* MOJO * Mobile Journalism * Mobile journalist * Vericorder + smartphone = you can now make a story for radio and TV
RADIO * Origin of Broadcasting * Development of USA was adopted also in the Philippines.
PERSONALITIES INVOLVED IN THE ORIGIN OF BROADCASTING
Lee de Forest * Father of radio * Invented the vacuum tube on 1906, after 10 years it was perfected. * First to cover the Presidential Election
David Sarnoff * a Russian immigrant * wireless operator * first to work together with the electronic companies in the U.S [Westinghouse, GE, AT&T] * Created the RCA (Radio Corporation of America) lead by David Sarnoff. * established the NBC (National Broadcasting Company)
Frank Conrad * First to prove Sarnoff's convention that people will listen to radio. * Started to broadcast music in 1919, Pittsburgh. * Stimulated the sales of radio and leads the Three Companies to develop sets. * Westinghouse opened a radio station called KDKA on Nov. 2, 1920
KDKA * first fully licensed commercial broadcasting in the USA
Early 1920's * KDKA was first introduced in the Philippines. * We had the first radio station in the Philippines called KZIB. But was closed due to financial reasons and they don’t have the technical ability.
1920 * KDKA was introduced in the Philippines (Manila) * KZIB (20 watts owned by Isaac Beck)
1924 * KZKZ was established, with 100 watts owned by Henry Hermann. * KZRZ/KZRM - owned by RCP (Radio Corporation of the Philippines)
BROADCASTING TO PROVINCIAL AREA
MARCH 2, 1929 * Established the first provincial radio station called KZRC in Cebu, and now this is called DYRC. But it was unsuccessful because of the relay signal.
1920-1930 - experimental times for broadcasting
1930's * established KZRH (DZRH) * opened DYRC
1931 * Passed the Radio Control Law.
• Radio Control Law - to regulate the broadcast in the Philippines. * Republic Act 3840 - Radio Control Act * McArthur used KZRH for his announcement * KZRH was used by the Japanese
Fall of Bataan - USA took over the Philippines from the Japanese.
After the war, the USA opened the KZFM through wire communication office
July 4, 1946 * independence from the USA * After this, the war ended.
The broadcast call letter K was changed:
DZ - Manila
DW - Luzon
DY - Visayas
DX - Mindanao
* Germany (allied with the USA). * Gave us the letter D. Because of the old name of Germany - Deutschland.
ITU - International Telecommunication Union
NTC - National Telecommunications Commissions
TV
1920's
* Beginning of TV
1923 * Vladimir Zworykin invented Iconoscope. • Iconoscope - all electric tube, became kinescope then picture tube.
Philo Farnsworth * development of the electronic camera
Allen Dumont * invented Receiving Tube and the 1st Home TV Receivers
Philippines was the first to introduce TV newscasts in color TV Sets
Malaysia/Indonesia - Black and white technology
CNN - Cable News Network
BBC - British Broadcast Corp.
ADVANTAGES OF TV
• It gaves the news as it breaks out
• it has color, texture and motion on the screen.
• it has wider reach in areas where there is electricity.
• it has more credibility because it is visual
• Newscast on TV are direct and to the point.
ADVANTAGES of RADIO
• it the fastest means of transmitting news and other information materials
• it can be used even in areas without electricity
• the production of radio program is cheap
• live broadcasting at the site of a news event is easy
• illiteracy is not a barrier to radio usage
DISADVANTAGES of RADIO
• it relies mainly on sound
• it is subject to atmospheric condition and interference
• cannot deliver complete information
• highly perishable
RADIO IN DIGITAL AGE
• Websites
• High-Definition Radio (HDR)
• Satellite Radio
• Internet Radio
• Mobile Radio
• User generated content (UGC)
WEBSITES * Radio station websites simply streamed the audio from the station's analog broadcast. * Websites contain schedules of special events, movie and album reviews, and photos of station personalities, and some have even started social networking options. * Stations now use their websites to generate additional revenue. * Advertisers who buy ads on the radio can also buy space on the website.
HIGH-DEFINITION RADIO * a digital services that greatly improves the signal quality of terrestrial radio stations * With HD Radio, an FM station sounds as good as a CD while an AM station sound good as a current FM station and is static free. * HD Radio is free as long as a person has an HD radio receiver.
SATELLITE RADIO * satellite-to-car radii digital service * commuters are the primary market * XM radio • launched in 2001 • offers 170 music and talk channels • commercial free • for a subscription fee • 8 million subscribers
- Sirius • launched in 2002 • with 130 digital channels • 6 million subscribers (2007)
INTERNET RADIO
Types of Internet Radio * Traditional over-the-air broadcasters who also stream their signals on the internet * Internet-only stations * The biggest internet radio providers are Yahoo!, American Online Radio, and Live 365. * The biggest problem facing the internet radio is a financial one. • Web stations must pay fees to music performers as well as songwriters and composers.
