Reinsert the cable on PC and ADSL CPE. * Verify the functioning of USB device on PC. * If still the LED does not glow register complaint with MTNL.
Verifying connectivity to the Broadband network
If all the 4 LEDs (Power, Status, ADSL, Ethernet or USB) are showing NORMAL status perform the following steps to verify the connections between PC and ADSL2+ CPE, and between ADSL2+ CPE and Broadband Network: (i) Verify Connectivity between PC and ADSL CPE - To verify the Ethernet connectivity between PC and ADSL CPE perform the PING test as follows - a) On your Windows desktop - Click on Start and select Run. b) Type cmd and select OK. This opens a DOS window. c) In the command prompt, type ping 192.168.1.1 and press Enter. d) Confirm that you are getting reply from 192.168.1.1 as shown below:

If the reply is not received, it indicates connectivity problem between PC and ADSL CPE.
Verify the Network Settings on the PC as follows - * Start the Internet Explorer browser * Go to Tools -> Internet Options

* Go to Connections tab and click on LAN Settings. * Make sure that all the options are un-checked. * Click on OK and close the Internet Options window. * Close the Browser. * Also verify the following TCP / IP Settings.
Go to My Computer - > Control Panel - > Network Connections –
> Right Click your LAN connection Icon where D-Link device is indicated. Select Properties.
Under tab General, Select Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) - > Properties - >In the TCP / IP properties window the following should be selected and entered– * Obtain IP automatically * DNS Server Address as : Preferred DNS (Primary) 203.94.243.70 Alternate DNS (Secondary) : 203.94.227.70 * Click OK.
Reboot the PC (If prompted. Otherwise PC Reboot is not required)
Verify connectivity by running PING test as explained above. (ii) Verify connectivity between ADSL2+ CPE and Broadband Network -
To verify the above connectivity, open the management interface of ADSL CPE by starting your browser (Internet Explorer) and opening the webpage – http://192.168.1.1.
Give- admin as username and admin as password to open the ADSL CPE Management Page
Note – DO NOT CHANGE ANY SETTINGS UNLESS ADVISED. USE THIS INTERFACE FOR DIAGNOSTICS PURPOSES ONLY.

Select the Status TAB. The following indicates proper connectivity- * In WAN Section, the Status should be shown as Connected. * IP Address should be allotted. The Format shall be 59.1xx.x.x * Default Gateway should be allotted. The format shall be 59.1xx.x.x * DNS Server should be allotted.

Note the above addresses and perform PING test on them to verify connectivity to broadband network.
If the Status of WAN connection is Disconnected, it indicates a possible Network or Password problem.
In case the password has been changed recently, verify that the password has been set properly (Refer Password Section). If still the status is disconnected, register your complaint with MTNL Broadband Helpdesk at 1504.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS

1. Switch off CPE when not in use. 2. To avail Unlimited Free Internet Usage during night (00.00 hrs to 08.00 Hrs) in TriB 590NU Plan Switch ON CPE during Night after 00.00 hrs and ensure disconnection before 08.00 hrs. 3. In case of power off/on CPE, please wait for 2-3 min before connecting to Internet 4. Do not use any other power adaptor than the one supplied with CPE 5. Don’t use the ‘Restore Factory Default Setting’ option in the CPE 6. Keep TCP/IP Properties settings in your PC as Obtain IP automatically and DNS Server Address as : Preferred DNS (Primary) 203.94.243.70 and Alternate DNS (Secondary) : 203.94.227.70 7. The splitter provided shall be connected at the main tapping point of 2-wire Tel cable of MTNL. Additional Extension /Phone if any shall be connected only after splitter 8. The Phone, DSL and line (MTNL Tel 2-wire) shall be connected to splitter as per marking on the Splitter supplied with CPE 9. In case USB port is used, ensure CPE USB driver is installed on PC before connecting the USB cable 10. In case of problem to connect to Internet check the following LEDs Status on the ADSL Router/CPE

For Normal Operation, the following 4 LEDs will glow: * i. Power LED: Solid Green * ii. Status LED: Blinking * iii. ADSL Link/Act: Solid Green (Fast blinking during activity) * iv. *Ethernet Link/Act Solid/Blinking (During activity) Or, *USB Link/Act Solid/Blinking (During activity)
In case Browsing Problem persists even after the indication of Normal Operation shown above by LEDs then make CPE Power off and then Power ON and please wait for 2-3 min before connecting to Internet