1. MOBILE RADIO * Radio is showing up on cellphones. * iRadio of Motorola - a service that lets subscribers listen to a preselected lineup of stations on their cell phones. * Spotify
2. USER GENERATED CONTENT * Podcasting - recording an audio program and making it available for downloading from a website.
FEATURES OF RADIO
- Portable
- Supplemental
- Universal
- Selective
PORTABLE * No matter what their size, radio sets are easily transported and go everywhere- the beach, sporting events, jogging trails the workplace. * Car radios provide news and entertainment to commuters on their way to and from work.
SUPPLEMENTAL * Most radio listening occur while we are doing something else. * Radio rarely is the prime focus of our attention; it provides an audio background for our activities.
UNIVERSAL * virtually every household has at least one working radio * almost every car is taped with a radio
SELECTIVE * radio industry has become a niche medium * Radio stations choose format that attract a small, narrowly defined audience that is attractive to advertisers.
LOCAL STATIONS * local radio stations operate in cities, towns and villages across the country. Big cities have many stations * metro Cebu has 20 AM stations and 30 FM Stations * component cities and municipalities in Cebu province may have one or two radio stations
LOCAL STATIONS ( 20 AM ) A. DYRB Radyo Asenso 540 (Radio Corp. Philippines) B. DYMR Radyo ng Bayan 576 (Philippine broadcasting Service Inc.) C. DYHP RMN 612 (Radio Mindanao Network) D. DYRC RADYO CEBU 648 (Manila Broadcasting Comp.)
NETWORKS VS. SYNDICATORS * Programming for these stations is provided by networks and by program syndication companies * The distinction between a network and a syndication service is that all stations on a network carry net program at the same time, while syndicated programming is carried at different times by the stations.
AM & FM
Broadcast radio stations are either AM or FM.
FM ends with MHz
AM ends with KHz
AM * Amplitude modulation * Radio signal sent by AM travel farther, especially at night, than signals sent by FM. * The AM dial on a typical radio set illustrates the precise frequencies in the electromagnetic spectrum where the AM station operates. * AM stations are further classified by channels.
THREE CHANNELS IN RADIO (AM) 1. Clear Channel * Is one with a single dominant station that is designed to provide service over a wide area * These stations have a strong signal because they broadcast with 50,000 watts of power. 2. Regional Channel * Is one shared by many stations that serve fairly large areas. 3. Local Channel * Is designed to be shared by a large number of stations that broadcast only to their local communities.
FM
* FM signals do not travel as far as AM, but FM has advantage of being able to produce better sound qualities from AM. * FM radio is also less likely to be affected by outside interference such as thunderstorms. * FM stations are organized in classes. * Class C FM stations are most powerful, operating at 100,000 watts. * Class B & Class A FM stations are less powerful.
DIFFERENCE OF AM AND FM AM RADIO | FM RADIO | The older and easier technology to implement | Much more complex | Travels much greater distance | FM signals usually drop off at around 50 miles from the station | Very susceptible to various weather conditions | Signal doesn’t degrade easily | Very limited audio range which makes it inadequate for stereo sound | Allows the station to broadcast left and right audio channels for full stereo sound |
STATION FORMATS
Formats
* A type of consistent programming designed to appeal to a certain segment of the audience. * A format gives a station a distinctive personality and attracts a certain kind of audience that advertisers find desirable. * When the staff of a local station puts together their program, the 1st step is generally to layout a format wheel.
Format Wheel * A pie chart of an hour divided into segments representing different programs.
1. MUSIC * The largest category and includes many subdivisions and variations a. Urban * also called “Rhythm and Blues” * plays rap, hip-hop and dance music * aimed at young audience b. Adult Contemporary (AC) * Aimed to 25-40 years old females * Plays the hits of the 70’s, 80’s, 90’s, and today. c. Contemporary Hit Radio (CHR) * Also called “Top 40” * Features a small playlist of hit records in a fast rotation * Aimed at 12-25 years old age group
2. NEWS/TALK * this format is beginning more and more popular on the AM radio * some stations emphasize the news part of the news/talk format. * National, regional and local news reports are broadcast periodically throughout the day.
NEWS * News stations works with a programming wheel similar to that of music format. * It also illustrates the cycle, the amount of time that elapses before the program order is repeated. * News format is the most difficult to produce. * News stations appeal primarily to a more audience in the 25-54 year old age category
TALK * Most of the content of the talk format is produced by the local station * The talk format attracts listeners in about the same age group as news format (25-54 years old) * Common types of programs that appear on stations using talk format are call-in shows, interview shows, advice shows, and roundtable discussions. * Talk format require its audience concentrate on the program in order to follow what is said.
DEPARTMENTS AND STAFF * The departmental structure of a radio station varies according to its size. * A small station with five or six employees has a departmental setup different from that of a large station with a hundred- person staff. * The two top management positions are the general manager and the program director.
4 MAJOR DEPARTMENTS
1. MANAGEMENT • Manager * Has the responsibility for planning and carrying out station policy, maintaining contact with the community, and monitoring program content, audience ratings, and sales information. * Program director * Is responsible for that station's sound. * Supervises the music or other program material that the station broadcasts and is also responsible for hiring and during of announcers and DJs.
2. SALES DEPARTMENT * Consists of the sales manager and the station's sales force.
3. NEWS DEPARTMENT - is responsible for compiling the station's local newscasts.
4. ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT - under the supervision of the chief engineer, is staffed with technicians responsible for keeping the station on the air and maintaining the equipment.
SOURCES OF REVENUE
• Radio stations earn their money by selling advertising time.
• The industry has tree sources of income from the sale of commercial time a. Sale of spots n network programs to national advertisers trying to reach a broad market. b. Sale of time on local stations to advertisers to reach a specific province or a specific type of market. This is called national spot advertising. c. Advertising purchased by local establishments that want their commercials to be heard only in the immediate community.
GENERAL EXPENSES
• Technical - Includes the payroll for the engineering staff and the cost of maintaining and replacing technical equipment
• Programming - Costs cover salaries paid to talent and music fees paid to the music licensing organizations.
• Selling - costs are made up of the salaries of the sales staff and all other expenses that go with selling.
• General Administration - Expenses include the salaries of all management, secretarial, and clerical personnel; the cost of office supplies; and any instead that is due on loans to the station
• News - Expenses consist of the cost involved in covering local and national stories
RATING AND SHARES
Ratings * A rating is simply the radio listeners of a particular station to ask people in the market. * suppose that in a market with 10,000 people, 20,000 listen to station DYHP from 6:00am to 10:00am. The rating of DYHP would be 20,000/100,000 or 20 percent.
Share of the Audience * A share of the audience is the ratio of listeners of a particular station to the total number of radio listeners in the market.
20,000 People listening to DYRC
80,000 People listening to the radio
* Share of the audience divide the listening audience among all stations in the market. When they are summed, shares should total 100 percent.
DAYPARTS
• Morning drive (6:00am-10am)
• Daytime (10:00am-3:00pm)
• Afternoon drive (3:00pm-7:00pm)
• Night time (7:00pm-12:00am)
• Overnight (12:00am-6:00am)
TELEVISION * The TV pictures on your set in 2004 are probably using the same technology that was used in 1943 - the analog method. * A beam of elections scans an image and creates an electrical signal. * At the receiving end, the signal is converted back into a beam of elections that bombards a fluorescent screen, creating image. * With Digital Television (DTV), the image is still scanned, but the signal is a binary one, assigning bits of code to each pixel on a TV screen that recreates the original image.
ADVANTAGES OF DTV * digital pictures are clearer * sound quality is better * Wide-screen format - instead of 3:4 ratios of regular TV screens, DTVs will be more rectangular and look more like movie screens.
FEATURES OF TELEVISION * universal medium * dominant medium for need and entertainment * expensive business * audience fragment
ORGANIZATION OF TV INDUSTRY * Commercial television system consists of all those local stations whose income is derived from selling time on their facilities to advertisers. * Non-commercial television consists of those stations whose income is derived from sources other than sale of advertising time.
THREE SEGMENTS * Production
> Local Production - consists of those programs that are produced in the local station's own studio or on location with the use of the station’s equipment.
> Syndicated programming - produced by independent segment
> Network programs - produce through the network
* Distribution
3 Elements in the distribution segment
> Broadcast networks - The network distributes programs to its affiliates by transmitting them by satellite. The station then transmits them to its viewers as they received, or it videotapes them and presents them at a later time.
> Cable networks - Cable networks beam their programs via microwaves to satellites here they are, in turn, downlinked to cable systems. The local system then distributes the programming to its subscribers.
> Syndication companies - These organizations lease taped or filmed programs to local television stations in each local market. Sometimes, the syndication company also produces the program, but more often it distributes programs produced by other firms
* Exhibition - Some TV stations are licensed to broadcast in the very-high-frequency (VHF) band of the electromagnetic spectrum; these stations occupy channels through 13 on the TV set - Other stations broadcast in the ultra-high-frequency (UHF) part of the spectrum; these stations are found on channels 14 through 69.