For Faulty Condition status of LEDs will be as under: a. Power LED: Off (Power supply/adaptor faulty) b. Status LED: Off (CPE fault) c. ADSL Link/Act: Off (Tel Line/CPE faulty) Slow blinking (Tel line fault) d. *Ethernet Link/Act Off (LAN Port in PC/Cable Connection Problem) *USB Link/Act Off (USB Port in PC/Cable Connection Problem) *Depending upon Ethernet or USB port used for connecting PC. Ensure that only one LAN Connection is Enabled in ‘Network Connections’ in your PC. OCB 283 OVERVIEW
OCB is also known as Alcatel 1000 E10 -Digital switching system developed by Alcatel CIT OCB 283 means –OrganeDe CommandeB2 Version 8300 Microprocessor

OC Features:-Itcan handle a Maximum Of 8Lacs BHCA.It can handle traffic of 25,000 erlangs.A maximum of 2Lacs subscribers or 60,000 circuits,canbe terminated.
It can work in different platforms viz. as Local MSU with RSU ,Transit ,TAX ,IN and Mobile exchanges.
It has a maximum of 35 type of cards (excluding subscriber racks)
1. It has double remote working facility.
2. It can work between 5 to 45 deg. Celsius with humidity between 40% to 60 %.
3. It can all signaling methods viz. Decadic,R2MF,CAS,CCS7 etc.
4. Latest version of OCB283 is R25(with integrated SSP functionality)
5. It can handle Analog,Digital(ISDN),Mobile subscribers.
6. Access networks can connected to it through V5.1/V5.2 protocols.
Subscriber Facilities Provided By Ocb283

It Provides A Large Number Of Subscriber Facilities. Some Facilities Are Available To Only Digital Subscriber And As Such They Can Not Be Availed By Analogue Subscribers. To Avail These Facilities Subscriber Number Are Given Special Categories By Man Machine Commands.
I. A Line Can Be Made Only Outgoing And Incoming.

Ii. Immediate Hotline Facility – The Subscriber Is Connected To Another Predetermined Subscriber On Lifting The Handset, Without Dialing Any Number.

Iii. Delay Hotline Facility – When Subscriber Lifts The Handset, Dial Tone Is Provided, He Can Dial Any Number. If He Does Not Dial A Number, Within A Predetermined Time, He Is Connected To Predetermined Number.

Iv. Abbreviated Dialing – The Subscriber Can Record A Short Code And Its Corresponding Full Number In The Memory. Later To Dial This Number He Has To Dial Only Short Code Of That Number.

V. Call Waiting Indication – When A Subscriber Is Engaged In Conversation And If Getting An Incoming Call, An Indication Is Given In The Form Of A Tone. Hearing This, The Subscriber Has Option, Either To Hold The Subscriber In Conversation And Attend The Waiting Call Or To Disconnect This Subscriber And Attend To The Waiting Call. In The Former Case He Can Revert Back To The Earlier Subscriber.

Vi. Call Forwarding – When Provided, Incoming Calls To The Subscriber Gets Transferred To The Number Mentioned By The Subscriber While Activating The Facility. This Facility Is Especially Very Useful For Those Person Who Are Always On Move.

Vii. Conference Between 4 Subscribers – The Subscriber A & B While In Conversation, Can Include Two More Subscriber By Pressing ‘* Button’ And Dialing Their Numbers.

Viii. Automatic Call Back On Busy – If This Facility Is Activated And If The Called Subscriber Is Found Busy, The Calling Subscriber Simply Replaces The Receiver. The System Keeps Watch On The Called Subscriber And When It Becomes Free, A Ring Is Given To Both The Subscribers. On Lifting They Can Talk To Each Other.

Ix. Priority Lines – Calls From These Lines Are Processed And Put Through Even When The Number Of Free Channels Are Within A Threshold Or When The System Is Operating In Catastrophic Mode.

X. Malicious Call Identification – When This Category Is Given To A Subscriber, The Number Of Calling Subscriber, The Number Of Calling Subscriber To This Number Is Printed On The Terminal Or Displayed On The Caller Identification Instrument.

Xi. 12 Or 16Khz Meter Pulses – The System Can Send 12 Or 16Khz Meter Pulses On The Subscriber Line For The Operating Of The Home Meter.

Xii. Battery Reversal – The System Extends Battery Reversal When Called Subscriber Answers. This Is Useful In Case Of Ccbs( Coin Collection Box ).

Xiii. Detailed Billing – The System Provides Detail Bills Given Details Of Date, Time, Metered Units Etc.

Xiv. Absent Subscriber Service – When Activated, The Incoming Calls Are Diverted To Absent Subscriber Service For Suitable Instruction Or Information.
Xv. It Provides 64 Kb/S Digital Connectivity Between Two Subscribers For Data Communication.

Xvi. This System Provides Facsimile (Fax) Services And Videotext Services Also.

Xvii. This System Also Provides The Facility For Restriction Of The Display Of Calling Subscriber Number On Called Subscriber’S Telephone Terminal Or Caller Id Set. To Avail This Facility The Subscriber Has To Be Given A Category Like Some Vvips Or Some Beurocrats.

Xviii. User To User Signaling – The System Permits Of Mini Messages Between Calling And Called Subscribers During Call Setup And Ringing Phase.

Xix. Terminal Portability During The Call – A Subscriber (Calling Subscriber As Well As Called Subscriber) Can Unplug Telephone Instrument, Carry It To Some Other Place Or Room And Resume The Call Within 3 Minutes

Xx. Listing Of Unanswered Calls – The Number Of Calling Subscribers, Who Calls During The Absence Of Called Subscriber, Are Recorded In Called Subscriber’S Terminal. The Called Subscriber Than Check Up These Numbers And Call Them Back, If He So Wishes.

Xxi. This System Provides Two Type Of Isdn Connections To The Digital Subscriber, One Is Of 2 B + D Line (2 Voice Channels Of 64Kbps & I Data Channel Of 16Kbps) Type And Other Is Of 30 B + D Line (30 Voice Channels Of 64Kbps & 1 Data Channel Of 16Kbps) Type.

OCB Functional UNITS

The Alcatel E10 (OCB283) system is made up of three independent functional units :
-"Subscriber Access Subsystem" which carries out connection of analogue and digital subscriber lines,
-"Connection and Control" which carries out connections and processing of calls,
-"Operation and Maintenance" which is responsible for all functions needed by the network operating authority.

Subscriber Access System
1.CSNL–Name of the Subscriber rack connected locally(MSU).
2.CSND-Name of the Subscriber rack connected remotely(RSU).
3.CSED-Name of the E10B Subscriber rack connected remotely(RLU).
Connection & Control Units
SMC:Main Control Station
SMA:Auxiliary Equipment Control Station
SMT:Trunk Control Station
SMX:Matrix Control Station
STS:Synchronization and Time Base Station
Operation Mtce. Units
SMM:Maintenance Station.
1.SMMS :-2 SMMs viz, SMM A & SMM B.
2.IO Devices:-2 Hard Disks, 2 Magnetic Tape Drive, 1 Streamer Catridgedrive.
3.32 Asynchronous Terminals( CVs/TTY/Printer) cane be connected.
4.2 SMM consoles , 2 PCWAMs /2 Alarm Terminals or 2 OMPC can be connected

SMM Functions
1.operation of the telephone application,
2.operation and maintenance of the system.
3.loading of software and of data for connection and command and for the subscriber digital access units,
4.temporary backup of detailed billing information,
5.centralisationof alarm data coming from connection and control stations, via alarm rings.
6.central defenceof the system

OCB Functional Architecture

Connection Control description
1.STS : Switching Time Distribution
Time distribution is tripled.
Time generation can be either autonomous or slaved to an external rhythm with a view to synchronize the system with the network
2.SMX :Switching Matrix
It is a single time stage, T, switch
It is duplicatedin full, called “A “ Plane & “B” Plane
A maximum of 2048 matrix links(LR) can be connected.
A matrix link LR is an internal PCM, with 16 bits per channel (32 channels)
3.SMA: It has the following functions * PUPE –CCS7 Protocol handler which Process Lev’2’ & part of Lev’3’ CCS7 signalling.
- Software ML PUPE * ETA: Supports tone generators (GT),the frequency receiving and generation (RGF) devices, conference circuits (CCF),the exchange clock.
-Software ML ETA * AN–Access Network function which connects access networks on V5 protocols.
-Software ML AN
4. SMT:The SMT (URM) provides the interface between external PCMs and the OCB283. These PCM come from either: * a remote subscriber digital access unit (CSND) * a from a remote electronic satellite concentrator CSED, * from any another switching centre, on channel-associated signallingor CCITT No. 7/ any signallingvariant,(I/C , O/G & Both way Junctions) * from the digital recorded announcement equipment * SMT 2G is latest version –1 SMT maximum 128 PCMS -Software ML URM
5. SMC :It has the following functions blocks * MR : Multi Register-responsible for the establishment and breaking off of communications. Software ML MR * TR : Translator–Contains subscriberand circuit databases.It is useful for routing analysis. Software ML TR * MQ : Marker –Message distributor–It is also calledDomain Changer. Software ML MQ * TX : CHARGING UNIT-TX is responsible for: * calculating the amount to be chargedfor each communication, * keeping the charge account of each subscriberserved by the switching centre * supplying the necessary information for drawing up detailed billing, on line to the OM. * carries out tasks of observation of (circuits and subscribers observation).Software ML TX * GX –Matrix Handler-is responsible for processing and for defence of connections on receipt of * requests for connection or disconnection coming from call handler (MR) or message distributor functions (MQ), * connection faults signalledby the matrix switch controller function (COM) * carries out monitoring of LA & LCXE links of the connection central subsystem ,periodically or on request from certain links. * CC –Connection Control –It is responsible for Communication commands in an SSP application -An IN functionality Software : MLCC * GS –It is responsible for service management task( SMP server calls) in an SSP application -An IN functionality Software : MLGS * PC –PUPE controller for CCS7 signalling–Responsible for routing and traffic management (part of Lev”3”).Also carries the defenceof PUPE.
Communication Multiplexes
In OCB-283 interchange of messages takes place through communication multiplexes called TOKEN RINGswhich confirm to IEEE 802.5 standard.TokenRings are duplicated. Type of TOKEN RINGS are
-MAS–Station Access Multiplex
Maximum of 4 rings. Minimum Nil
Connects SMXs,SMTs& SMAs with SMCsfor interchange of messages between CSNLs, SMTs, SMAs,SMXs with SMCs
-MIS –Interstation Multioplex Maximum 1ring.
Connects 2 SMCs and SMCs with SMMs for interchange of messages between SMCs & SMMs.
-MAL –Alarm Multiplex
To handle exchange alarms from all stations(SMs). It connects all SMs.

CSN (Subscriber Racks)
The CSN is broken down into two parts: the digital control unit (UCN) and the Digital Concentrator Modules (CN).
Concentrators on which subscribers are connected can be local (CNL)or remote (CNE) in relation to that control unit.

CNL/CNE/ICNE Connections

CSN Features * CSNLsare directly connected to SMXs by GLRs(1 GLR= 8 PCMs). * CSNDs/CSEDs are connected to SMTs by PCMS. * A base rack contains an UCN shelf and 4 CN shelves. * Extension shelves contains only subscriber (CN) shelves and power/ondulatorshelf. * A Maximum of 19 CNs(0 to 18) possible. With double remotinga maximum of 20 CNs( 0 to 19) possible. * CN 20 is used for GTA function. * From a CSN rack a maximum of 16 LRs(PCMS)possible * In a CSN rack a maximum of 48 LRIs possible. Out of which 42 LRIs are used for trafficand 6 LRIs are used for CN20 * From a CNL/CNEa maximum of 4 LRIs (Internal PCMs) possible, but 3 LRIs are used for traffic. * In CSN s both analogue & digital (ISDN BRA & PRA) subscribers are connected. * NE –Equipment Number is represented by

SCOPE OF THE FUTURE STUDY

The BroadBand Technology is Highly Applicable and useful as on Today as well as in future.BroadBand Technology provides us a high Speed infrastructure Which Can Be Utilises for accesing Services With Fast Data Communication.It is to be operated in real time environment Which requires BroadBand Connectivity.Broadband can be employed in High Speed Internet access,for maintaining land-recordsComputerization of criminal records,Computerization of demographic information of area,Filing of income tax, sales tax and other returnsVideo On Demand Service,Telemedicine,Video conferencing,Internet Banking etc.

CONCLUSION

I have studied and analysed the complete Broadband network technology in respect of Data communication. Earlier Dialup connection was very popular and but it was of low speed and low data transfer. Due to which Broadband Network Technology is very popular nowadays with which data communication is very fast.
The broadband is combination of various technologies such as ASDL, DSL etc.this project has enhanced my understanding of the various technologies involved in broadband.